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HISTORICAL  RECORD 


OF   THK 


CITY  OF  SAVANNAH 


BY  F.  D.  LEI:  AND  j.  L.  AGNEW. 


SAVANNAH: 

PRINTED  AM)   PUliLISHKD  BY  .1.  H.  KSTILI* 

MiM.'MNi;     SKWS    STEAM-l'OWI.i:     IM5KSS, 

1869. 


r  2  ?i 


Entered  according  to  an  act  of  Congress,  ill  the  year  1868. 

BY  F.  D.  LEE  AND  J.  L.  AGNEW. 

In  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  in  and  for  the 
Southern  District  of  Georgia. 


TO  THE 

BUSINESS  MEN  OF  SAVANNAH, 

WHO,    FROM  THE  DAYS  OF  THE    PIONEERS  OF    BUSINESS    TO   THE  PRESENT 
TIME,    DESPITE  THE   RUINOUS   PROSTRATION   OF   TRADE 

AND   COMMERCE,    OCCASIONED   BY 
WARS,  FIRES,  GALES,   AND  PESTILENCE, 

HAVE   BROUGHT   THEIR   CITY   TO    THE   PROUD    POSITION    SHE   NOW   HOLDS 
IN    THE    COMMERCIAL    WORLD,    THE 

HISTORICAL    RECORD    OF    SAVANNAH 

IS  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED. 


M18S048 


PREFACE. 


4 'History,"  said  that  eminent  writer,  Lord  Boliugbroke,  "is 
philosophy  teaching  by  example."  If  this  assertipn  be  true,  either 
philosophy  has  been  very  select  in  her  examples  or  history  not 
very  judicious  in  her  selections  or  her  teachings.  Historians, 
until  very  recently,  have  only  found  illustrations  of  life  and  of  fact, 
and  examples  for  teaching  philosophy,  law,  and  morals,  among 
Kings  and  Nobles,  Warriors  and  Statesmen.  The  People,  the 
foundation  of  the  social  fabric,  with  their  interests  and  rights, 
their  thoughts  and  feelings,  their  personal  toils  and  domestic  life, 
have  only  figured  in  general  history  as  machines  for  Kings  to  use 
or  weapons  for  warriors  to  employ — the  one  not  caring  how  soon 
the  machine  wore  out,  the  other  quite  as  reckless  of  the  waste 
of  weapons.  The  pomp  of  royalty,  the  problems  of  philosophers, 
the  shifts  and  subterfuges  of  statesmen,  and  the  butcheries  of 
warriors  fill  the  panorama  of  the  world's  life  as  it  moves  along 
the  pages  of  the  historian.  Even  here  the  assertion,  as  the  ma 
jority  of  historians  exemplify  it,  contradicts  the  facts  and  teach 
ings  of  all  ages — that  the  history  of  the  world,  as  the  history 
of  life,  is  made  up  of  little  things.  After  all  that  has  been  written 
of  the  eminent  and  mighty  men  of  ancient  and  modern  times, 
how  little  do  we  know  of  the  inner,  personal,  and  domestic  life  of 
communities  and  nations.  Pompeii  has  revealed  more  to  awaken 
thought  and  excite  curiosity  and  disgust  than  all  the  histories  of 
Koine  from  Bcmus  to  Pio  Nono.  A  remark  of  Erasmus  in  a  letter 
written  by  him  to  a  friend  concerning  the  domestic  life  of  England 
in  his  time— stating  that  the  floors  of  the  houses  are  commonly  of 
clay,  strewed  with  rushes,  under  which  lie  unmolested  a  collec 
tion  of  beer,  grease,  fragments  of  meat,  bones,  spittle,  excrements 
of  dogs  and  cats,  and  of  everything  that  is  nauseous — throws  more 
light  upon  the  household  civilization  and  social  filthiness  of  the 
aristocracy  than  all  the  tomes  of  Hume  in  detailing  the  pomp 
and  power,  the  pride  and  prowess  of  its  Kings,  its  Statesmen,  and 

A* 


VI 


PREFACE. 


its  Warriors.  Only  think  of  the  grand  and  queenly  Elizabeth  sit 
ting  on  a  leathern  couch  or  straw  pallet,  making  a  breakfast  of 
salt  beef  and  brewer's  beer?  Or  standing  ankle-deep  in  filthy 
straw,  pulling  pieces  of  roasted  ox  into  bits  for  her  dinner  and 
throwing  the  refuse  to  snarling  dogs— new  accretions  from  dainty 
hands  to  the  sweltering  mass  of  filth  and  putrescence  already 
rotting  upon  the  floor.  Until  Lord  Macauley  entered  into  these 
recesses  of  the  inner  social  life  of  the  former  times  in  England 
very  few  of  her  population  knew  from  what  small  and  rude  begin 
nings  the  present  social  civilization  of  their  country  had  grown. 
All  civilization  grows  up  from  and  out  of  small  centres  and 
humble  sources.  A  man,  a  house,  a  settlement,  a  machine,  are  the 
starting  points  of  new  and  grand  developments  of  social  life  and 
national  history.  The  world  is  full  of  such  records  that  find  illus 
tration  and  culmination  in  the  fame  and  wealth  and  power  that  give 
success  and  triumph  to  personal  enterprise  and  stability  and  gran 
deur  to  a  nation's  history.  These  are  the  memorials  of  the  people — 
the  historic  monuments  lifting  their  heads  in  the  sunlight  and 
blazing  from  foundation  to  capstone  with  the  effulgence  that  time 
and  truth  shed  on  the  useful  and  the  good.  These,  whether  they 
come  down  from  the  dim  and  shadowy  past  or  have  their  birth 
nnd  fruition  in  the  near  and  still  remembered,  are  the  antiquities 
of  a  place  and  a  people.  In  the  usual  acceptation  of  the  term,  our 
country  has  no  antiquities.  Art,  science,  literature,  music,  poetry, 
war,  have  left  no  records,  given  us  no  monuments.  Its  physical 
character,  its  broad  prairies,  its  long  rolling  rivers,  its  vast  inland 
seas,  its  hidden  and  exhaustless  mineral  wealth,  its  grand  old  for 
ests,  its  extensive  coast  line,  its  glorious  and  majestic  mountains — 
these  are  its  monuments;  but  they  are  monumental  of  "Eternal 
power  and  Godhead."  Aside  from  these — and  with  these  what 
do  we  lack  for  aught  that  wisdom  can  employ  or  skilful  labor  pro 
duce — our  only  antiquities  are  indian  life  and  history,  and  the 
wreck  and  remnants  of  colonial  times.  The  former,  as  to  its  origin 
and  incidents,  is  involved  in  mystery  and  mixed  with  fable.  But 
it  is  replete  with  interest  to  the  curious  and  gorgeous  with  thrill 
ing  tales  of  field  and  flood  to  the  workers  of  fiction.  The  latter 
blushes  yet  in  virgin  loveliness  and  beauty,  and  yet  lifts  its  maiden 
hands,  imploring  Old  Mortality  to  decipher  its  inscriptions,  to 
freshen  its  facts,  to  revivify  its  memorials  and  hand  down  to  the 
generations  coming  and  to  come  "the  short  and  simple  annals" 
of  the  people  who  from  holy  religious  principles  and  love  of  liberty 


PREFACE.  vjj 

settled  the  lauds  which  their  children  have  enriched  as  a  garden 
and  made  to  "  bloom  and  blossom  as  the  rose." 

Jamestown,  Croatan,  Charleston,  Savannah,  are  the  colonial  start 
ing  points  of  States  that  have  given  dignity  and  fame  to  American 
civilization  and  new  elements  of  truth  and  power  to  augment  the 
wealth  of  the  world's  history.  These  names  and  places,  however 
waste  and  desolate  some  of  them  may  now  be,  are  monumental, 
and  historic  literature  will  keep  them  living  and  fresh  in  the 
memory  of  ages. 

Of  Jamestown,  a  portion  of  the  tower  of  its  first  church  and  the 
grave-stones  of  its  forgotten  dead  are  all  that  time  has  left  of  its 
material  history  and  physical  and  social  fortunes.  Croatan  is  the 
dwelling-place  of  a  small  population,  who  gain  a  scanty  subsist 
ence  as  pilots  and  fishermen.  Charleston,  judiciously  located  at 
the  confluence  of  two  rivers  whose  tides  mingle  and  are  lost  in  the 
rushing  waves  of  the  Atlantic,  perpetuates  the  good  sense  of  its 
first  settlers.  Savannah  grew  into  a  city  beautiful  for  situation,  the 
joy  of  a  State  and  renowned  among  the  cities  of  our  land  for  its 
trade,  commerce,  industry,  and  enterprise,  as  well  as  for  its  intelli 
gence,  its  wealth,  and  its  refinement.  Its  history  is  a  souvenir 
of  truth  and  honor — a  memorial  of  the  sagacity  and  'forethought 
that  in  February,  1733,  selected  it  as  the  home  of  the  English 
colonists,  the  site  of  a  city  that  now  graces  the  beautiful  river 
on  whose  side  it  stands  and  whose  name  it  bears.  The  philoso 
phy  of  its  foundation  and  fortunes  belong  to  the  examples  and 
facts  of  history.  The  tents  under  the  four  pine  trees  on  the  bluff 
have  grown  into  a  city  that  looketh  out  over  the  sea  and  stretcheth 
its  hands  of  trade  to  collect  and  transmit  the  wealth  of  the  Empire 
State  of  the  South.  The  indians,  who  greeted  and  gave  a  home  to 
those  comers  from  a  land  over  "the  great  and  wide  sea,"  have 
given  place  to  the  guests  they  welcomed  with  strange  words  and 
uncouth  ceremonial.  Their  wigwams  no  longer  crown  the  bluff, 
they  no  longer  paddle  the  light  canoe  over  the  flashing  waters  of 
the  river;  warrior  and  maiden,  with  their  brave  deeds  and  simple 
loves,  chief  and  brave,  council-tent  and  home,  have  all  disap 
peared.  A  new  day,  a  new  people  with  the  principles  and  power* 
of  a  new  life,  entered  this  wilderness  when  the  small  vessel,  with 
Oglethorpe  on  its  deck,  passed  in  from  the  sea  and  sped  its  way 
up  the  placid  river  to  the  village-crowned  bluff  on  its  shore. 
The  elegant  and  luxuriant  mansions  of  the  flower-crowned  city 
of  to-day  are  the  consummation  and  glory  of  that  "day  of  small 


yiJi  PREFACE. 

things."  Between  these  days  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  yearn 
of  history,  civil  and  social,  personal  and  domestic,  unfold  their 
pages  of  trial  and  triumph,  progress  and  pause,  toil  and  suffering, 
virtue  and  licentiousness,  life  and  death.  Art,  science,  trade,  com 
merce,  law,  literature,  festivals  and  fasts,  religion  and  vice,  all 
await,  each  with  its  contribution  of  glory  or  shame,  to  fill  the 
measure  of  the  city's  history.  The  records  are  brimming  fall. 

The  object  of  the  compilers  is  to  open  the  long-closed  volume, 
bring  things  long  hidden  out  into  the  sunlight,  make  scenes  long 
lying  in  darkness  and  shadow,  names  long  lost  amid  passing 
events,  voices  long  silent  address  us  from  the  graves  of  the  past; 
let  us  purchase,  sit  down  and  listen,  "read,  mark,  and  inwardly 
digest"  the  facts  to  be  disclosed  and  the  words  to  be  spoken. 

In  placing  this  humble  work  before  the  public,  the  compilers 
would  state  that  they  claim  nothing  for  it  beyond  what  its  name 
denotes — a  brief  record  of  the  historical  events  connected  with 
Savannah  from  the  earliest  period  of  its  existence  to  the  present 
time.  They  hope  that  it  will  be  thorough,  and  constitute  a  stand  - 
ard  book  of  reference  to  all  who  desire  to  inquire  into  the  his 
tory  of  the  city  of  Savannah.  To  obtain  information  necessary 
to  complete  this  record,  much  difficulty  was  experienced,  and 
in  many  instances  it  was  impossible  to  gain  the  desired  facts. 
Especially  was  it  difficult  to  obtain  the  names  of  the  soldiers 
of  Savannah  who  served  during  the  late  war.  Many  of  the  rolls 
of  companies  could  not  be  obtained,  and  we  were  compelled  to 
rely  upon  scraps  of  rolls,  and  frequently  upon  the  memories 
of  a  few  soldiers  who  cheerfully  gave  us  all  assistance  in  their 
power.  Many  of  the  facts  contained  herein  were  condensed  or 
excerpted  from  McCall's  and  Bishop  Stevens'  Histories  of  Georgia, 
White's  Historical  Collections  of  Georgia,  Colonel  C.  C.  Jones' 
Record  of  the  Chatham  Artillery,  and  from  old  records  in  the 
possession  of  the  Georgia  Historical  Society  and  citizens.  To 
those  who  have  rendered  us  assistance  we  tender  our  grateful 
thanks. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 


Origin  of  the  .Settlement  of  Savannah 'L 

Departure  of  the  Colonists 

Their  Arrival  at  ( 'harlcston •'* 

Oglethorpe'a  Visit  to  Xamacraw : * 

Arrival  of  the  Colonists  on  the  lilufl" 4 

Friendly  Overtures  of  the  Indians 4 

<  )glethorpe's  Description  of  Savannah -r> 

Kindness  of  South  Carolinians <> 

Treaty  with  the  Indians 1 

Arrival  of  the  First  Ship 7 

Laying  Out  of  the  Town,    and   Naming  of  the   Streets,   Squares, 

Wards,    and  Tithings 7 

Arrival  of  Hebrew  Settlers 

Alligators  become  Troublesome 

Arrival  of  the  Sal/burgers 

Oglethorpe  G  oes  to  England 

Appearance  of  Savannah  in  1734 9 

A  J  udge  Acts  in  a  Three-fold  Capacity 11 

Wine  and  Silk  Culture 12 

Discontentment 12 

Arrival  of  Revs.  John  and  Charles  Wesley 1;? 


CHAPTER  II. 

Savannah  in  1736 14 

Its  Situation 15 

Houses  and  People lf» 

Laws  and  Customs l-r> 

Town  Lots  and  Squares Irt 

Public  Buildings 17 

Arrival  of  Rev.  George  AVhittield  and  Mr.  James  Habersham 18 

Burial  of  Tomichichi 18 

Judge  Causton  again  Introduced 18 

The  Inhabitants  Puzzled 18 

Building  of  the  Orphan  House 19 

Condition  of  Savannah  in  1743 10 

Establishment  of  the  First  Commercial  and  Manufacturing  Houses.  19 

I lostile  Indians  in  Savannah 20 

Organization  of  the  Union  Society 2ft 

Meeting  of  the  First  General  Assembly  of  Georgia 25 

First  General  Muster 2<; 

CHAPTER  III. 

Arrival  of  Governor  Reynolds 27 

His  Opinion  of  the  Town 27 

turning  of  the  Filature 28 


x  CONTENTS. 

Arrival  of  Governor  Ellis og 

A  Deadly  Blow  Aimed  at  Savannah's  Commercial  Prospects. .......  28 

Another  Treaty  with  the  Indians 29 

Construction  of  the  First  Wharf 30 

Arrival  of  Governor  Wright  and  Departure  of  Governor  Ellis....  30 

Establishment  of  the  First  Newspaper  and  Post-office 31 

The  Stamp  Act  Excitement 31 

Arrival  of  the  Stamps 31 

The  Liberty  Boys  Threaten  to  Destroy  them 31 

The  Governor  Frightened 32 

He  is  Burnt  in  Effigy 32 

Savannah  in  1765 32 

South  Carolinians  Destroy  Vessels  Bound  to  Savannah 33 

Savannah  Merchants  Refuse  to  Import  Goods  from  England 33 

Increase  of  the  Spirit  of  Rebellion 33 

Seizure  of  the  King's  Magazine 35 

Raising  of  the  First  Liberty  Pole 35 

Liberal  Views  of  the  Citizens 35 

CHAPTER  IV. 


Organization  of  a  Council  of  Safety, 
Meeting  of  the  Provincial  Congress., 


37 

37 

Capture  of  a  British  Vessel  Loaded  with  Powder 38 

Organization  of  a  Battalion  of  Troops 38 

Arrival  of  Two  British  Men-of-War  ofi'  Tybee 38 

Gallant  Capture  of  Governor  Wright  by  Major  Joseph  Habersham  39 

Escape  of  the  Governor 39 

He  Advises  the  People  to  Furnish  Food  to  his  Majesty's  Ships...  39 

Attempt  of  the  British  to  Capture  Rice  Ships  in  front  of  the  Town.  40 
The  People  Resolve  to  Burn  the  Houses  and  Ships  before  they  shall 

fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy 40 

Repulse  of  the  British 41 

Reception  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  Burial  of  the 

Political  Existence  of  George  III 43 

Adoption  of  the  State  Constitution 43 

South  Carolina  Covets  Savannah 43 

Capture  of  the  Town  by  the  British 44 

CHAPTER  V. 

Treatment  of  the  Inhabitants  by  the  British 50 

Plans  of  the  Americans  and  French  to  Recapture  the  Town 51 

Appearance  of  the  French  Troops  under  Count  d'Estaing  before  the 

Town 51 

Correspondence  between  Count  d'Estaing  and  General  Prevost  re 
garding  the  Surrender  of  the  Town 53 

Arrival  of  the  Americans 55 

The  British  Reinforced 55 

Commencement  of  Hostilities 56 

Bombardment  of  the  Town  by  the  Allies 57 

Women  and  Children  Killed 58 

Houses  Demolished 58 

Progress  of  the  Siege 58 

Unparalleled  Act  of  Heroism 58 

Women  and  Children  not  allowed  to  leave  town  during  the  Siege  59 

Assault  upon  Spring  Hill  Redoubt  by  the  Besiegers 60 

They  are  Repulsed  with  heavy  loss 61 

Count  Pulaski  and  Count  d'Estaing  wounded 62 

Sergeant  Jasper  mortally  wounded  while  bearing  off  the  Colors 

of  his  Regiment 62 

Abandonment  of  the  Siege 62 

Death  and  Burial  of  Count  Pulaski...  .  64 


CONTENTS. 


XI 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Appearance  of  the  Town  after  the   Siege 65 

Riotous  Negroes 65 

Skirmishes  around  the  Town 66 

An  American  Dragoon  Killed  and  his  body  dragged  through  the 

streets 66 

Surrender  of  the  Town  by  the  British 67 

Revival  of  Business 68 

Organization  of  the  Chatham  Artillery 68 

Burial  of  Major-General  Greene 69 

Shipment  of  the  first  Bale  of  Cotton 69 

Incorporation  of  Savannah  as  a  City 69 

Visit  of  General  Washington 69 

His  Account  of  his  Visit  and  Description  of  the  City 71 

Destructive  Fire  in  1796 73 

Census  of  the  City  in   1798 73 

Visit  of  Vice-President  Aaron  Burr 73 

Terrific  Gale  in  1804 73 

Savannah  during  the  War  of  1812 74 

Capture  of  the    British   Brig-of-war  Epervier 75 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Arrival  of  the  Steamship  Savannah 76 

Visit  of  President  Monroe 76 

Terrible  Conflagration  in  1820 77 

Yellow  Fever  ia  the  same  Year 77 

Visit  of  General  Lafayette 77 

Departure  of  the  Irish  Jasper  Greens  for  Mexico 78 

Visit  of  President  Filmore 78 

Yellow  Fever  in  1854 78 

Terrible  Gale  the  same  Year 79 

The  Secession  Movement 79 

Hoisting  of  the  Secession  Flag 79 

Election  of  Delegates  to  the  State  Convention ' 80 

Seizure  of  Fort  Pulaski,  Fort  Jackson,  and  Oglethorpe  Barracks  .  80 

Reassembling  of  the  State  Convention 81 

Saluting  the  Flag  of  the  Confederate  States 81 

Departure  of  the  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry  for  Virginia 81 

Burial  of  General  Bartow 81 

Placing  Obstructions  in  the  river 82 

Arrival  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee 82 

Reduction  of  Fort  Pulaski 83 

Threatening  Demonstrations  of  the  Enemy 85 

Resolution  of  Council  to  Defend  the  City  to  the  last  Extremity..  86 
General  Lawton  Ordered  to  Virginia,  and  General  Mercer  placed 

in  command  of  Savannali 86 

Capture  of  the  iron-clad  Atlanta  by  the  Federals,  and  capture  of 

the  armed  steamer  Water  Witch  by  the  Confederates 87 

Arrival  of  General  Sherman's  army  in  front  of  Savannah 87 

Storming  of  Fort  McAHster 87 

Evacuation  of  Savannah  by  the  Confederate  Force 95 

Surrender  of  Savannah  by  the  Members  of  Council 95 

Entrance  of  the  Federal  Troops 97 

General  Sherman's  Order 98 

Meeting  of  the  Citizens 99 

A  surprise  for  a  "  Blockader  " 9!) 

Drowning  of  Federal  Soldiers  on  Hutchiuson's  Island 100 

Intrenchments  thrown  up  by  the  Federals 100 

Destructive  Fire  and  Novel  Bombardment 101 

The  Wives  and  Children  of  Officers  of  the  Confederate  Army  and 

Navy  sent  out  of  the  City 103 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKKTCH  OK  GKNEKAL  OOI.ETHOKPK -. 105 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  VIII: 

Biographical  Sketch  of  General  Francis  S.  Barto\v  ................    10(5 

Volunteer  Companies  of  Savannah  .................................   112 


Itoi.f-  OF  HONOR  ..........................................................  11D 

SAVANNAH  AS  IT  is. 

The  City  ............................................................  129 

Temperature  ........................................................  131 

Health  ..............................................................  133 

Commercial  Interests  and  Advantages  .............................  135 

Development  of  Resource?  ..........................................  137 

Georgia  Central  Railroad  ..........................................  140 

Atlantic  and  Gulf  Railroad  ........................................  145 

Savannah,    Seaboard,    and  Skidaway  Railroad  .....................  147 

Savannah  and  Charleston  Railroad  ................................  149 

Canal  ...............................................................  149 

Steamship  Lines  ....................................................  149 

Steamboat  Lines  ...................................................  150 

City  Government  ...................................................  151 

Police  Department  ..................................................  152 

Fire  Department  ...................................................  153 

Population  .........................................................  154 

Education  .........................    ................................  155 

Places  of  Amusement  ..............................................  159 

Exchange  ...........................................................  160 

Georgia  Historical  Society  ..........................................  160 

Water  Works  .......................................................  161 

Court-House  ........................................................  162 

Poor-House  and  Hospital  ..........................................  163 

Abrahin's  Home  ....................................................  163 

Hanks  ..............................................................  164 

Medical  (  'ollege  ....................................................  164 

Jail  ............................................................  _____  166 

Custom-House  ......................................................  167 

Female  Orphan  Asylum  ............................................  167 

Monuments  .........................................................  169 

Churches  ...........................................................  170 

Masonic  Lodges  .....................................................  1S2 

Union  Society  ......................................................  133 

St.  Andrew's  Society  ...............................................  185 

Medical  Society  ....................................................  ISfi 

Hibernian  Society  ..................................................  187 

£(ld  Fellows  Lodges  ...............................................  187 

Irish  Union  Society  ................................................  }| 

Hebrew  Benevolent  Society  ........................................  ^ 

Ladies'  G  erman   Benevolent  Society  ...............................  « 

Harmonic  Club  .....................................................  « 

Young  Men's  Library  Association  .................................  « 

St.  George's  Society  ................................................  « 

Joseph  Lodge  ^ 


Newspaper* 
Suburban  Resorts  . 


180 

10T 


'1  walk  these  ancient  haunts  with  reverent  tread. 
And  seem  to  gaze  upon  the  mighty  dead; 
Imagination  calls  a  noble  train 
From  dust  and  darkness  back  to  life  again." 


One  hundred  and  thirty-five  years  ago  a  small  tribe  of  Indians 
occupied  the  bluff  upon  which  the  city  of  Savannah  now  stands. 
Then  the  Indian's  canoe,  only,  ruffled  the  placid  waters  of  the 
Savannah ;  now  steam  and  sail  vessels  from  every  clime,  attracted 
by  the  fruits  of  Savannah's  commerce,  plough  its  bosom,  corning 
and  going,  with  keels  deeply  sunk  in  the  water.  Then  the  smoke 
curled  lazily  upward  from  a  few  wigwams ;  now  fiery  furnaces 
belch  forth  volumes  of  ruddy  flame,  and  on  every  hand  is  heard 
the  din  of  hammers  and  bellows,  the  voices  of  men  echoing  from 
the  manufactories,  wharves,  and  places  of  business,  where  a  numer 
ous  population  are  plying  the  tireless  fingers  of  industry  in  the 
creation  of  substantial  wealth.  Then  the  woods  resounded  with 
the  savage  warwhoop ;  now  the  no  less  discordant,  but  more 
civilized,  steam-whistle  is  heard  as  the  heavily-laden  trains  pass  to 
and  fro  on  the  iron  arms  which  have  been  stretched  in  every 
direction,  clasping  in  their  embrace  some  of  the  choicest  regions 
of  the  country.  On  every  hand  arc  elegant  and  luxurious  man 
sions,  gardens  teeming  with  flowers  of  richest  and  rarest  hue; 
churches  and  humane  institutions ;  colleges  and  schools ;  squares 
and  park  thronged  with  mature  and  youthful  beaut}7",  making  the 
balmy  atmosphere  vocal  with  sounds  of  human  life  and  joy — all 
attesting  wealth,  refinement,  piety,  benevolence,  intelligence,  health, 
and  happiness. 
1 


m 


CHAPTER   I. 

Origin  of  the  Settlement  of  Savannah  —  Departure  of  the  Colonists  —  Their 
Arrival  at  Charleston  —  Oglethorpe's  Visit  to  Yarnacraw  —  Arrival  of  the 
Colonists  on  the  Bluff —  Friendly  Overtures  of  the  Indians  —  Oglethorpe'* 
Description  of  Savannah  —  Kindness  of  South  Carolinians  —  Treaty  with 
the  Jndhm*  —  Arrival  of  the  First  Ship  —  Laying  Out  of  the  Town,  aud 
Naming  of  Hie  Streets,  Square.",  Wards,  and  Tithiiigs  —  Arrival  of  Hebrew 
Settlers  —  Alligators  become  Troublesome  —  Arrival  of  the  Sal/burgers  — 
Ogletlior[Kj  Goes  to  England  —  Appearance  of  Savannah  in  1734  —  A  Judge 
Acts  in  a  Thn-e-fold  Capacity  —  Wine  and  Silk  Culture  —  Discontent 
tin-n!  —  Arrival  of  Revs.  John  and  Charles  Wesley. 

About  the  year  J  72l>,  the  sufferings  of  the  poor  people  of  England, 
especially  the  debtors,  who,  by  the  laws  of  the  country  which 
gave  to  the  creditor  complete  control  over  them,  were  thrown  into 
prison,  there  to  remain  in  rags  and  misery  the  rest  of  their  days, 
enlisted  the  sympathy  of  a  number  of  influential  men  of  London, 
who  visited  the  debtors'  prisons  and  adopted  measures  for  their 
relief.  But  owing  to  the  existing  laws  veiy  little  good  was  accom 
plished,  and  they  sought  other  means  of  relief. 

These  gentlemen,  John  Lord  Viscount  Percival,  Edward  Digbj, 
George  Carpenter,  James  Oglethorpe,  George  Heathcote,  John 
Laroehe,  James  Vernon,  William  Beletha,  Stephen  Hales,  Thomas 
Tower,  Robert  More,  Robert  Hucks,  Roger  Holland,  William 
Sloper,  Francis  Eyles,  John  Burton,  Richard  Bandy,  Arthur  Brad 
ford,  Samuel  Smith,  Adam  Anderson,  and  Thomas  Coram,  peti 
tioned  the  Throne  to  grant  them  a  charter  for  a  separate  and  distinct 
province  from  Carolina,  between  the  Savannah  and  Altamaha 
rivers,  to  which  they  designed  sending  a  number  of  poor  people 
who  had  neither  lands  nor  other  means  of  supporting  themselves 
and  families. 

On  the  ninth  of  June,  1732,  his  Majesty  King  George  the  Second 
granted  the  charter,  hi  his  letters-patent,  reciting,  among  other 
things,  "  that  many  ot  his  poor  subjects  were,  through  misfortunes 
and  want  of  employment,  reduced  to  great  necessities,  and  would 
be  glad  to  be  settled  in  any  of  his  Majesty's  provinces  in  America, 
where,  by  cultivating  the  waste  and  desolate  lands,  they  might  not- 
only  gain  a  comfortable  subsistence,  but  also  strengthen  his  Majes 
ty's  colonies  and  increase  the  trade,  navigation,  and  wealth  of  1m 


AKKU'AL  <>]•'   (OLOMSTS   AT    CHARLESTON.  ;• 

Majesty's  realms;  and  that  the  province  of  North  America  had 
been  frequently  ravaged  by  Indian  enemies,  more  especially  that  of 
Bouth  Carolina,  whose  southern  frontier  continued  unsettled  and 
lay  open  to  the  neighboring  Ravages ;  and  to  relieve  the  wauls  of 
said  poor  people,  and  to  protect  his  Majesty's  subjects  in  South 
Carolina,  a  regular  colony  of  the  said  poor  people  should  be  sctllrd 
and  established  on  the  southern  frontiers  of  Carolina." 

Acting  under  the  authority  of  their  charter,  the  Trustees  held 
their  first  meeting  in  July,  17i»2.  and  made  arrangements  for  carry 
ing  their  designs  into  execution.  Money  was  collected  and  persons 
selected  to  be  sent  over  and  settled  in  the  new  colony,  which  they 
resolved  should  be  on  the  Savannah  river.  James  Oglethorpe,  who 
had  been  foremost  in  these  philanthropic  designs,  resolved  to 
accompany  the  colonists,  and  used  every  effort  toward  obtaining 
worthy  persons.  No  lazy  or  immoral  persons,  none  who  would 
leave  families,  none  who  could  obtain  subsistence  in  England,  and 
none  who  were  in  debt  and  could  not  obtain  the  consent  of  their 
creditors,  were  selected.  By  the  Uith  of  November,  1782,  thirty  - 
five  families,  numbering  in  all  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
"sober,  moral,  and  industrious  persons,"  had  been  selected  and 
embarked  on  the  galley  Ann,  a  vessel  of  two  hundred  tons  burthen. 
Commanded  by  Captain  John  Thomas,  then  lying  in  the  Thames,  a 
Fhort  distance  below  London.  1  [ere  the  Trustees  visited  them,  and 
unked  each  family  if  they  were  satisfied  and  desired  to  go,  giving 
them  the  privilege  of  remaining  behind  if  they  so  wished.  Only 
one  man,  who  had  left  a  sick  wife  at  Southwark,  declined  to  go. 
They  then  bid  the  colonists  farewell,  and  on  the  following  day,  the 
1 7th  of  November,  the  vessel  sailed  from  Gravesend.  Among  thtt 
('migrants  was  Rev.  Henry  Herbert,  D.  D.,  who  had  volunteered 
to  accompany  and  aid  them  without,  any  compensation. 

After  a  weary  voyage,  during  which  one  delicate  infant  died,  the 
vessel  arrived  in  Rebellion  Roads,  at  Charleston,  and  cast  anchor, 
on  the  13th  of  January,  17o8.  Oglethorpe  immediately  lauded, 
and  was  hospitably  received  by  Governor  Jolinson  and  the  Council 
of  South  Carolina,  by  whose  order  the  King's  pilot  earned  the 
vessel  into  Port  Royal,  and  on  the  20th  the  Colonists  were  landed 
M.  Beaufort  and  lodged  in  the  new  barracks  of  his  Majesty's  lude 
pendent  Company.  The  officers  of  the  company,  and  the  people 
of  the  town,  bestowed  every  attention  possible  upon  the  new- 
« Comers. 


4  HISTORICAL  JJECOKD  OF  SAVANNAH1. 

Leaving  the  Colonists  here  to  rest  themselves  and  recover  from 
the  fatigue  incident  to  their  long  voyage,  Oglethorpe,  accompanied 
by  Colonel  William  Bull,  of  South  Carolina,  sailed  in  a  small 
vessel  to  the  Savannah  river,  to  select  a  site  for  the  proposed  settle 
ment.  Arriving  in  the  river,  a  pine-crowned  bluff  attracted  their 
attention,  and  they  landed  to  inspect  it.  They  found  on  the  western 
end  of  the  bluff  a  little  Indian  village  called  Yamacraw.  The  chief 
of  the  tribe  to  which  the  village  belonged  was  named  Tomichichi. 
In  the  village  was  a  trading-house  owned  by  a  white  man  named 
John  Musgrove,  Jr.,  who  had  married  a  half-breed  woman  named 
Mary.  She  could  speak  both  the  Indian  and  English  languages. 

The  top  of  the  bluff  was  comparatively  free  from  trees,  level, 
and  admirably  adapted  for  the  establishment  of  a  settlement,  and 
Oglethorpe  being  well  pleased  with  it,  appealed  to  Mary  to  obtain 
from  the  tribe  permission  for  the  emigrants  to  settle  there.  The 
tribe  at  first  refused  to  grant  the  request,  and  threatened  to  "dig  up 
the  hatchet "  if  the  settlers  came.  After  much  persuasion  on  the 
part  of  Mary,  a  provisional  treaty  was  granted  until  the  whole 
Creek  nation  co_uld  be  consulted.  Deeming  this  satisfactory,  Ogle 
thorpe  selected  the  site,  about  the  centre  of  the  bluff,  named  it 
Savannah,  after  the  river  which  flowed  at  its  foot,  secured  the 
services  of  Mary  as  interpreter  for  the  whites  in  subsequent  inter 
course  with  the  indians,  and  left  for  Beaufort,  arriving  there  on  the 
24th  of  January.  Here  he  secured  a  sloop  of  seventy  tons  and  five 
plantation  boats,  and  on  the  80th  the  colonists  embarked  for  the 
bloffi 

They  arrived  here  on  the  first  of  February  and  landed  on  the 
western  end  of  the  bluff,  that  being  the  only  point  from  which  an 
ascent  could  be  readily  made.  The  tents  and  baggage  were  carried 
up  the  bluff  and  along  it  to  four  pine  trees,  under  which  the  four 
large  tents  were  pitched,  one  for  each  tithing,  into  which  municipal 
divisions  the  colonists  had  been  divided  before  their  arrival. 

The  tents  had  scarcely  been  pitched,  and  the  baggage  and  bedding 
placed  therein,  before  the  indians  came  to  salute  the  colonists,  from 
whose  presence  they  expected  to  reap  many  benefits.  In  front  of 
the  king  and  queen,  who  were  followed  by  about  twenty  of  the 
tribe,  came  the  "  medicine-man,"  advancing  with  strange  and 
uncouth  antics,  having  in  each  hand  a  spread  fan  of  white  feathers, 
fastened  to  a  rod,  hung  from  top  to  bottom  with  little  bells,  with 
which  he  approached  Oglethorpe  (who  had  advanced  n  short  di.*- 


S  DESCRIPTION  OF  SAVANNAH.  5 

tance  from  his  tent  to  meet  them),  and  related  the  deeds  of  their 
ancestors,  all  the  while  stroking  him  on  each  side  with  the  fan,  as 
:tn  expression  of  the  friendship  of  the  tribe.  The  king  and  queen 
then  -welcomed  the  General,  after  which  the  Indians  partook  of  an 
'•ntcrtainmcnl  prepared  for  them  in  the  General's  tent. 

Work  was  the  "order  of  the  day"  for  several  days  after  the 
binding,  and,  under  the  supervision  of  their  leader,  the  men  felled 
trees,  hewed  timber,  cleared  the  land,  and  erected  palisades.  On 
the  J)th,  Oglethorpo  and  Colonel  Bull  marked  out  a  square,  the 
Afreets,  and  forty  lots  for  houses,  and  on  the  same  day  commenced 
the  first  honso. 

Tho  following  day  General  Oglethorpe  wrote  : 

FKOJI  THE  CAMP  SEAR  SAVANNA ir, 

February  10th,  1733. 
/'«  the.  Trttstrrx  J<n-  Establishing  Hit:  Colony  of  Georgia  in  America: 

<  •  i.N'n,KMKN  :  J  gave  you  an  account,  in  my  last,  of  our  arrival  at  Charleston. 
The  Governor  anil  Assembly  have  given  us  all  possible  encouragement.  Our 
people  arrived  tit  Beaufort  on  the  20th  of  January,  where  I  lodged  them  i\t~ 
come  new  barracks,  built  for  the  soldier.",  while  I  went  myself  to  view  the 
•Savannah  river.  J  fixed  upon  a  healthy  situation,  about  ten  miles  from  the  sen. 
The  river  here  forms  a  half  moon,  along  the  south  side  of  which  the  banks 
;,i-e  about  forty  foot  high,  and  on  the  top  flat,  which  they  call  a  bluff.  The 
plain  high  ground  extends  into  the  country  five  or  six  miles,  and  along  the 
river  side  about  a  mile.  Ships  that  draw  twelve  foot  water  can  ride  within 
f*-n  yards  of  the  bank.  Upon  the  river  side  in  the  centre  of  this  plain  I  have 
laid  out  the  town.  Opposite  to  it  is  an  Island  of  very  rich  pasturage,  which 
)  think  should  be  kept  for  the  Trustee's  cattle.  The  river  is  pretty  wide,  the 
water  fresh,  and  front  the  Key  of  the  town  you  see  its  whole  course  to  the  sea, 
with  the  Jshuul  of  Tybcc,  which  forms  the  mouth  of  the  river;  and  the  other 
way,  you  sec  the  river  for  about  six  miles  up  into  the  country.  The  land 
scape  is  very  agreeable,  the  stream  being  wide,  and  bordered  with  high  woods 
on  both  sides.  The  whole  people  arrived  here  on  the  first  of  February.  At 
;iight  their  tents  were  got  up.  Till  the  seventh  we  were  taken  up  in  unload 
ing.  and  making  a  crane,  which  I  then  could  not  get  finished,  so  took  off  the 
hands,  and  set  gome  to  the  fortification,  and  began  to  fell  the  wood-.  1 
marked  out  the  town  and  common;  half  of  the  former  is  already  cleared,  and 
the  first  house  was  begun  yesterday  in  the  afternoon.  Not  being  able  to  get 
negrocH,  I  have  taken  ten  of  the  independent  company  to  work  for  us,  for 
which  J  make  them  an  allowance.  I  send  you  a  copy  of  the  resolutions  of 
the  assembly,  and  the  Governor  and  Council's  letter  to  me.  Mr.  Whitaker 
has  given  us  one  hundred  head  of  cattle.  Colonel  Bull,  Mr.  Barlow,  Mr.  St. 
Julian,  and  Mr.  Woodward,  are  come  up  to  assist  us  with  some  of  their  own 
servants.  I  am  so  taken  up  in  looking  after  a  hundred  necessary  things,  that 
I  write  now  short,  but  ehall  give  you  a  more  particular  account  hereafter.  A 
little  Indian  nation,  the  only  one  within  fifty  miles,  id  not  only  at  nmity,  but 
1* 


tj  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

desires  to  be  subjects  of  his  Majesty,  King  George,  to  have  lands  given 
among  us,  and  to  breed  their  children  at  our  schools.    Their  Chief,  and  hi.-* 
beloved  man,  who  is  the  second  man  in  the  nation,  desire  to  be  instructed  in 
the  Christian  religion. 
I  am,  gentlemen,  your  most  obedient,  humble  servant. 

JAMES  CMJLETHORPK. 

He  wrote,  on  the  12th  : 

Our  people  still  lie  in  tents;  there  being  only  two  clapboard  houses  built, 
vuid  three  sawed  houses  framed.  Our  crane,  our  battery  of  cannon,  our 
magazine,  are  finished.  This  is  all  we  have  been  able  to  do,  by  reason  of  tho 
*rnallnes8  of  our  number,  of  which  many  have  been  sick,  and  others  unus<?<1 
to  labour,  though  I  thank  God  they  are  now  pretty  well,  and  we  have  not  loM 
one  since  our  arrival. 

During  this  tiine  the  Governor,  Council,  and  the  people  of  South 
Carolina  vied  with  one  another  in  extending  aid  to  the  colonist.-*, 
and  in  proof  thereof  we  cite  from  the  "MSS.  account  of  benefac 
tions  made  by  South  Carolina  to  the  province  of  Georgia"  th« 
record  of  individual  benefactions,  the  public  ones  having  been 
already  mentioned : 

February — Colonel  Bull  came  to  Savannah  with  four  laborers,  and  assisted 
the  colony  for  a  month,  he  himself  measuring  the  scantling  and  setting  out 
the  work  for  the  sawyers,  and  giving  the  proportion  of  the  houses.  Mr. 
Whitaker  and  his  friends  sent  the  colony  one  hundred  head  of  cattle.  Mr. 
St  Julian  came  to  Savannah  and  staid  a  month,  directing  the  people  in 
building  their  houses  and  other  work.  Mr.  Hume  gave  a  silver  boat  and 
wpoon  for  the  first  child  born  in  Georgia,  which  being  born  of  Mrs.  Close, 
were  given  accordingly.  Mr.  Joseph  Bryan,  himself,  with  four  of  his  saw 
yers,  gave  two  months  work  in  the  colony.  The  inhabitants  of  Kdisto  seu<t 
sixteen  sheep.  Mr.  Hamrnerton  gave  a  drum.  Mrs.  Ann  Dray  ton  sent  two 
pair  of  sawyers  to  work  in  the  colony.  Colonel  Bull  and  Mr.  Bryan  came 
to  Savannah  with  twenty  servants,  whose  labor  they  gave  to  the  colony. 
His  Excellency  Robert  Johnson  gave  seven  horses,  valued  at  £25,  Carolina 
rurrency. 

Early  in  May,  General  Oglethorpe  made  a  short  trip  to  Charles 
ton,  S.  C-,  where  he  met  with  a  most  cordial  reception  from  the 
Governor  and  Legislature  and  from  the  people  of  that  State.  His 
solicitations  for  assistance  were  answered  by  the  Assembly,  which 
voted  £10,000  currency,  and  the  citizens  of  Charleston  subscribed 
£1,000  currency,  £500  of  which  were  immediately  paid  down. 

The  General,  well  pleased  with  his  hospitable  reception  and  the 
liberal  responses  to  his  request  for  aid.  returned  to  Savannah  on  the 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  FIRST  SHIP.  7 

•Jlst  of  May,  just  in  time  to  meet  the  representatives  of  the  nine 
tribes  of  the  Creek  Indians,  who  had  assembled  in  solemn  council 
to  strengthen  the  provisional  treaty  which  had  been  made  with 
Tomicbichi. 

After  the  usual  formalities,  and  a  distribution  of  presents  br 
Gen.  Oglethorpe,  Tomichichi  addressed  him  an  follows: 


Here  is  a  little  present;  I  give  you  a  buffalo  skin,  adorned  on  the 
with  the  head  and  feathers  of  an  eagle,  which  I  desire  you  to  accept,  because 
the  eagle  is  the  emblem  of  speed  and  the  buffalo  of  strength;  the  English 
»re  as  swift  as  the  bird  and  strong  as  the  beast:  since,  like  the  former,  they 
flew  over  vast  seas  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth;  and  like  the  latter. 
they  are  so  strong  that  nothing  can  withstand  them;  the  feathers  of  the  eagl* 
>r«>  soft,  and  signify  love;  the  buffalo's  skin  is  warm,  and  signifies  protection; 
therefore.  I  hope  the  English  will  love  aud  protect  their  little  families. 

A  treaty  was  effected,  providing  that  the  indians  should  permit 
the  Trustees  to  trade  in  their  towns  and  that  they  should  mak* 
restitution  for  any  injuries  done  by  the  colonists  to  the  intlian.*. 
who,  on  their  part,  further  agreed  to  allow  the  Trustees'  people 
to  make  use  of  and  possess  all  those  lands  which  they  had  n»» 
occasion  to  use  ;  not  to  molest  nor  rob  any  of  the  English,  and. 
finally.  "  to  keep  the  talk  in  their  heads  so  long  as  the  nun  shall 
shine  or  the  waters  run  into  the  rivers.  " 

The  ship  James,  Captain  Yoakley,  with  several  colonists  on 
board,  sailed  np  the  Savannah  and  unloaded  at  the  town  a  shori 
time  after  the  treaty.  Captain  Yoakley  was  given  the  prize  wh'u-li 
the  Trustees  had  offered  to  the  "  first  ship  that  should  sail  np  th* 
Savannah  river  and  unload  at  the  town." 

By  the  seventh  of  July,  one  hundred  and  fifty  more  settler* 
arrived,  a  largo  number  of  whom  came  at  their  own  expense  ;  a 
large  tract  of  land  was  cleared  and  a  number  of  houses  erected. 
aud  it  was  resolved  to  designate  the  town,  wards,  squares,  and 
streets  with  formal  ceremonies.  Accordingly,  on  that  day  the  emi 
grants  assembled  in  front  of  Oglethorpe's  tent,  and  after  solemn 
religious  ceremonies  they  proceeded  to  name  the  wards  and  assign 
the  lots.  Four  wards  were  marked  off  and  named  :  lleathcote, 
after  Sir  William  lleathcote;  Percival,  after  Lord  Percival,  the 
first  President  of  the  Trustees  ;  Derby,  after  Earl  of  Derby  ;  and 
Decker,  after  Sir  William  Decker.  These  wards  were  then  divided 
into  sixteen  tithings,  and  named  Digby,  Carpenter,  Frederick,  Tyr- 
ronnel.  More.  Thick*.  Tower,  lleathcote,  Eyles,  Laroche.  Vernon. 


•#  HISTORICAL  ItECOKD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Belethu,  Holland,  Sloper,  Wilmington,  and  Jekyll.*  The  rive 
streets  which  intersected  the  wards  and  tithings  at  right  angles  were 
uanied  in  honor  of  the  South  Carolinians  who  aided  the  colony  : 
Bui),  Whitaker,  Drayton,  St.  Julian,  and  Bryan.  A  square  was 
also  laid  out,  and  as  a  mark  of  the  respect  and  esteem  which  the 
•Colonists  bore  to  Governor  Johnson,  of  South  Carolina,  it  Mas 
named  after  him.  The  assignment  of  the  lots  was  next  in  order, 
which,  after  a  display  of  considerable  tact  on  the  part  of  Ogle 
'horpe  to  settle  amicably  the  differences  which  arose  in  regard  to 
the  choice  of  locality,  was  accomplished  by  dinner-time.  A  boun 
teous  repast  wras  then  partaken  of. 

After  dinner,  a  town  court  of  record  was  established,  the  bailiffs 

inducted  into  office,  a  jury  empanneled,  and  the  first  court  in 

••*  Georgia  held.     This  court  was  composed  of  three  bailiffs,  a  recorder, 

acting  as  clerk,  and  twelve  free-holders.     The  members  of  the 

-xourt  were  ordered  to  wear,  while  sitting  on  the  bench,  majesterial 

-.Towns,  those  of  the  bailiff  being  purple,  edged  with  fur,  and  that 

for  the   recorder   being    black,  tufted.     Messrs.   Samuel  Parker, 

Thomas  Young,  Joseph  Cole,  John  Wright,  John  West,  Timothy 

Bowling,  John  Milledge,  Henry  Close,  Walter  Fox,  John  Grady, 

-lames  Car  well,  and  Richard  Cannon  composed  the  first  grand  JUIT. 

Four  days  after  these  ceremonies  a  colony  of  Israelites  arrived 
direct  from  London,  named  as  follows  :  Dr.  Nunis  and  his  mother, 
Mrs.  Nunis ;  Daniel  Moses  Nunis,  Sipra  Nunis,  and  Shem  Noah, 
*  their  servant;  Mr.  Henriques  and  wife,  and  Shem,  their  servant; 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barnal ;  David  Olivcra ;  Jacob  Olivera,  wife,  and 
three  children,  David,  Isaac,  and  Leah ;  Aaron  Depivea ;  Benja 
min  Gideon ;  Jacob  Costa ;  David  Dcpass  and  wife  ;  Vene  Real  ; 
3Iolena :  David  Moranda  ;  Jacob  Morauda  ;  David  Cohen,  wife, 
.-and  four  children,  Isaac,  Hannah,  Abigail,  and  Grace;  Abraham 
Minis  and  wife,  .with  their  two  daughters,  Leah  and  Esther ; 
Simeon  Minis ;  Jacob  Yowall ;  Benjamin  Sheftall  and  wife  ;  and 
Abraham  DeLyon — all  coming  at  their  own  expense. 

Some  persons  in  Ergland  became  offended  when  the  arrival  of 
ihis  party  was  reported,  and  wrote  to  the  Trustees,  stating  that  they 
would  not  contribute  money  for  the  support  of  the  colony  so  lon^ 
AS  the  Hebrews  remained.  The  Trustees  wrote  to  the  commis- 


*  Wilmington  tithing  was  named  after  the  Karl  of  Wilmington,  and  Jekyll 
.-4ftcr  Sir  Joseph  Jokyll,  Master  of  the  Rolls. 


OGLETIIORPE  GOES  TO  ENGLAND.  <£<. 

Kioners  who  had  sent  them  over  "  to  use  their  endeavors  that  the 
said  Jews  be  removed  from  the  colony  of  Georgia."  Oglethorpo 
was  also  written  to  by  the  Trustees,  who  desired  him  "to  use  hi* 
endeavors  to  prevent  their  settling  with  any  of  the  grantees."  In 
reply,  Oglethorpe  praised  their  good  conduct,  and  especially  com- 
rommcnded  the  skill  and  kindness  of  Dr.  Nunis,  who,  since  his 
arrival,  had  rendered  valuable  services  to  the  sick  colonists.  Ogle 
thorpe  very  wisely  refused  to  move  them,  and  time  has  proven 
that,  had  he  complied  with  the  request  of  the  Trustees,  the  colony 
would  have  lost  some  of  its  most  moral  and  industrious  citizens 
Although  Oglethorpe  did  all  he  could  to  make  their  new-found 
home  pleasant  and  comfortable,  yet  the  civil  disabilities  under  which 
they  labored,  the  poor  condition  of  the  colony,  and  the  advantages 
held  out  by  the  Charlestonians,  induced  all  but  three  of  the  families 
the  Minises,  DeLyons,  and  Sheftalls,  to  go  to  Charleston. 

About  this  period  the  alligators,  which  had  at  first  been  frightened 
away  by  the  bustle  and  noise  made  in  building  houses,  felling 
trees,  and  the  like,  grew  bold,  and  amused  themselves  by  strolling 
about  town  at  night,  much  to  the  annoyance  and  terror  of  the 
inhabitants.  And  "Mr.  Oglethorpe,"  says  the  minutes  of  the  Trus 
tees,  "to  take  off  the  terror  which  the  people  had  for  aligators, 
having  wounded  and  caught  one,  twelve  feet  long,  had  him  brought 
up  to  the  town,  and  set  the  boys  to  beat  him  with  sticks  until  he 
was  beat  to  death." 

From  this  time  nothing  of  particular  moment  marked  the  history 
of  Savannah  until  the  12th  of  March,  1734.  On  this  day  the 
Purysburgh  arrived,  bringing  seventy-eight  Salzburgers,  who  pre 
ferred  to  forsake  their  homes  and  seek  new  ones  in  a  foreign  and 
almost  unknown  land  rather  than  give  up  their  religion.  Ogle 
thorpe  established  them  at  a  place  twenty-four  miles  from  Savan 
nah,  which  they  called  Ebenezer. 

After  seeing  the  new  colony  settled,  Oglethorpe  left  for  England, 
carrying  with  him  Tomichichi  and  one  or  two  other  Indian  chiefs, 
in  order  that  they  might  become  impressed  with  the  strength  and 
greatness  of  the  English  people,  to  strengthen  the  friendship  of 
the  iudians,  and  also  to  interest  the  English  in  them.  The  colony 
was  now  left  in  charge  of  the  bailiffs. 

When  Oglethorpe  departed,  there  were,  including  the  public 
buildings,  ninety-one  houses  in  the  town,  and  the  inhabitants  were 
in  a  healthy  and  prosperous  condition.  The  squares,  streets,  ward*. 


}()  IHSTOIJ1CAL  RKroKD  OK  SAVANNAH. 


court-house,  public  mill  and  oven,  a  house  for  strangers,  public 
«fcore,  parsouage-house,  and  guard-house  built,  a  crane  for  hauling 
goods  up  the  bluff  erected,  a  fort  and  palisades  to  prevent  an 
attack  by  land,  and  a  battery  on  the  bluff  to  prevent  the  approach 
of  an  enemy  by  water,  established.  A  map  of  the  town  was 
drawn,  by  Peter  Gordon,  on  the  2SUh  of  March,  17:'»t,  about  a 
month  previous  to  the  General's  departure,  which  gives  an  accurate 
description  of  the  town  as  it  then  was.  There  was  then  no  street 
between  the  river  and  the  houses  which  were  on  the  same  line  a> 
those  now  located  on  the  south  side  of  Bay  street.  The  places  of 
note  are  marked  on  the  map,  and  their  sites  can  be  readily  pointed 
out  at  this  time. 

The  four  pine  trees  under  which  the  colonists  pitched  their  four 
tents  and  slept  the  first  night  in  Georgia  were  situated  nearly  on 
the  edge  of  the  bluff,  between  Bull  and  Whitaker  streets,  in  front 
of  where  Robert  Habersham  &  Co.'s  commission  house  now  stands. 

The  Stairs  going  up  ( ! )  were  located  a  little  east  of  the  trees, 
about  where  Major  P.  II.  Behn's  commission  house  now  stands. 

Mr.  Oglethorpe's  Tent  (2)  was  nearly  under  the  cluster  of  trees. 

The  Crane  and  Bell  (rt)«  the  first  used  to  haul  goods  up  the  bluif 
and  the  other  to  call  the  colonists  together  for  worship,  work,  and 
other  purposes,  were  situated  west  of  the  trees,  the  crane  on  the 
edge  of  the  bluff  and  the  bell  just  in  the  rear  of  the  crane  ;  both 
on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the,  business  house  of  L.  J.  Guilmartin 
&  Co. 

The  Tabernacle  and  Court-house  (4)  was  on  Bull  street,  occupy - 
i«g  the  ground  now  occupied  by  the  rear  portion  of  the  custom 
house. 

The  Public  Mill  (."»)  was  located  on  Bryan  street,  where  now 
stands  the  establishment  of  U.  Cranston. 

The  House  for  Strangers  (<>)  stood  on  the  site  now  occupied  by 
the  crockery  and  chinaware  establishment  of  E.  I).  Smythc  &  Co., 
on  the  south  side  of  St.  Julian,  second  door  east  of  Whitaker  street. 

The  Public  Oven  (7)  stood  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Congress 
and  Whitaker  streets,  where  now  stands  the  extensive  jewelry 
establishment  of  8.  P.  Hamilton. 

The  Rraw-well  (8)  was  situated  in  the  centre  of  Dull  street, 
where  Congress  Street  lane  intersects  it. 

The  Lot  for  the  Church  (0)  was  laid  out,  but  no  church  was  I  mill 


A  JVAIUKF  CAlTSKrt  TKOUI5LK.  ]_|_ 

upon  it  for  sevcnil  ycare  afterward.     Christ  church  occupies  the 
lot  now. 

The  Public  Store  (10)  was  located  where  the  State  bank  now 
stands. 

The  Fort  (1 1)  was  situated  on  what  is  now  the  line  of  President 
street,  and  near  Oglethorpe  square. 

The  Parsonage-house  (12)  was  situated  in  the  middle  of  what  L* 
now  Congress  street,  and  on  the  west  side  of  what  is  now  Reynold* 
square. 

The  Palisades  (13)  were  erected  on  a  line  extending  from  th« 
blnft,  at  a  point  where  now  stands  the  business  house  of  Hunter  & 
Gammell,  to  the  centre  of  what  is  now  the  block  between  Bay  lane 
and  Bryan  street,  and  Drayton  and  Abercorn  streets. 

The  Guard -house  (14)  and  the  battery  of  cannon  were  situated 
on  the  bluff,  just  at  the  foot  of  Drayton  street. 

Hutchinson's  island  (15)  is  seen  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  colony  was  left  under  the  charge  of  the 
three  bailiffs,  but  one  of  them,  John  Causton,  usurped  all  authority 
and  made  the  other  two  simply  his  tools.  His  conduct  was  so 
overbearing  that  the  colonists  preferred  charges  against  him,  in 
which  it  was  stated  that  he  wTas  of  low  origin  and  had  become 
intoxicated  with  the  powers  vested  in  him,  and  was  proud,  haughty, 
and  cruel ;  that  he  had  threatened  jurors  whose  verdicts  did  not 
correspond  with  his  inclination  or  humor ;  that  he  had  compelled 
eight  freeholders,  with  an  officer,  to  attend  at  the  door  of  the  court 
house  while  it  Mras  in  session,  with  their  guns  and  bayonets,  who 
had  orders  to  rest  their  fire-locks  as  soon  as  he  appeared ;  that 
he  had  threatened  all,  without  distinction,  who  dared  to  oppose 
his  arbitrary  proceedings,  or  claimed  thei»  just  rights  and  privileges, 
with  the  jail,  stocks,  and  whipping-post,  until  he  had  rendered 
himself  a  terror  to  the  people,  and  especially  to  jurors,  who  were 
afraid  to  act  according  to  their  consciences  ;  that  he  had  misapplied 
the  public  moneys;  that  everything  had  gone  to  ruin;  "that  the 
British  nation  was  deceived  (by  him)  with  the  fame  of  a  happy, 
nourishing  colony,  and  of  its  being  free  from  that  pest  and  scourge 
of  mankind  called  lawyers,  for  the  want  of  whose  legal  assistance 
the  poor,  miserable  inhabitants  are  exposed  to  a  more  arbitrary 
government  than  ever  was  exercised  in  Turkey  and  Muscovy." 

These  representations  of  Causton'a  conduct  caused  his  removal 
l>v  the  Trustees,  and  Mr.  Gordon  was  sent  over  to  assume  the 


12  HISTORICAL  RKCOIID  OF  SAVANNAH. 

•power  and  duties  of  chief  magistrate.  He  possessed  considerable 
Ability  and  soon  became  a  favorite  with  the  people,  and  would 
have  restored  order  and  harmony,  had  not  the  cunning  of  old 
Causton  pointed  out  an  expedient  to  remove  him.  Causton  was 
keeper  of  the  public  stores,  and  refused  to  allow  Gordon  either 
money  or  provisions.  Gordon,  having  no  way  to  support  himself 
and  family,  was  compelled  to  return  to  England  six  weeks  after 
liis  arrival.  His  departure  and  the  death  of  his  successor,  Mr. 
Durn,  who  died  a  few  days  after  his  appointment,  left  the  field 
open  for  Causton  to  resume  his  arbitrary  rule. 

The  impartiality  of  Judge  Causton  is  shown  in  the  trial  of 
Captain  Joseph  Watson.  Charges  had  been  preferred  against, 
this  militia  officer  by  Causton,  to  the  effect  that  he  had  stirred 
up  animosities  in  the  minds  of  the  Indians,  and  for  this  he  was 
arraigned  before  the  court,  in  which  Causton  was  judge,  witness, 
and  advocate.  The  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  that  Watson  was 
not  guilty  of  any  crime  but  that  of  having  used  some  unguarded 
expressions.  This  verdict  did  not  suit  Causton,  who  ordered  the 
jury  to  find  another  verdict,  but  they  returned  with  the  same ; 
whereupon  Causton  again  ordered  them  to  retire  and  find  the 
accused  guilty  and  recommend  him  to  the  mercy  of  the  court, 
imagining  him  to  be  a  lunatic.  The  jury  finally  "  found  the 
accused  guilty  of  lunacy ;"  whereupon  Causton  ordered  him  to 
prison,  where  he  remained  nearly  three  years  without  having 
sentence  pronounced  upon  him. 

During  the  absence  of  Oglethorpe  attempts  were  made  to  culti 
vate  grape  vines  and  mulberry  trees — to  make  wine  and  silk — 
in  the  "  Trustees'  garden,"  which  had  been  laid  out  and  enclosed 
at  the  east  end  of  the  town.  The  ground  there  was  not  adapted 
for  the  purpose,  and  those  thus  employed  "found  themselves 
cultivating  a  poor  bit  of  sand  which,  in  the  heat  of  summer, 
would  have  roasted  an  egg."  The  trees  did  not  flourish  and 
the  vines  were  parched  with  heat.  The  Trustees  were  notified 
of  this,  and  another  spot  was  selected.  While  the  gardeners  were 
so  unsuccessful,  Mr.  Abrain  DcLyon,  who  had  been  a  vigneron 
in  Portugal,  cultivated  in  his  garden  several  varieties  of  grape, 
among  which  were  the  Oporto  and  Malaga,  to  great  perfection. 

The  inhabitants  of  Savannah,  in  common  with  those  of.  the  other 
settlements,  became  discontented  while  Oglethorpe  was  absent, 
and  upon  his  arrival  in  February,  173G,  he  experienced  considerable 
difficulty  in  allaying  the  dissatisfaction. 


ARRIVAL  OF  REVS.  JOHN  AND  CHARLES  WESLEY.        ^3 

Revs.  John  and  Charles  Wesley  came  over  with  Oglethorpe, 
and  aided  him  in  restoring  harmony.  On  the  Sunday  after  their 
arrival,  Rev.  John  Wesley*  (afterward  the  founder  of  Methodism) 
preached  his  first  sermon  in  America,  his  text  being  from  the 
Epistle  of  the  day — 13th  chapter  1st  Corinthians — and  Christian 
charity  his  theme. 


*  The  popularity  of  this  divine  was  very  great  with  the  people  of  Savan 
nah.  On  one  occasion  during  his  stay  in  the  colony  a  ball  and  public  prayers 
were  announced  to  take  place  at  the  same  time.  "At  the  hour  appointed," 
says  a  chronicler  of  the  times,  "the  church  was  full,  while  the  ball-room 
was  so  empty  that  the  entertainment  could  not  go  forward." 


VD 


14  HISTORICAL  UECOIID  OF  SAVANNAH. 


CAPTER  II. 

Savannah  in  1736  —  Its  Situation  —  Houses  and  People  —  Laws  and  Cus 
toms  —  Town  Lots  and  Squares  —  Public  Buildings  —  Arrival  of  Rev. 
George  "Whitfield  and  Mr.  James  Habersham  —  Burial  of  Tomichichi  — 
Judge  Causton  again  Introduced  —  The  Inhabitants  Puzzled  —  Building 
of  the  Orphan  House  —  Condition  of  Savannah  in  1743  —  Establishment 
of  the  First  Commercial  and  Manufacturing  Houses  —  Hostile  Indians  in 
Savannah  —  Organization  of  the  Union  Society  —  Meeting  of  the  First 
•General  Assembly  of  Georgia  —  First  General  Muster. 

Mr.  Francis  Moore  visited  the  colony  in  1 73G,  and  wrote  an 
account*  of  his  visit,  in  which  he  described  Savannah  as  follows  : 

Savannah  is  about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  in  circumference;  it  stands  upon 
the  flat  of  a  hill;  the  bank  of  the  river  (which  they  in  barbarous  English 
call  a  bluff)  is  steep  and  about  forty-five  feet  perpendicular,  so  that  all 
heavy  goods  are  brought  up  by  a  crane,  an  inconvenience  designed  to  be 
remedied  by  a  bridge-wharf,  and  an  easy  ascent,  which,  in  laying  out  the 
town,  care  was  taken  to  allow  room  for,  there  being  a  very  wide  strand 
between  the  first  row  of  houses  and  the  river.  From  this  strand  there  is 
a  very  pleasant  prospect;  you  can  see  the  river  wash  the  foot  of  the  hill, 
which  is  a  hard,  clear,  sandy  beach  a  mile  in  length;  the  water  is  fresh, 
and  the  river  one  thousand  foot  wide.  Eastward  you  see  the  river  increased 
by  the  northern  branch  which  runs  around  Hutchinson's  island,  and  the 
Carolina  shore  beyond  it,  and  the  woody  islands  at  the  sea,  which  closes 
the  prospect  at  ten  or  twelve  miles  distance.  Over  against  it  is  Hutchinson's 
island,  great  part  of  which  is  open  ground,  where  they  mow  hay  for  the 
Trustees'  horses  and  cattle.  The  rest  is  woods,  in  which  there  are  many 
bay  trees  eighty  foot  high.  "Westward  you  see  the  river  winding  between 
the  woods,  with  little  islands  in  it,  for  many  miles. 

The  town  of  Savannah  is  built  of  wood;  all  the  houses  of  the  first  forty 
freeholders  are  of  the  same  size  with  that  Mr.  Oglethorpe  lives  in,t  but 
there  are  great  numbers  built  since— I  believe  one  hundred  or  one  hundred 
and  fifty;  many  of  these  are  much  larger;  some  of  two  or  three  stories  high, 
the  boards  plained  and  painted.  The  houses  stand  on  large  lots,  sixty  foot 
in  front  by  ninety  foot  in  depth ;  each  lot  has  a  fore  and  back  street  to  it ; 
the  lots  are  fenced  in  with  split  poles;  some  people  have  palisades  of  split 
wood  before  their  doors,  but  the  generality  have  been  wise  enough  not  to 
throw  away  their  money,  which  in  this  country,  laid  out  in  husbandry,  is 
capable  of  great  improvements. 

There  are  several  people  of  good  substance  in  the  town,  who  came  at 

*  The  account  is  published  in  the  -Collections  of  the  Georgia  Historical 
Society." 
t  Sixteen  by  twenty-four  feet. 


SAVANNAH  IN  17:10.  ^5 

their  own  expense,  and  also  several  of  those  who  came  over  on  the  Charity- 
are  iii  a  very  thriving  way;  but  this  is  observed,  that  the  most  substantial 
people  are  the  most  frugal,  and  make  the  least  show,  and  live  at  the  least 
expense.  There  are  some  al*o  who  have  made  but  little  or  bad  use  of 
the  benefits  they  received,  idling  away  their  times,  whilst  they  had  their 
provisions  from  the  public  store,  or  else  working  for  hire,  earning  from 
t\vo  shillings,  the  price  for  a  laborer,  to  four  or  five  shillings,  the  price  of 
a  carpenter,  per  diem,  and  spending  that  money  in  rum  and  good  living, 
thereby  neglecting  to  improve  their  lands,  so  that  when  their  time  of 
receiving  their  provisions  from  the  public  ceased  they  were  in  no  forward 
ness  to  maintain  themselves  out  of  their  own  lands.  As  they  chose  to  be 
hirelings  when  they  might  have  improved  for  themselves,  the  consequence 
of  that  folly  forces  them  now  to  work  for  their  daily  bread.  These  are 
generally  discontented  with  the  country;  and  if  they  have  run  themselves 
in  debt,  their  creditors  will  not  let  them  go  away  till  they  have  paid.  Con 
sidering  the  number  of  people,  there  arc  but  few  of  these.  The  industrious 
ones  have  throve  beyond  expectation ;  most  of  them  that  have  been  there 
three  years,  and  many  others,  have  houses  in  the  town,  which  those  that  let 
have  for  the  worst  ten  pounds  per  annum,  and  the  best  for  thirty  pounds. 
Those  who  have  cleared  their  five-acre  lots  have  made  a  very  great  profit 
out  of  them  by  greens',  roots,  and  corn.  Several  have  improved  the  cattle 
they  had  at  first,  and  have  now  five  or  six  tame  cows;  others  who,  to  save 
the  trouble  of  feeding  them,  let  them  go  into  the  woods  can  rarely  find 
them,  and  when  they  are  brought  up,  one  of  them  will  not  give  half  the 
quantity  of  milk  which  another  cow  fed  near  home  will  give.  Their  houses  are 
built  at  a  pretty  large  distance  from  one  another,  for  fear  of  fire ;  the  streets 
are  very  wide,  and  there  are  great  squares  left  at  proper  distances  for  markets 
and  other  conveniences.  Near  the  river  side  is  a  guard-house  inclosed  with 
palisades  a  foot  thick,  where  there  are  nineteen  or  twenty  cannons  mounted 
and  a  continual  guard  kept  by  the  freeholders. 

The  town  is  governed  by  three  bailiffs,  and  has  a  recorder,  register,  and 
a  town  court,  which  is  holden  every  six  weeks,  where  all  matters,  civil  and 
criminal,  are  decided  by  grand  and  petit  juries,  as  in  England;  but  there 
are  no  lawyers  allowed  to  plead  for  him;  nor  no  attorneys  to  take  money' 
but  (as  in  old' times  in  England)  every  man  pleads  his  own  cause.  In  case 
it  should  be  an  orphan,  or  one  that  can  not  speak  for  themselves,  there  are 
persons  of  the  best  substance  in  the  town  appointed  by  the  Trustees  to  take 
care  of  the  orphans  and  to  defend  the  helpless,  and  that  without  fee  or 
reward,  it  being  a  service  that  each  that  is  capable  must  perform  in  his  turn. 

They  have  some  laws  and  customs  that  are  peculiar  to  Georgia;  one  is 
that  all  brandies  and  distilled  liquors  are  prohibited  under  severe  penalties; 
another  is;  that  no  slavery  is  allowed,  nor  negroes;  a  third,  that  all  persons 
who  go  among  the  Indians  must  give  security  for  their  good  behavior; 
because  the  indians,  if  any  injury  is  done  to  them  and  they  can  not  kill 
:!•.;!  man  that  does  it,  expect  satisfaction  from  the  government,  which  if  not 
j  roc u red  they  break  out  into  war  by  killing  the  first  white  man  they  con 
veniently  can.*  No  victualler  or  alehouse-keeper  can  give  any  credit,  so 


*  All   west  of  Jefferson  street   from  the  bluff  to  the  south  side  of  South 


IQ  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

consequently  can  not  recover  any  debt.  The  freeholds  have  all  been  entailedx 
•which  has  been  very  fortunate  for  the  place.  If  people  could  have  sold, 
the  greatest  part,  before  they  knew  the  value  of  their  lots,  would  have  parted 
with  them  for  a  trifling  condition,  and  there  were  not  wanting  rich  men 
who  employed  agents  to  monopolize  the  whole  town. 

In  order  to  maintain  many  people,  it  was  proper  that  the  land  should  be 
divided  into  small  portions,  and  to  prevent  the  uniting  them  by  marriage 
or  purchase.  For  every  time  two  lots  were  united  the  town  loses  a  family, 
and  the  iuconveniency  of  this  shows  itself  at  Savannah,  notwithstanding 
the  care  of  the  Trustees  to  prevent  it.  They  suffered  the  moity  of  the  lots  to 
descend  to  the  widows  during  their  lives ;  those  who  remarried  to  men  who 
had  lots  of  their  own,  by  uniting  two  lots  made  one  be  neglected ;  for  the 
strength  of  hands  who  could  take  care  of  one  was  not  sufficient  to  look  to 
and  improve  two.  These  uncleared  lots  are  a  nuisance  to  their  neighbors. 
The  trees  which  grow  upon  them  shade  the  lots,  the  beasts  take  shelter  in 
them,  and  for  want  of  clearing  the  brooks  which  pass  through  them  the  lauds 
above  are  often  prejudiced  by  floods.  To  prevent  all  these  inconveniences, 
the  first  regulation  of  the  Trustees  was  a  strict  Agrarian  law,  by  which  all 
the  lands  near  towns  should  be  divided,  50  acres  to  each  freeholder.  The 
quantity  of  land  by  experience  seems  rather  too  much,  since  it  is  impossible 
that  one  poor  family  can  tend  so  much  land.  If  this  allotment  is  too  much, 
how  much  more  inconvenient  would  the  uniting  of  two  be  ?  To  prevent  it 
the  Trustees  grant  the  land  in  tail-male,  that  on  the  expiring  of  a  male  line 
they  may  regrant  it  to  such  man,  having  no  other  lot,  as  shall  be  married  to 
the  next  female  heir  of  the  deceased  as  is  of  good  character.  This  manner 
of  dividing  prevents,  also,  the  sale  of  lands,  and  the  rich  thereby  monopo 
lizing  the  country. 

Each  freeholder  has  a  lot  in  town  sixty  foot  by  ninety  foot,  besides  which 
he  has  a  lot  beyond  the  common  of  five  acres  for  a  garden.  Every  ten  houses 
make  a  tithing,  and  to  every  tithing  there  is  a  mile  square,  which  is  divided 
into  twelve  lots,  besides  roads;  each  freeholder  of  the  tithing  has  a  lot  or 
farm  of  forty-five  acres  there  and  two  lotst  are  reserved  by  the  Trustees  in 
order  to  defray  the  charge  of  the  public.  The  town  is  laid  out  for  two  hun 
dred  and  forty  freeholds;  the  quantity  of  land  necessary  for  that  number  is 
twenty-four  square  miles;  every  forty  houses  in  town  make  a  ward,  to  which 
four  square  miles  in  the  country  belong;  each  ward  has  a  constable,  and 
under  him  four  tithing-men. 

"Where  the  town  land  ends  the  villages  begin ;  four  villages  make  a  ward 
out,  which  depends  upon  one  of  the  wards  within  the  town.  The  use  of  this 
is,  in  case  a  war  should  happen,  the  villages  without  may  have  places  in  the 
town  to  bring  their  catties  and  families  into  for  refuge,  and  for  that  purpose 
there  is  a  square  left  in  every  ward  big  enough  for  the  outwards  to  encamp 
in.  There  is  a  ground  also  kept  around  about  the  town  ungrantcd,  in  order 
for  the  fortifications  whenever  occasion  shall  require.  Beyond  the  villages 

Broad  street,  thence  to  the  eastern  limits  of  the  city,  was  the  boundary.     On 
the  trees  at  intervals  along  this  boundary  line,  planks,  one  side  painted  white 
the  other  red,  were  nailed  to  "show  the  people  they  could  not  go  over  that 
mark  to  cut  wood,  as  it  belonged  to  the  Indians." 
t  These  lots  were  called  "  Trust  Lots." 


PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  IN  1738.  17 

commences  lots  of  five  hundred  acres;  these  are  granted  upon  terms  of  keep 
ing  the  servants,  &c.  There  is  near  the  town  to  the  east  a  garden  belonging 
to  the  Trustees  consisting  of  ten  acres;  the  situation  is  delightful,  one  half  of 
it  upon  the  top  of  the  hill,  the  foot  of  which  the  Savannah  river  washes,  and 
from  it  you  see  the  woody  islands  in  the  sea.  The  remainder  of  the  garden 
is  the  side  and  some  plain  low  ground  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  where  several 
line  springs  broke  out. 

The  constant  arrival  of  persons  from  England  and  other  places, 
to  settle  in  the  various  settlements  in  Georgia,  contributed  to  swell 
the  population  of  Savannah,  many  being  so  well  pleased  with  the 
town  that  they  refused  to  go  further,  and  made  it  their  home.  Con 
sequently,  in  1738,  we  find  that  the  town  has  been  considerably 
enlarged,  new  streets,  wards,  and  squares  laid  out  and  new  houses 
built.  Notwithstanding  this  manifest  improvement  in  the  popula 
tion  and  dimensions  in  the  town,  very  little  if  any  attention  was 
paid  to  the  public  buildings,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following 
account  of  them  written  at  that  time  : 

The  public  works  in  this  town  are :  1.  A  Court-house,  being  one  handsome 
room,  with  a  piache  on  three  sides.  This  likewise  serves  as  a  church  for 
divine  service,  none  having  been  ever  built,  notwithstanding  the  Trustees  in 
their  public  acts  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  about  seven  hundred  pounds 
sterling  from  charitable  persons  for  that  express  purpose. 

2.  Opposite  the  Court-house  stands  the  log  house  or  prison  (which  is  the 
only  one  remaining  of  five  or  six  that  have  been  successively  built  in  Savan 
nah),  that  place  of  terror  and  support  of  absolute  power  in  Georgia. 

3.  Nigh  thereto  is  a  house  built  of  logs,  at  a  very  great  charge,  as  was 
said,  for  the  Trustees'  steward ;  the  foundation  below  ground  is  rotten,  as  the 
whole  fabric  must  be  in  a  short  time,  for  the  roof  being  flat  the  rain  comes 
in  at  all  parts  of  it. 

4.  The  Storehouse,  which  has  been  many  times  altered  and  amended  at  a 
very  great  charge,  and  it  now  serves  as  a  store  for  the  private  benefit  of  one 
or  two. 

5.  The  Guard-house,  which  was  first  built  on  the  bluff,  soon  decayed,  as  did 
a  second,  through  improper  management,  this  now  standing  being  the  third. 
Several  flag-staffs  were  likewise  erected,  the  last  of  which,  according  to  com 
mon  report,  cost  £50  sterling. 

6.  A   Public  Mill  for  grinding  corn  was  first  erected,  at  a  considerable 
expense,  in  one  square  of  the  town,  but  in  about  three  years  time  (without 
doing  the  least  service)  it  fell  to  the  ground.     In  another  square  of  the  town 
a  second  was  set  up,  at  a  far  greater  expense,  but  never  finished,  and  is  now 
erased  and  converted  into  a  house  for  entertaining  the  Indians  and  other  such 
like  uses. 

7.  Several  of  the  houses  which  were  built  by  freeholders,  for  want  of  heirs 
male,  are  fallen  to  the  Trustees  (even  to  the  prejudice  of  the  lawful  creditors 
of  the  deceased)  and  are  disposed  of  as  the  General  thinks  proper. 

2* 


Ig  HISTORICAL  IlECOHD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

At  least  two  hundred  lots  were  taken  up  in  Savannah,  about  one  hundred 
and  seventy  of  which  were  built  upon. 

Rev.  George  Whitfield,  who  had  secured  from  the  Trustees  a 
tract  of  land  near  Savannah  for  the  purpose  of  building  an  asylum 
for  the  poor  children,  arrived  in  May,  1737,  accompanied  by  Mr. 
James  Habershani. 

In  October  of  this  year  a  grand  council  of  the  chiefs  of  the  four 
towns  of  the  Creek  nation  was  held  in  Savannah,  and  with  the 
assistance  of  Tomichichi  another  treaty  was  arranged,  by  which 
the  Indians  agreed  to  form  a  friendly  alliance  with  the  English  and 
assist  them  against  their  enemies.  This  was  the  last  opportunity 
that  Tomichiehi  had  to  show  his  friendship  to  the  colonists,  who 
were  indebted  greatly  to  him  for  protection.  He  died  the  following 
October.  In  compliance  with  his  request  that  he  might  be  buried 
among  the  English,  his  remains  were  brought  from  his  place  above 
the  town  hi  a  canoe,  and  were  met  at  the  bluff  by  Oglethorpe,  the 
the  civil  authorities,  and  the  citizens,  all  of  whom,  out  of  respect, 
assembled  to  assist  in  the  funeral  obsequies.  A  procession  was 
formed,  and  the  corpse,  with  Oglethorpe  and  Colonel  Stephens,  the 
President,  as  pall-bearers,  was  escorted  to  Percival*  square,  minute 
guns  being  fired  from  the  Battery  the  while.  As  the  body  was 
lowered  into  the  earth  three  volleys  of  musketry  were  fired  by  the 
militia. 

The  close  of  1 730  introduces  John  Causton  again ;  he  had  con 
tinued  his  arbitrary  measures  up  to  this  time.  AVilliam  Stephens, 
Thomas  Christie,  and  Thomas  Jones,  Esqs.,  were  appointed  to 
examine  his  accounts,  which  were  never  satisfactorily  settled, 
and  Causton  was  removed  for  malpractice  in  office.  This  duty 
was  hardly  over  before  the  services  of  Mr.  Stephens  were  again 
called  for. 

The  Council  of  the  Trustees  had  met  in  London  and  adopted  a 
series  of  long  resolutions  relating  to  the  grants  and  tenure  of  lands 
in  Georgia,  which  were  incomprehensible.  They  were  published  in 
the  Charleston  papers,  but  as  they  were  not  understood  Stephens 
was  requested  to  read  and  explain  them  as  he  went  along.  This  he 
proceeded  to  do  one  day  at  the  court-house,  but,  though  he  exerted 
his  utmost  abilities,  failed  to  explain  them  satisfactorily.  After 
he  gave  up,  one  of  the  settlers  ludicrously  remarked  that  "the 


Now  Court-house  square. 


THE  FIRST  COMMERCIAL  HOUSE.  JCj 

whole  paper  consisted  of  males  and  tails,*  and  that  all  the  lawyers 
in  London  would  not  be  able  to  bring  the  meaning  down  to  his 
comprehension,  and  that  he  understood  as  little  of  its  meaning  then 
as  he  had  when  Stephens  began  " — others  wished  to  "  know  how 
often  these  two  words  had  occurred  in  the  resolutions  ;  that  the 
number  ought  to  be  preserved  as  a  curiosity  ;  and  that  the  author 
of  the  resolutions  ought  to  be  lodged  in  bedlam  for  lunacy." 

The  building  of  the  "  Orphan  House  "  was  commenced  in  1 740, 
and  located  on  what  was  then  described  to  be  a  sandy  bluif,  near 
the  sea-shore,  and  was  named  Bethesda.  The  house  was  con 
structed  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Joseph  Habersham,  who 
took  a  warm  interest  in  the  laudable  undertaking.  An  account  of 
this  "  noble  charity"  will  be  found  under  the  head  of  "  Bethesda." 

The  invasion  of  Georgia  by  the  Spaniards  from  Florida  occurred 
at  this  period,  and  caused  many  people  to  leave  Savannah,  fearing 
that  the  enemy  would  reach  it  and  massacre  the  inhabitants. 
Owing  to  the  generalship  of  Oglethorpe  and  the  bravery  of  the 
colonists,  who  volunteered  to  defend  their  homes,  the  enemy  were 
repulsed  before  arriving  within  many  miles.  This  war  retarded  the 
settlers  from  making  any  improvements,  and  at  its  close  Savannah 
was  in  anything  but  a  flourishing  condition,  yet  under  the  smiling 
influences  of  peace  the  settlers  again  went  to  work  and  soon 
placed  the  town  upon  a  better  footing  than  ever  before.  When 
Oglethorpe  finally  left  the  colony,  in  1 743,  there  were  three  hundred 
and  fifty-three  houses,  exclusive  of  the  public  buildings.  Among 
these  were  a  number  of  elegant  houses  surrounded  by  large  gardens. 

Mr.  James  Habersham,  of  whom  we  have  before  had  occasion 
to  speak,  together  with  Mr.  Charles  Harris,  established  here,  in 
1744,  the  first  commercial  house  in  Georgia.  The  firm  was  known 
as  Harris  &  Habersham,  +  and  gave  great  encouragement  to  the 
planters,  from  whom  they  purchased  lumber,  hogs,  poultry,  deer 
skins,  &c.,  a  cargo  of  which,  valued  at  $10,«)0o,  was  shipped  to 
England  in  174'J.  This  was  the  first  attempt  to  commence  a  foreign 
trade.  A  letter  written  by  Mr.  Habersham  to  a  friend  in  England, 
expressing  his  views  upon  the  advantages  of  agriculture  and  com 
merce  to  the  colony,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Trustees,  and  they 
were  led  by  it  to  think  seriously  upon  the  subject  and  to  adopt 


*  In-tail-male. 

t  Their  place  of  business  was  close  to  the  water'8  edge,  and  just  in  rear  of 
where  Robert  Ilabersham  &  Co. 's  commission  house  now  stands. 


20  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

aoaeasures  which  tended  to  advance  those  interests.  Previous  to 
this  the  colonists  had  become  weary  of  attempting  to  produce  silk 
and  wine,  for  which  purpose  the  colony  had  been  established, 
and  neglected  the  gardens  wrhere  the  vines  and  mulberry  trees 
had  been  planted ;  and  many  of  them  petitioned  the  Trustees  to 
abandon  the  idea  of  producing  silk  and  wine  exclusively  and 
appropriate  money  for  the  purposes  of  agriculture  and  commerce. 
Notwithstanding  the  experience  of  fourteen  years  had  shown  the 
Trustees  that  their  favorite  projects  had  come  to  nothing,  they 
refused  to  grant  the  requests  in  the  petition,  and  paid  no  atten 
tion  to  the  subjects  mentioned,  until  they  came  into  the  possession 
of  Mr.  Habersham's  letter.* 

Even  then  they  did  not  altogether  abandon  the  cherished  hope 
that  Georgia  was  a  "  silk  and  wine  growing  colony,"  for  they 
made  another  effort,  in  1750,  to  encourage  the  growth  of  silk, 
•offering  large  bounties  to  all  who  would  engage  in  it ;  and  in  the 
year  following  a  filature,  or  house  for  the  manufacture  of  silk,  was 
bnllt  on  the  west  side  of  Reynold's  square,  on  the  ground  now 
occupied  by  "  Cassell's  Row." 

In  our  efforts  to  give  the  reader  an  accurate  account  of  the  estab 
lishment  of  the  first  commercial  and  manufacturing  houses  in 
Savannah,  and  of  the  first  exports  from  it,  we  passed  over  an 
occurrence  which  we  venture  to  assert  was  never  forgotten  by 
those  of  the  inhabitants  who  witnessed  it,  as  for  a  time  they  were 
•completely  at  the  mercy  of  the  Indians,  who,  thirsting  for  the  lands 
•occupied  by  the  whites,  assembled  in  Savannah  and  demanded  a 
relinquishment  of  them. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  through  the  influence  of  the  half- 
breed  woman,  Mary  Musgrove,  Oglethorpe  obtained  permission 
from  the  Indians  to  settle  upon  Yamacraw  bluff.  After  the  death 
of  John  Musgrove,  which  occurred  three  years  after  the  landing  of 
Oglethorpe,  Mary  married  a  Captain  Mathews,  who  died  in  1 742. 
Shortly  after  his  death  Mary  married  again,  Rev.  Thomas  Bosom- 
worth,  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  at  the  time  in 
the  employ  of  the  "Society  for  tke  Propagation  of  Christian 
Knowledge,"  being  the  happy  man.  Previous  to  this  alliance 
Mary  had  been  upon  the  most  friendly  terms  with  the  colonists. 

*  So  well  pleased  were  the  Trustees  with  the  arguments  used  in  this  letter, 
that  they  immediately  appointed  the  author  a  member  of  the  Council  in 
•Georgia. 


HOSTILE  INDIANS  IN  SAVANNAH.  21 

Her  conduct  was  now  entirely  the  reveree.  Before  she  stood  as  a 
mediatrix  between  the  whites  and  indians  ;  now  she  did  all  in  her 
power  to  excite  dissension  between  them.  This  change  was  due  to 
Bosomworth.  lie  laid  claims  to  the  islands  of  Ossaba,  Sapelo, 
and  St.  Catherine,  and  for  a  few  trifles  obtained  them  from 
Malatchee,  the  brother  of  Mary,  and  who,  because  of  his  fickle 
temper,  was  by  the  indians  compared  to  the  wind.  Bosomworth 
had  previously  gone  through  the  farce  of  crowning  Makitchee 
king,  and  about  fifteen  other  chiefs  "  head  warriors  and  beloved 
men ''  of  seven  different  towns,  all  of  whom,  on  the  1 4th  of 
December,  1747,  signed  a  paper  acknowledging  Malatchee  the 
right  and  lawful  prince,  and  pledging  themselves  to  "ratify  and 
confirm  every  act  and  deed  of  his."  Boscmworth,  by  his  unthrifli- 
ness,  soon  became  entangled  in  debt,  and  to  extricate  himself, 
encouraged  his  wife  to  assume  the  title  of  an  independent  empress, 
which  she  did  and  summoned  a  meeting  of  the  Creeks,  before 
whom,  in.  a  violent  harrangue,  she  insisted  upon  the  justice  of  her 
pretensions.  The  indians  were  aroused  to  a  high  pitch  of  excite 
ment  by  this  speech,  and  pledged  themselves  "  to  stand  by  her 
to  their  last  drop  of  blood."  This  object  being  accomplished, 
Bosomworth  became  bold  and  insolent,  and  in  1 749  he  and  Mary, 
with  a  large  body  of  savages  in  their  train,  marched  toward 
Savannah,  he  having  previously  sent  a  messenger  to  Colonel  William 
Stephens,  President  of  the  Council,  to  inform  him  "that  Mary  bad 
assumed  her  right  of  sovereignty  over  the  whole  territories  of  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Creeks,  and  to  demand  that  all  lands  belonging  to 
them  be  instantly  relinquished,  for  as  she  was  the  hereditary  and 
rightful  Queen  of  both  nations  and  could  command  every  man  of 
them  to  follow  her,  in  case  of  refusal  she  had  determined  to 
extirpate  the  settlement." 

These  bold  pretentious  and  threats  alarmed  the  President  and 
Council,  but  they  determined  to  put  the  town  in  the  best  posture  of 
defence  possible,  and  summoned  the  militia  to  place  themselves 
under  arms,  wThich  was  done,  but  the  whole  force  amounted  to  only 
one  hundred  and  seventy  men.  A  messenger  was  sent  to  Mary, 
while  several  miles  distant  from  town,  to  ascertain  whether  she 
was  serious  in  such  wild  pretensions,  and  if  possible  to  make  her 
dismiss  her  followers  and  abandon  her  design.  Mary  was  inflexible 
and  resolute,  and  the  President  resolved  to  receive  them  with 
firmness.  As  the  indians  entered  the  town,  on  the  1  Oth  of  August, 


22  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

1 749,  the  militia  met  them,  and  Captain  Noble  Jones,  commanding 
a  troop  of  horse,  halted  them  and  demanded  whether  they  came 
with  hostile  or  friendly  intent ;  to  which  the  Indians  made  no 
satisfactory  reply,  whereupon  he  told  them  that  they  must  leave 
their  arms  there,  as  he  had  orders  not  to  permit  an  armed  man 
of  them  to  set  his  foot  within  the  town.  Some  further  parley 
ensued,  which  resulted  in  the  indians  reluctantly  grounding  their 
arms.  The  indians  then  marched  in  town  to  the  Parade,  Bosom- 
worth  in  his  canonical  robes,  with  his  queen  by  his  side,  heading 
the  procession. 

Arriving  at  the  Parade,  the  militia  saluted  them  by  firing  fifteen 
rounds  from  cannon  and  with  volleys  of  musketry.  The  President 
then  demanded  their  intentions  in  visiting  the  town  in  so  large 
a  body  when  they  had  not  been  sent  for  by  any  person  in  lawful 
authority.  The  warriors,  in  reply,  said  that  they  had  heard  it 
was  the  intention  of  the  English  to  seize  Mary  and  send  her 
captive  over  the  great  water  ;  that  they  intended  no  harm,  and 
begged  that  their  anus  might  be  restored  to  them ;  and  then, 
after  consulting  with  Bosomworth  and  his  wife,  they  would  return 
and  settle  all  public  affairs.  Their  muskets  were  returned,  but 
no  ammunition  was  given  them. 

The  Council  was  then  dismisses J,  to  reassemble  on  the  following 
day.  In  terror  and  alarm  the  inhabitants  passed  the  night,  only  to 
be  more  alarmed  when  morning  came,  for  then  the  indians,  who  had 
been  aroused  by  the  private  harangues  of  the  queen  and  Bosom- 
worth  during  the  night,  became  very  surly  and  ran  in  a  tumultuous 
manner  up  and  down  the  streets,  seemingly  bent  upon  mischief. 
The  confusion  became  very  great.  The  militia  Avcre  under  arms, 
and  therefore  away  from  the  houses.  The  women  and  children, 
fearing  that  if  they  remained  at  home  they  would  be  butchered, 
crowded  into  the  streets,  thereby  increasing  the  confusion  *;  during 
which  a  false  rumor  was  circulated  that  the  indians  had  cut  off 
President  Stephens'  head  with  a  tomahawk.  The  inhabitants 
became  so  exasperated  at  this  that  it  was  with  great  difficulty  the 
officers  prevented  them  from  firing  upon  the  savages.  Bosomworth 
was  immediately  seized  and  confined,  which  made  Mary  frantic. 
She  threatened  vengeance  against  the  magistrates  and  the  colony, 
ana  ordered  every  white  man  to  depart  from  her  territories.  She 
cursed  Oglethorpe  and  asserted  that  his  treaties  were  fraudulent, 
and,  stamping  her  foot  violently  upon  the  ground,  swore  by  her 
Maker  that  the  whole  earth  on  which  she  trode  was  her  own. 


MALATOHEE  S  SPEECH. 


23 


Observing  that  no  peaceable  arrangement  could  be  made  with  the 
Indians  while  under  the  eye  of  their  pretended  queen,  President 
Stephens  had  her  privately  arrested  and  confined  with  her  husband. 
The  chief  promoters  of  the  conspiracy  being  out  of  the  way,  nego 
tiations  were  entered  into  with  the  indiaas.  A  bounteous  feast  was 
prepared,  and  while  the  warriors  were  thus  entertained  they  were 
informed  of  the  wicked  designs  of  Bosomworth  and  his  wife  :  "  that 
the  former  was  involved  hi  debt  and  wanted  not  only  their  lands 
but  also  a  Jarge  share  of  the  royal  bounty  to  satisfy  his  creditors, 
most  of  whom  lived  in  Carolina ;  that  the  king's  presents  were 
intended  only  for  the  indians,  on  account  of  their  useful  services 
and  firm  attachment  to  him  during  former  wars ;  that  the  lands 
adjoining  the  town  were  reserved  for  them  to  encamp  upon  when 
they  came  to  visit  their  beloved  friends  in  Savannah,  and  the  three 
maritime  islands  to  hunt  upon  when  they  should  come  to  bathe  in 
the  salt  waters  ;  that  neither  Mary  nor  her  husband  had  any  right 
to  those  lauds  which  were  the  common  property  of  the  Creek 
nations ;  that  the  great  king  had  ordered  the  President  to  defend 
their  right  to  them,  and  expected  that  all  his  subjects,  both  white 
and  red,  would  live  together  like  brethren.'' 

This  speech  and  the  kindness  of  the  people  had  the  desired  effect, 
even  Malatchee  with  the  other  chieftains  being  convinced ;  but  in  a 
few  hours  afterward  he,  having  in  the  meantime  had  a  talk  with 
Bosomworth  and  Mary,  was  seduced  and  drawn  over  again  to  support 
their  chimerical  claims,  and  while  the  President  was  distributing 
the  royal  presents,  which  were  intended  to  further  conciliate  the 
indians,  Malatchee  arose  and  in  a  violent  and  excited  tone  protested 
that  Mary  possessed  the  country  before  General  Oglethorpe,  and 
all  the  lands  belonged  to  her  as  queen  and  head  of  the  Creeks ; 
that  it  was  only  by  her  permission  the  English  were  allowed  to 
settle  on  them  ;  that  her  word  was  the  voice  of  the  whole  nation, 
consisting  of  about  three  thousand  warriors,  and  every  one  would 
take  up  the  hatchet  in  defence  of  her  right.  He  then  handed  a 
paper  to  the  President  which  had  evidently  been  written  by  Bosom- 
worth.  It  was  substantially  the  same  as  the  speech  made  by 
Malatchee,  and  discovered  in  the  plainest  manner  the  ambitious 
yiews  and  wicked  intrigues  of  Bosomworth.  The  whole  Board  was 
struck  with  astonishment  when  the  letter  was  read,  and  Malatchee, 
observing  their  uneasiness,  begged  that  it  might  be  returned  to  him, 
as  he  did  not  know  it  was  bad  talk,  and  promiied  to  return  it  to  the 
person  who  had  given  it  to  him. 


«24  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

It  was  necessary  to  remove  the  impression  made  by  Malatchee's 
speech,  and  the  Indians  were  assembled;  the  President  then 
addressed  them,  stating  the  benefits  the  indians  and  whites  had 
mutually  derived'  from  each  other,  and  showing  that  it  would 
be  to  their  interest  to  remain  in  peace  and  harmony,  and  not  to 
allow  the  wicked  Bosomworth  to  interrupt  the  fraternal  relations 
which  then  existed.  The  President  was  not  allowed  to  finish  his 
speech,  for  the  indians  desired  him  to  stop,  stating  that  their  eyes 
were  opened,  and  though  Bosomworth  desired  to  break  the  chain 
of  friendship  they  were  determined  to  hold  it  fast,  and  begged 
that  all  might  smoke  the  pipe  of  peace.  This  was  done,  rum 
-drank,  and  presents  distributed. 

The  general  joyousness  which  followed  induced  the  President 
and  Council  to  believe  that  all  differences  were  amicably  settled, 
and  were  rejoicing  in  the  restoration  of  their  former  friendly  inter, 
-course  with  the  Creeks,  when  Mary,  drunk  and  disappointed  in 
her  views,  furiously  rushed  in  the  midst  of  the  assemblage  and 
told  the  President  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  indians,  and 
would  be  convinced  of  it  to  his  cost.  The  President  ordered  her 
to  cease  her  remarks ;  that  if  she  did  not  he  would  again  imprison 
lier.  This  infuriated  her,  and  turning  to  Malatchee  she  told  him 
what  had  been  said.  Malatchee  immediately  seized  his  arms,  and 
calling  upon  the  rest  to  follow  his  example,  dared  any  man  to  touch 
Hie  queen.  In  a  moment  the  whole  house  was  a  scene  of  uproar 
and  tumult  and  all  the  whites  present  expected  nothing  but 
instant  death.  Captain  Jones,  who  commanded  the  guard,  imme 
diately  interposed  and  ordered  the  indians  to  deliver  up  their  arms, 
which  they  reluctantly  did.  Mary  was  then  conveyed  to  a  private 
zoom.  A  guard  was  placed  over  her  and  all  further  intercourse 
with  the  savages  denied  her  during  their  stay  in  Savannah. 

The  husband  was  sent  for,  in  order  that  he  might  be  reasoned 
with  and  convinced  of  the  folly  of  his  pretensions  and  the  danger 
ous  consequences  which  might  arise  if  he  persisted  in  them.  So 
.•soon  as  he  made  his  appearance  before  the  President  and  Council 
be  commenced  a  tirade  of  abuse  against  them,  and  despite  the 
kindness  shown  him  and  the  arguments  used  to  persuade  him  into 
submission ,  he  remained  obstinate  and  contumacious,  and  pro 
tested  he  would  stand  forth  in  vindication  of  his  wife's  right  to 
the  last  extremity,  and  that  Georgia  should  soon  feel  the  weight  of 
fccr  vengeance. 


FIRST  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY.  25 

The  Indians  were  persuaded  to  leave  town  after  both  of  their 
leaders  were  confined,  thus  happily  relieving  the  inhabitants,  who 
were  wearied  out  with  constant  watching  and  harassed  with  fre 
quent  alarms.  Shortly  after  their  departure  Bosomworth  and  Mary- 
repented  of  their  folly  and  asked  the  pardon  of  the  Magistrates  and 
the  people.  Thus  ended,  without  bloodshed,  one  of  the  most  formi 
dable  demonstrations  ever  made  by  the  indians  in  Georgia.  This 
happy  result  of  the  difficulty  was  only  obtained  by  the  exercise  of 
the  greatest  prudence  and  bravery,  without  which  the  people  of  Sa 
vannah  would  have  fallen  a  sacrifice  to  the  indiscriminate  vengeance 
of  the  savages.*  Bosomworth  was  afterward  given  the  island  of 
St.  Catherine,  upon  which  he  and  Mary  lived  for  several  years. 

In  1750  the  Union  Society,  of  which  further  mention  will  here 
after  be  made,  was  founded  by  Richard  Milledge,  an  Episcopalian, 
Peter  Tondee,  a  Catholic,  and  Benjamin  Sheftall,  an  Israelite; 
hence  the  name  "Union  Society." 

The  first  General  Assembly  of  Georgia  met  in  Savannah  on  the 
15th  of  January,  1751,  sixteen  representatives  present.  Francis 
Harris,  John  Milledge,  William  Francis,  and  William  Eussell  were 
from  the  Savannah  district.  Francis  Harris  was  chosen  speaker. 
A  number  of  complaints  were  made  by  the  Assembly  (which  seems 
to  have  had  no  more  power  than  a  grand  jury  of  our  day)  to  the 
Council,  of  which  Henry  Parker  was  President  and  James  Haber- 
sharn  Secretary.  The  complaints  were : 

1st.  The  want  of  a  proper  pilot  boat. 

2d.  The  want  of  leave  to  erect  a  building  under  the  bluff  for  the 
convenience  of  boat-crews,  negroes,  etc. 

3d.  The  want  of  standard  weights,  scales,  and  measures. 

4th.  The  want  of  a  survey  of  the  river. 

5th.  The  want  of  an  order  to  prevent  masters  of  vessels  from 
heaving  ballast,  etc.,  into  the  river. 

6th.  The  want  of  a  commissioner  for  regulating  pilots  and  pilotage. 

7th.  The  want  of  an  inspector  and  sworn  packer  to  inspect  the 
produce  of  the  colony. 

8th.  The  want  of  a  clerk  of  the  market. 

9th.  The  want  of  regulations  for  the  guard. 

10th.  The  want  of  proper  officers  to  command  the  militia. 

llth.  The  want  of  repairs  to  the  court-house. 

*  The  account  of  this  demonstration  was  condensed  from  a  work  published 
in  London,  in  1779,  by  Dr.  Hewitt. 
3 


26  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

The  Council  replied  that  the  first  should  be  represented  to  the 
Trustees;  to  the  second,  a  place  shall  be  laid  out;  to  the  third, 
applied  for  by  the  Board  and  may  be  expected;  to  the  fourth,  to  be 
done  as  soon  as  a  proper  person  can  be  found;  to  the  fifth,  an  order 
to  be  published:  to  the  sixth,  seventh,  eighth,  and  tenth,  to  be 
appointed;  to  the  ninth,  to  be  remedied;  eleventh,  to  be  imme 
diately  done. 

After  the  adjournment  of  the  Assembly  the  Council,  in  pursuance 
of  its  promise  to  that  body  to  organize  the  militia,  issued  an  order 
for  all  who  possessed  three  hundred  acres  and  upward  of  land 
to  appear  well  accoutred  on  horseback  as  cavalry:  and  those  who 
owned  less  property  armed  as  foot.  The  first  general  muster  took 
place  in  Savannah  on  the  13th  of  June,  1751.  There  were  about 
two  hundred  and  twenty  horse  and  foot,  well  armed  and  equipped; 
and,  says  a  colonial  record,  "  they  behaved  well  and  made  a  pretty 
appearance." 


ARRIVAL  OF  GOVERNOR  REYNOLDS.          27 


CHAPTER  III. 

Arrival  of  Governor  Reynolds — His  Opinion  of  the  Town  —  Burning  of 
the  Filature  —  Arrival  of  Governor  Ellis  —  A  Deadly  Blow  Aimed  at  Sa 
vannah's  Commercial  Prospects  —  Another  Treaty  with  the  Indians  — 
Construction  of  the  First  Wharf — Arrival  of  Governor  Wright  and  De 
parture  of  Governor  Ellis  —  Establishment  of  the  First  Newspaper  and 
Post-office  —  The  Stamp  Act  Excitement  —  Arrival  of  the  Stamps  —  The 
Liberty  Boys  Threaten  to  Destroy  them  —  The  Governor  Frightened  — 
He  is  Burnt  in  Effigy  —  Savannah  in  1765  —  South  Carolinians  Destroy 
Vessels  Bound  to  Savannah  —  Savannah  Merchants  Refuse  to  Import 
Goods  from  England  —  Increase  of  the  Spirit  of  Rebellion  —  Seizure  of 
the  King's  Magazine  —  Raising  of  the  First  Liberty  Pole  —  Liberal  Views 
of  the  Citizens. 

On  the  29th  of  October,  1754,  there  were  public  and  joyous 
demonstrations  of  every  character  in  Savannah,  caused  by  the 
arrival  of  Governor  John  Reynolds,  who  had  been  appointed 
Governor  of  the  colony  by  the  English  government,  to  which 
the  Trustees  had  resigned  their  charter  in  1752.  The  arrival  of 
the  new  Governor  was  totally  unexpected.  But  as  he  ascended 
the  bluff  he  was  received  with  every  manifestation  of  joy.  At 
night  there  were  bonfires  and  illuminations.  The  following  day 
he  was  duly  installed  into  office,  and  his  commission  as  Captain- 
General  and  Vice-Admiral  of  the  province  was  read  to  the  militia, 
who  were  under  arms  before  the  council  chamber.*  The  militia 
listened  with  profound  attention,  and  afterward  fired  several 
rounds  of  musketry.  A  public  dinner  was  then  given,  at  which 
the  new  Governor  was  entertained  by  the  council  and  principal 
inhabitants. 

The  Governor  had  formed  an  exaggerated  opinion  of  the  state 
of  the  colony,  especially  of  its  metropolis,  but  was  soon  unde 
ceived,  as  is  shown  by  his  first  letter  to  the  Board  of  Trade  in 
London,  in  which  he  spoke  of  Savannah  as  follows : 

Savannah  is  well  situated,  and  contains  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  houses, 
all  wooden  ones,  very  small  and  mostly  old.  The  biggest  was  used  for  the 


*  The  council  chamber  was  situated  on  the  lot  where  now  stands  the  resi 
dence  of  Captain  T.  F.  Screven,  fronting  on  Reynolds  square. 


28  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

meeting  of  the  president  and  assistants,  and  where  I  sat  in  council  for  a  few 
days,  but  one  end  fell  down  whilst  we  were  all  there,  and  obliged  us  to  move: 
to  a  kind  of  shed,  behind  the  court-house,  which  being  quite  unfit,  I  have 
given  orders,  with  the  advice  of  the  council,  to  fit  up  the  shell  of  a  house, 
which  was  lately  built  for  laying  up  the  silk  but  was  never  made  use  of,  being 
Tery  ill-calculated  for  that  purpose,  but  it  will  make  a  tolerably  good  house 
for  the  Assembly  to  meet  in  and  for  a  few  offices  besides.  The  prison,  being- 
only  a  small  wooden  house,  without  security,  I  have  also  ordered  to  be 
mended  and  some  locks  and  bolts  to  be  put  on  for  the  present. 

In  1757  one  thousand  and  fifty  pounds  of  raw  silk  were  received 
at  the  filature  in  Savannah.  The  following  year  the  filature  was 
burnt.  Its  contents,  a  large  quantity  of  silk  and  seven  thousand 
and  forty  pounds  of  cocoons,  or  silk -balls,  were  consumed.  * 

In  February  of  1757  Henry  Ellis,  who  had  been  appointed 
Governor  of  the  province,  arrived  in  Savannah.  He  was  appointed 
as  successor  to  Governor  Reynolds,  who  had  been  completely  ruled 
by  his  secretary,  William  Little.  Little  made  himself  very  obnox 
ious  to  the  people,  and  amid  the  bonfires,  illuminations,  and  other 
demonstrations  of  joy  which  marked  Governor  Ellis'  arrival,  he  was 
burnt  in  effigy  "as  a  tyrant  in  himself  and  a  promoter  of  it  in  his 
master."  A  prominent  feature  of  the  occasion  was  the  drill  of  a 
company  of  thirty  juvenile  soldiers,  under  command  of  their  school 
master.  They  presented  to  the  Governor  the  following  address : 

SIR— The  youngest  militia  of  this  province  presume,  by  their  captain,  to 
salute  your  Honor  on  your  arrival.  Although  we  are  of  too  tender  years 
to  comprehend  the  blessing  a  good  Governor  is  to  a  province,  our  parents 
will  doubtless  experience  it  in  its  utmost  extent,  and  their  grateful  tale 
shall  fix  your  name  dear  in  our  memories. 

The  warm  reception  and  hospitable  treatment  of  the  Governor 
by  the  people  of  Savannah  was  not  reciprocated  by  him.  He 
aimed  a  deadly  blow  at  her  prospects  as  a  commercial  town,  by 
endeavoring  to  have  the  capital  of  the  colony  removed  to  Hard- 
wicke,  f  claiming  that  it  possessed  decided  advantages  over  Savannah 
because  of  the  depth  of  water  there,  its  more  central  position,  and 
its  greater  distance  from  Charleston;  the  proximity  of  which,  he 
urged,  restricted  the  commerce  of  Savannah.  Fortunately  for  Sa- 


*  The  filature  was  rebuilt  and  used  for  the  manufacture  of  silk  several 
years.  It  was  afterward  used  as  a  city  hall  and  a  public  house.  It  wa& 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1839. 

t  Hardwicke  was  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ogeechee  river  in  Bryan 
county. 


GOVERNOR  ELLIS'  SPEECH.  29 

vannab,  bis  project,  which  bad  been  suggested  by  bis  predecessor, 
was  not  carried  into  effect,  but  tbe  agitation  of  tbe  proposed  plan 
injured  the  town;  tbe  inhabitants,  thinking  that  it  was  shortly  to  be 
deserted,  neglected  to  enlarge  and  beautify  it;  tbe  public  buildings 
were  not  repaired;  tbe  filature  was  in  a  " tumble-down  condition;" 
tbe  church  was  so  decayed  that  it  would  have  fallen  but  for  tbe 
support  rendered  by  props;  and  the  prison  "was  shocking  to 
humanity." 

The  25th  of  October,  1757,  was  another  day  of  note  in  the 
history  of  Savannah.  Then  a  council  was  held  in  the  town  with 
a  large  body  of  chiefs  and  head  men  of  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Creek  nations  for  the  purpose  of  defeating  the  objects  of  tbe  French, 
who  were  intriguing  with  the  indians  and  exciting  them  to  hos 
tility  against  the  English,  whose  military  force  was  quadrupled 
by  that  of  the  indians.  The  Governor  intended  to  impress  the 
indians  with  ideas  of  the  strength  of  the  English,  and  previous 
to  their  arrival  had  the  guns  in  all  of  the  batteries  about  the 
towns  loaded  and  flags  unfurled  over  them.  The  regiment  of 
militia,  Colonel  Noble  Jones  commanding,  was  paraded  under  arms 
in  town.  Captain  John  Milledge,  with  a  company  of  rangers,  met 
the  indians  and  acted  as  an  escort  for  them.  When  near  the 
town,  they  were  met  by  Captain  Bryan  and  a  large  number  of 
citizens,  who  welcomed  them  and  supplied  them  with  needed 
refreshment;  after  which,  tbe  inhabitants  and  guests  marched  into 
town,  the  citizens  on  horseback  in  front.  At  the  forts  a  salute 
of  thirteen  guns  were  fired.  Here  the  citizens  paused  and  allowed 
the  indians  to  pass  by.  They  were  then  received  by  Colonel  Jones 
at  the  head  of  the  foot-militia.  With  drums  beating  and  colors 
flying,  the  cavalcade  proceeded  to  the  council  chamber,  passing 
by  tbe  Governor's  house,  where  a  salute  was  fired  by  a  battery 
placed  in  front,  which  was  followed  by  the  guns  in  the  water- 
battery  and  on  the  ships  in  the  river.  At  tbe  council  chamber 
another  salute  was  fired  by  the  Virginia  Blues.  The  Governor 
met  them  here,  and  with  hands  extended  said: 

MY  FRIENDS  AXD  BROTHERS — Behold  my  hands  and  arms.  Our  common 
enemies,  the  French,  have  told  you  they  are  red  to  the  elbows.  View  them ; 
do  they  speak  the  truth  ?  Let  your  own  eyes  witness.  You  see  they  are 
white,  and  could  you  see  my  heart  you  would  find  it  as  pure,  but  very  warm 
and  true  to  you,  my  friends.  The  French  tell  you,  whoever  shakes  my  hands 
will  immediately  be  struck  with  disease  and  die.  If  you  believe  this  lying, 
foolish  talk,  do  n't  touchjne.^If  you  do  not,  I  am  ready  to  embrace  you. 
3* 


30  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

The  Indians,  before  the  last  words  of  this  most  appropriate 
speech  were  uttered,  rushed  forward,  and  shaking  the  Governor's 
hands,  declared  that  they  had  often  been  deceived  by  the  French, 
but  would  not  be  so  again.  Other  speeches  of  a  friendly  character 
followed,  and  the  council  resulted  in  establishing  the  utmost 
harmony  and  confidence  between  the  two  races. 

Up  to  this  period,  twenty-six  years  after  the  settlement  of  Savan 
nah,  there  was  no  wharf  built.  The  few  vessels  that  came  here 
sailed  as  close  to  land  as  the  depth  of  water  would  permit  and 
threw  the  lighter  articles  on  the  bank,  landing  the  heavier  ones 
in  small  boats.  Feeling  the  necessity  of  having  a  wharf,  fcho 
subject  was  discussed,  and  this  year  one  was  constructed  by 
Thomas  Eaton,  under  the  direction  of  John  G.  William  DeBrahin, 
the  Surveyor-General  of  the  southern  provinces  of  North  America. 
The  builder  was  advised,  which  advice  he  followed,  "to  drive 
two  rows  of  piles  as  far  asunder  as  he  desired  his  wharf  to  be 
wide,  and  as  far  toward  the  river  as  low- water  mark;  secure  their 
tops  with  plates  and  to  trunnel  planks  within  on  the  piles.  This 
done,  then  to  brace  the  insides  with  dry  walls  of  stones  inter 
mingled  with  willow  twigs.  In  the  same  manner  to  shut  up  tru 
ends  of  the  two  rows  with  a  like  front  along  the  stream,  to  bu.il  1 
inside  what  cellars  he  had  occasion  for,  then  to  fill  up  the  remain 
der  with  the  sand  nearest  at  hand,  out  of  the  bluff  or  high  shore 
of  the  stream  under  the  bay."  This  wharf,  tradition  asserts, 
was  constructed  on  the  river  a  little  west  of  the  steps  by  which 
the  inhabitants  went  up  and  down  the  bluff— most  probably  about 
midway  between  Bull  and  Whitaker  streets.  The  plan  by  which 
it  was  constructed  was  followed  several  years.  The  construction 
of  this  wharf  appears  to  have  benefitted  the  town,  for  during  the 
following  year  forty-one  vessels  were  entered— many  more  than 
ever  before;  and  during  the  year  1766,  six  years  after,  one  hundred 
and  seventy-one  were  entered. 

Governor  Ellis,  by  his  own  request,  was  removed  from  office, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  James  Wright,  who  arrived  in  Savannah 
in  October,  1760,  when  he  was  received  with  the  usual  formalities. 
There  were  not  many  manifestations  of  joy,  because  of  the  general 
distress  which  prevailed  owing  to  the  departure  of  Governor  Ellis, 
who,  by  his  kind  and  just  administration,  had  endeared  himself 
not  only  to  the  inhabitants  of  Savannah  but  to  the  whole  colony. 
The  Union  Society  presented  him  an  address  and  a  handsome  piece 
of  plate  "  as  a  token  of  the  public  gratitude  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Savannah. " 


THE  STAMP  ACT   EXCITEMENT.  gi 

On  the  20tli  of  March,  1701,  King  George  III  issued  an  order 
•conferring  upon  Governor  Wright  full  executive  powers,  with  the 
title  of  Captain-General  and  Goveruor-in-Chief,  but  such  was 
the  slow  transit  between  the  two  countries  that  it  did  not  reach 
him  until  the  28th  of  January,  1762,  nearly  a  year  after  its  issue, 
on  which  day  it  was  promulgated  and  made  the  occasion  of  a 
.general  holiday.  Colonel  Noble  Jones'  regiment  of  militia  was 
•drawn  up  in  Johnson  square,  and  after  hearing  the  order  read 
fired  a  salute,  which  was  answered  by  the  fort  and  the  ships 
in  the  river.  At  night  the  Governor  gave  a  ball  to  the  ladies,  at 
which,  says  a  chronicler  of  the  time,  "there  was  the  most  numer 
ous  and  brilliant  appearance  ever  known  in  the  town."  Altogether, 
it  was  a  brilliant  affair,  and  "there  never  was  an  occasion  on  which 
the  joy  and  satisfaction  of  the  people  were  more  apparent." 

xV  printing  press,  the  first  in  Georgia,  was  established  here  early 
in  1703,  and  011  the  seventh  of  April  the  "  Georgia  Gazette"  paper 
was  issued;  the  following  year  a  post-office  was  also  established, 
and  Kobert  Bolton,  Esq.,  appointed  postmaster. 

The  obnoxious  Stamp  act,  which  received  the  Royal  assent  in 
17G5,  excited  all  of  the  colonies  to  a  spirit  of  resistance,  and  in 
response  to  a  circular  addressed  by  the  Assembly  of  Massachusetts, 
showing  the  importance  of  union  among  the  aggrieved  colonies 
and  soliciting  the  formation  of  a  general  congress,  to  meet  in  New 
York,  Alexander  Wylly,  speaker  of  the  Commons  House  of  Assem 
bly,  convened  the  Assembly  here  on  the  second  of  September, 
1705.  This  body,  in  reply  to  the  circular,  stated  that  their  hearty 
<co-operation  in  all  measures  for  the  support  of  the  rights  of  the 
-colonies  might  be  relied  upon,  but  that  they  were  unable  to  send 
delegates  to  the  proposed  congress  because  of  the  influence  of 
^Governor  Wright.  From  this  time  forward  the  people  became 
excited,  which  was  more  apparent  as  the  time  drew  near  for  the 
.act  to  go  into  force.  An  occasion  for  the  manifestation  of  this 
spirit  came  011  the  20th  of  October,  1705,  which  was  the  anni 
versary  of  the  accession  of  his  Majesty  King  George  III  to  the 
throne  of  England.  In  honor  thereof  the  Governor  ordered  a 
general  muster  in  Savannah.  This  caused  the  assembling  of  a 
large  number  of  people,  who  paraded  efdgies  of  obnoxious  person 
ages  through  the  streets  and  then  burned  them. 

The  act  was  to  take  effect  on  the  first  of  November,  1705,  but 
the  stamps  did  not  arrive  until  the  fifth  of  December,  when  they 
were  transferred  to  Fort  Halifax,  for  fear  the  "Liberty  Boys" 


32  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

would  destroy  them,  as  they  were  pledged  to  do,  and  also  to  force 
the  Agent  to  resign.  The  "Liberty  Boys,"  two  hundred  strong, 
assembled  around  Fort  Halifax  on  the  second  of  January,  1760, 
and  threatened  to  break  open  the  fort  and  destroy  the  papers. 
This  demonstration  alarmed  the  Governor,  but  he  determined  to 
save  the  papers,  and  mustering  the  two  companies  of  royal  rangers 
marched  to  the  fort,  took  out  the  stamps,  and  carried  them  in  a 
cart  to  the  guard-house.  The  people  looked  sullenly  011  but  made 
no  attempt  to  take  the  papers.  The  Governor  was  so  alarmed 
for  his  personal  safety  that  he  kept  a  guard  of  forty  men  around 
his  house  and  for  four  nights  did  not  undress.  *  The  day  after  the 
removal  of  the  stamps  Mr.  Agnus,  the  stamp  distributor,  arrived 
off  Tybee,  of  which,  by  preconcerted  signals,  the  Governor  was 
notified,  and,  fearing  that  the  citizens  would  injure  Agnus,  had  him 
secretly  brought  up  to  his  garrisoned  mansion,  where  a  fortnight's 
residence  convinced  Agnus  that  his  person  was  not  safe,  and  caused 
him  to  leave  town.  Toward  the  close  of  January  about  six  hundred 
armed  men,  a  large  number  of  whom  were  from  Savannah,  assem 
bled  near  the  town  and  sent  word  to  the  Governor  that  if  the 
obnoxious  papers  were  not  removed  they  would  come  into  town 
and  destroy  them,  if  they  had  to  storm  his  house  and  the  fort 
to  accomplish  their  purpose.  The  Governor  had  the  papers 
removed  to  Fort  George,  on  Cockspur  island.  The  next  day  two 
or  three  hundred  men  assembled  on  the  commons  and  demanded 
a  redress  of  their  grievances.  Governor  Wright  ordered  out  his 
marines  and  rangers,  and  for  a  time  a  conflict  was  imminent,  but 
the  people  dispersed  after  burning  an  effigy  of  the  Governor. 

At  the  time  of  these  troubles  Savannah  consisted  of  four  hundred 
dwelling-houses,  a  church,  an  independent  meeting-house,  a  council 
house,  a  court-house,  and  a  filature.  There  were  twelve  streets 
besides  the  Bay,  six  squares,  and  two  suburbs:  Yamacraw  on  the 
west  and  the  Trustees'  garden  011  the  east.  The  limits  of  the  town 
on  the  east  was  what  is  now  Lincoln  street,  on  the  west  what  is 
now  Jefferson  street,  and  011  the  south  what  is  now  South  Broad 
street.  When  the  stamps  arrived  there  were  between  sixty  and 
seventy  sail  in  port  waiting  to  be  cleared,  and  the  people  consented 
that  stamps  might  be  used  for  this  but  no  other  purpose.  This 


*  The  Governor's  house  was  situated  on  St.  Jamas  square,  fronting  east 
on  the  lot  where  now  stands  the  "Telf'air  house,"  between  State  and  Tresi 
dent  streets. 


RETURN  OF  GOVERNOR  WRIGHT.  33 

was  done  and  the  port  opened,  yet  all  judicial  business  was  sus 
pended  and  the  courts  closed. 

This  act  gave  great  offence  to  the  other  colonies,  and  especially 
to  South  Carolina,  the  people  of  which  colony  resolved  that  no 
' '  provisions  should  be  shipped  to  that  infamous  colony ;  that  who 
soever  should  traffic  with  them  should  be  put  to  death;  that  every 
vessel  trading  there  should  be  burnt;"  and  as  a  proof  that  these 
were  not  idle  threats,  two  vessels  on  their  way  to  Savannah,  a  short 
time  after  these  threats  were  made,  were  seized  before  clearing 
Charleston  bar  and,  with  their  cargoes,  destroyed. 

The  repeal  of  the  Stamp  act,  on  the  22d  of  February,  1766,  the 
announcement  of  which  was  received  in  Savannah  on  the  sixth  of 
July  following,  restored  order  and  the  people  resumed  their  usual 
avocations  and  pursuits,  which  had  been  interrupted  by  the  recent 
troubles. 

The  acts  of  the  British  Parliament  in  regard  to  duties  upon 
imported  goods,  which  were  found  "grievous  to  be  borne,"  was 
the  topic  of  the  day  in  Savannah  as  well  as  everywhere  else 
in  the  colonies  of  North  America,  and  on  the  16th  of  September, 
1769,  the  merchants  of  Savannah  met  at  the  house  of  Alexander 
Creighton  and  resolved  that 

Any  person  or  persons  whatsoever  importing  any  of  the  articles  subject 
to  such  duties,  after  having  it  in  their  power  to  prevent  it,  ought  not  only 
to  be  treated  with  contempt,  but  deemed  as  an  enemy  to  their  country- 
it  being  a  circumstance  that  needs  be  only  mentioned  to  any  person  inspired 
with  the  least  sense  of  liberty  that  it  may  be  detested  and  abhorred. 

Governor  Wright  strenuously  opposed  every  measure  of  the 
people  that  was  in  opposition  to  those  of  the  British  government, 
yet  every  one  felt  that  he  had  faithfully  discharged  his  duty  to  his 
king,  and  in  such  manner  as  to  inspire  respect  and  esteem  from 
those  who  differed  in  sentiment;  and  upon  his  departure  for 
England,  on  the  tenth  of  July,  1771,  just  after  dissolving  the 
Assembly,  the  council,  the  bench,  the  merchants,  and  public  officers 
presented  him  with  addresses  expressive  of  their  respect  and 
esteem.  After  his  departure  the  gubernatorial  mantle  fell  upon 
the  shoulders  of  Mr.  James  Habersham,  there  to  remain  until 
the  Governor's  return,  which  occurred  about  the  middle  of  Febru 
ary,  1773.  During  his  absence  the  duties  of  the  office  were  faith 
fully  discharged  by  Mr.  Habersham. 

Governor  Wright,  on  his  arrival,  found  that  the  spirit  of  rebellion 
had  increased;  that  the  colony,  and  especially  the  people  of  Savan- 


34  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

nali,  were  in  common  with  the  rest  of  the  colonists  indignant 
at  the  closing  of  the  port  of  Boston  and  divesting  it  of  all  com 
mercial  privileges.  On  the  twentieth  of  July,  1774,  those  title 
and  tried  patriots,  Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  Archibald  Bullock.  John 
Houston,  and  George  Walton,  published  a  call  Jn  the  Georgia 
Gazette  for  all  persons  within  the  limits  of  the  province  to  attend 
at  Tondee's  tavern*  on  the  27th  instant,  to  take  under  consideration 
the  acts  of  the  British  Parliament,  "which  are  particularly  calcu 
lated  to  deprive  the  American  subjects  of  their  constitutional 
rights  and  liberties  as  parts  of  the  British  empire."  A  large 
number  of  persons  assembled  in  pursuance  of  the  call,  but  all  of 
the  parishes  not  being  represented  it  was  resolved  to  meet  on 
the  tenth  of  August,  which  was  done,  despite  the  proclamation 
of  Governor  Wright  that  the  people  should  not  assemble,  and 
if  they  did  it  would  bo-  "at  their  peril."  The  meeting  adopted 
resolutions  protesting  against  the  oppressive  acts  of  Parliament 
and  agreeing  to  concur  with  the  sister  colonies  in  every  consti 
tutional  measure  to  obtain  redress  of  American  grievances.  The 
citizens  of  Savannah  who  were  most  zealous  in  these  acts  of 
patriotism  were:  John  Glenn,  John  Smith,  Joseph  Clay,  John 
Houston,  N.  W.  Jones,  Lyman  Hall,  William  Young,  E.  Telfair, 
Samuel  Farley,  George  Walton,  Joseph  Habersham,  Jonathan- 
Bryan,  Jonathan  Cochrane.  George  W.  Mclntosh,  -  -  Sutton* 
William  Gibbous,  Benjamin  Andrew,  John  Winn,  John  Stirk,  A_ 
Powell,  James  Beaven,  D.  Zubly,  H.  L.  Bourquiue,  Elisha  Butler, 
William  Baker,  Parmenus  Way,  John  Baker,  John  Mann,  John 
Bennefield,  John  Stacy,  and  John  Morell. 

A  provincial  congress,  upon  invitation  of  a  committee  of  citi 
zens  of  Christ  Church  parish,  assembled  in  Savannah  on  the 
eighteenth  of  January,  1775,  and  elected  John  Glenn  chairman.. 
The  congress  was  in  session  six  days,  and  elected  Noble  Wimberly 
Jones,  Archibald  Bulloch,  and  John  Houston  delegates  to  represent 
Georgia  in  the  Continental  Congress,  which  assembled  in  Phila 
delphia  on  the  10th  of  May  following.  The  delegates  did  not 
attend,  but  sent  a  letter,  written  on  the  8th  of  April.  1775,  stating, 
that  they  could  not  call  the  proceedings  of  the  congress  which 
elected  them  the  voice  of  the  province,  as  but  five  out  of  twelve 
parishes  were  represented;  that  they  found  the  inhabitants  of 


*  Toudee's  tavern  was  situated  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Broughton  and 
Whitaker  streets. 


RAISING  OF  FIRST  LIBERTY  POLE.  35 

'Savannah  not  likely  Boon  to  give  matters  a  i'avorable  turn;  that 
the  importers  were  mostly  against  any  interruption,  and  the  con 
sumers  here  and  elsewhere  very  much  divided;  that  there  were 
some  of  the  latter  virtually  for  the  measures  of  resistance;  others 
^trenuously  against  them,  but  more  who  called  themselves  neutrals 
fchan  either;  they  (the  delegates)  therefore  did  not  attend,  because 
the  inhabitants  of  the  province  for  which  they  would  have  appeared 
had  refused  to  make  any  sacrifice  to  the  public  cause,  and  in  whose 
behalf  they  did  not  think  they  could  pledge  themselves  for  the 
execution  of  any  one  measure  whatsover. 

Thus  undecided  and  almost  in.  a  state  of  apathy  did  the  major 
portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  Savannah  stand,  while  the  people 
-of  the  towns  in  other  colonies  were  in  a  state  of  almost  frantic 
excitement.  But  this  indecision  and  apathy  was  of  short  duration. 
The  'tidings  of  the  affray  between  the  colonists  and  the  British 
troops  at  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  reached  Savannah  on  the 
night  of  the  10th  of  May,  1775,  and  caused  great  excitement 
*mong  all  classes,  and  all  ideas  of  submission  to  British  rule 
vanished.  The  following  night  Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  Edward 
Telfair,  Joseph  Habersham,  John  Milledge,  William  Gibbons,  and 
-Joseph  Clay  seized  the  king's  magazine,  located  where  the  gas- 
house  now  stands,  and  took  therefrom  five  hundred  pounds  of 
powder  and  stored  it  in  their  cellars  and  garrets.  The  next  day 
the  Governor  missed  the  powder,  and  by  advice  of  the  Council 
£150  reward  was  offered  to  any  one  who  would  give  information 
which  would  lead  to  the  arrest  of  those  engaged  in  the  seizure. 
Though  all  engaged  were  well  known,  no  one  gave  the  desired 
information.  A  large  quantity  of  this  powder  was  sent  North, 
and  it  is  asserted  was  used  by  the  militia  in  the  defence  of  Bunker 
HilL 

Dn  Monday,  the  5th  day  of  June,  the  birthday  of  his  Majesty 
King  George  III,  the  citizens,  amid  great  rejoicing,  raised  a  liberty 
pole  (the  first  one  raised  in  Georgia)  in  front  of  Tondee's  public 
house.  A  Union  flag  was  hoisted  upon  the  pole  and  two  pieces 
of  artillery  placed  at  the  foot.  A  dinner  was  given  immediately 
after  the  pole-raising,  at  which  the  first  toast  was  "The  King," 
:and  the  second  "  American  Liberty." 

A  meeting  of  the  citizens  was  held  at  the  residence  of  Mrs. 
Cnyler*  on  the  13th  of  June,  at  which  were  present  John  Mullrync, 


•*  Located  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Bull  and  Broughton  streets. 


36  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Joseph  Clay,  James  Mossnian,  Rev.  J.  J.  Zubly,  John  Simpson, 
Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  John  Jamieson,  William  Moss,  John  Glenn, 
Josiah  Tatnall,  John  Graham,  Lewis  Johnston,  William  Young, 
Richard  Wylly,  Andrew  McLean,  Basil  Cowper,  Phillip  Moore, 
George  Houston,  Joseph  Butler,  James  Read,  Thomas  Reid, 
William  Panton,  James  E.  Powell,  William  Struthers,  Alexander 
McGowan,  John  C.  Lucena,  Thomas  Sherman,  J.  N.  Faning,  Xevi 
S.  Sheftall,  Charles  Hamilton,  George  Spencer,  William  Brown,  jr., 
Francis  Courvoizie,  and  James  Anderson.  John  Mullryne  was 
chosen  president,  and  a  number  of  resolutions  adopted  expressive 
of  their  feelings  in  regard  to  the  existing  troubles,  among  which 


That  we  will  use  our  utmost  endeavors  to  preserve  the  peace  and  good 
order  of  this  province ;  that  no  person  behaving  himself  peaceably  and  inof 
fensively  shall  be  molested  in  his  personal  property,  or  even  in  his  private 
sentiments  while  he  expresses  them  with  decency  and  without  any  illiberal 
reflections  upon  others;  that  the  interest  of  this  province  is  inseperable  from 
the  mother  country  and  the  sister  colonies,  and  that  to  separate  ourselves 
from  the  latter  would  be  only  throwing  difficulties  in  the  way  of  its  own 
relief  and  that  of  the  other  colonies,  and  justly  increasing  the  resentment  of 
all  those  to  \vhose  distress  our  disunion  might  be  an  addition;  that  this 
province  ought,  and  it  is  hoped  will,  forthwith  join  the  other  provinces 
in  every  just  and  legal  measure  to  secure  and  restore  the  liberties  of  all 
America;  that  these  proceedings  be  laid  before  the  Provincial  Congress 
to  meet  on  the  4th  of  July. 


MEETING  OF  THE  PROVINCIAL  CONGRESS.  37 


CHAPTER  IV. 

Organization  of  a  Council  of  Safety  —  Meeting  of  the  Provincial  Congress  — 
Capture  of  a  British  Vessel  Loaded  with  Powder  —  Organization  of  a 
Batallion  of  Troops  — Arrival  of  Two  British  Men-of-War  off  Tybee  — 
Gallant  Capture  of  Governor  Wright  by  Major  Joseph  Habersham  — 
Escape  of  the  Governor- —  He  Advises  the  People  to  Furnish  Food  to  his 
Majesty's  Ships  —  Attempt  of  the  British  to  Capture  Rice  Ships  in  front  of 
the  Town  —  The  People  Resolve  to  Burn  the  Houses  and  Ships  before  they 
shall  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  —  Repulse  of  the  British  —  Recep 
tion  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  Burial  of  the  Political  Ex 
istence  of  George  III — Adoption  of  the  State  Constitution — South  Carolina 
Covets  Savannah  —  Capture  of  the  Town  by  the  British. 

On  the  22d  of  June  a  Council  of  Safety,  consisting  of  William 
Ewen,  President;  Seth  John  Cuthbert,  Secretary;  Joseph  Haber 
sham,  Edward  Telfair,  William  LeConte,  Basil  Cowper,  Joseph 
Clay,  George  Walton,  John  Glenn,  Samuel  Elbert,  William  Young, 
Elisha  Butler,  George  Houston,  John  Smith,  Francis  H.  Harris, 
and  John  Morel,  was  appointed. 

The  Provincial  Congress  met  in  Tondee's  Long  Room  on  the 
4th  of  July,  of  which  Archicald  Bulloch  was  elected  President  and 
George  Walton  Secretary.  Archicald  Bulloch,  Noble  Wimberly 
Jones,  Joseph  Habersham,  Jonathan  Bryan,  Ambrose  Wright, 
William  Young,  John  Glenn,  Samuel  Elbert,  John  Houston,  Joseph 
Reynolds,  John  Smith,  Oliver  Bowen,  John  McClure,  Edward 
Telfair,  Thomas  Lee,  George  Houston,  William  Ewen,  John  Martin, 
Rev.  Dr.  J.  J.  Zubly,  William  Bryan,  Phillip  Box,  Philip  Allman, 
William  O'Bryan,  Joseph  Clay,  and  John  Cuthbert  were  the  mem 
bers  from  the  town  and  district  of  Savannah.  After  organizing, 
Congress  adjourned  to  the  meeting-house  of  Rev.  Dr.  Zubly, 
where  he  preached  a  sermon  upon  the  ' '  alarming  state  of  American 
affairs,"  based  on  the  words  of  St.  James,  ii,  12»  "So  speak  ye, 
and  BO  do  as  they  that  shall  be  judged  by  the  law  of  liberty." 
The  Dr.  received  the  thanks  of  Congress  for  "the  excellent  sermon 
he  preached  before  them."  * 

*  Dr.  Zubly  first  espoused  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  being  very  popular, 
influenced  a  very  large  number  to  support  it.     When  matters  became  serious 
and  war  seemed  inevitable,  he  changed  his  sentiments,  and  while  in  Philadel- 
4 


33  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Congress  being  informed  that  forty  armed  men  in  barges,  under 
command  of  Captains  John  Barnwell  and  Joyner,  had  been  sent 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  river,  by  South  Carolina,  to  capture 
f\  British  ship  which  was  on  its  way  to  Savannah,  laden  with  powder 
for  the  use  of  the  Royalists,  offered  them  every  assistance.  A 
schooner  was  armed  and  placed  under  command  of  Captains  Bowen 
and  Joseph  Habersham  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  a  British 
armed  schooner  then  in  the  river  near  town.  On  the  approach 
of  the  Georgia  schooner  the  British  schooner  put  to  sea  and 
escaped.  The  Georgia  schooner  then  laid  off  Tybee,  near  which 
were  the  two  South  Carolina  barges.  On  the  10th  of  July  the  ship 
with  the  powder,  commanded  by  Captain  Maitland,  was  descried  in 
the  offing,  sailing  boldly  in.  Before  getting  in  range  of  the  Georgia 
schooner  Maitland's  suspicions  were  aroused,  and  he  tacked  and 
put  out  to  sea.  He  was  pursued  by  the  schooner,  and  with  the 
assistance  of  the  South  Carolinians  his  vessel  was  captured.  On 
board  were  sixteen  thousand  pounds  of  powder,  nine  thousand 
pounds  of  which  fell  to  Georgia.  This  schooner  was  the  first  com 
missioned  American  vessel,  and  made  the  first  capture  of  the  war. 

The  battalion  of  troops  for  the  protection  of  Georgia  was  organ 
ized  in  Savannah  on  the  7th  of  January,  1776  by  the  appointment 
of  Lachlaii  Mclntosh  Colonel,  Samuel  Elbert  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
and  Joseph  Habersham  Major.  These  appointments  were  made  by 
the  Council  of  Safety,  which  met  every  Monday  at  Tondee's  Long 
Room,  at  10  A.  >i.,  and  at  such  other  times  as  occasion  required. 

On  the  12th  of  January  two  men-of-war  and  a  transport  laden 
with  troops,  under  command  of  Majors  Maitland  and  Grant,  arrived 


phia  attending  the  Continental  Congress  as  a  representative  of  Georgia, 
commenced  a  treasonable  correspondence  with  Governor  Wright,  posting  him 
in  regard  to  the  movements  of  the  Liberty  party.  This  correspondence  being 
discovered,  he  returned  to  Savannah  and  openly  took  sides  against  the  Liberty 
party.  His  conduct  was  so  obnoxious  to  the  people  that  he  was  banished 
from  the  town  in  ITT",  and  half  of  his  estate  taken  from  him.  After  the 
capture  of  the  town  by  the  British  he  returned  to  his  ministerial  charge  and 
remained  during  the  siege.  He  died  on  the  23d  of  July,  1T81,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-six,  broken  in  heart  and  broken  in  fortune,  yet  nobly  struggling 
against  misfortune,  aiming  to  be  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  his  ministerial 
duties  and  earnestly  laboring  to  enter  into  that  rest  which  remains  for  the 
people  of  God.  Savannah  still  bears  the  record  of  this  learned  man  in 
the  names  of  two  of  its  streets,  "Joachim"  and  "Zubly;"  and  one  of  the 
hamlets  was  named  St.  Gall,  in  honor  of  his  birth-place  in  Switzerland. — 
Condensed  from  the  account  in  the  History  of  Georgia,  by  Right  Reverend  William 
Bacon  Stevens. 


CAPTURE  OF  GOVERNOR  WRIGHT.  39 

off  Tybee.  A  meeting  of  the  Council  of  Safety  was  called  on  the 
18th,  when  it  was  resolved  "  that  the  persons  of  his  Excellency  Sir 
Jaines  Wright,  Bart.,  and  of  John  Mullryne,  Josiah  Tatnall,  and 
Anthony  Stokes,  Esqs.,  be  forthwith  arrested  and  secured,  and  that 
all  non-associates  be  forthwith  disarmed,  except  those  who  will 
give  their  parole,  assuring  that  they  will  not  aid,  assist,  or  comfort 
any  of  the  persons  on  board  his  Majesty's  ships-of-war,  or  take 
up  arms  against  America  in  the  present  unhappy  state  of  affairs." 
Major  Joseph  Haberslmm,  who  was  then  only  twenty-four  years  of 
age,  volunteered  to  secure  the  Governor.  That  evening  while  the 
Governor  was  in  consultation  with  the  Council  at  his  house,  Haber- 
sham  proceeded  thither  alone,  passed  the  sentinels  at  the  door, 
entered  the  hall  in  which  the  Council  was  assembled,  walked  boldly 
up  to  the  head  of  the  table,  and  laying  his  hand  upon  the  Govern 
or's  shoulder  said:  "Sir  James,  you  are  my  prisoner."  This  bold 
act  astonished  the  members  of  the  Council,  who,  supposing  from 
Habersham's  firm  manner  he  had  a  large  force  near  by,  fled  pre 
cipitately  through  the  doors  and  windows.  The  Governor  gave  his 
solemn  parole  that  he  would  not  go  out  of  town  or  hold  any  com 
munication  with  the  British  at  Tybee,  and  was  allowed  to  remain 
in  his  house  under  guard.  Here  he  remained  until  the  llth  of 
February,  when,  becoming  weary  of  the  confinement,  the  insults 
to  which  he  was  subjected  by  thoughtless  persons,  and  also  fearing 
that  he  would  be  killed  by  some  of  the  many  musket-balls  fired 
into  the  house  by  the  guards  for  amusement,  he  eluded  the  senti 
nels  and  ran  to  Bonaventure,  escaping  from  thence  in  a  small  boat, 
furnished  by  John  Mullryne,  to  the  British  ship  Scarborough,  on 
board  of  which  he  was  received  at  three  o'clock  on  the  morning  of 
the  12th.  The  following  day  the  Governor  wrote  a  letter  to  the 
members  of  his  Council,  all  of  whom  had  given  the  required  parole, 
desiring  it  to  be  laid  before  the  Provincial  Congress.  In  this  letter 
he,  among  other  things,  stated: 

Such  is  my  regard  for  the  people  of  Georgia  that  I  can  not  avoid  exhorting 
them  to  save  themselves  and  their  posterity  from  the  total  ruin  and  destruc 
tion  which,  although  they  may  not,  I  most  clearly  see  at  the  threshold  of 
their  doors,  and  I  can  not  leave  them  without  again  warning  them  in  the  most 
earnest  and  friendly  manner  to  desist  from  their  present  plans  and  resolutions. 

*  *  *  *  I  have  the  great  satisfaction  to  be  able  to  affirm,  from  the  best 
authority,  that  the  forces  nowhere  will  not  commit  any  hostilities  against  thin 
Province,  although  fully  sufficient  to  reduce  and  overcome  every  opposition 
fiat  could  be  attempted  to  be  made;  and  that  nothing  is  meant  or  wanted 
but  a  friendly  intercourse  and  a  supply  of  provisions.  This  his  Majesty's 


40  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

officers  have  an  undoubted  right  to  effect  and  what  they  insist  upon,  and  this 
I  not  only  solemnly  require,  in  his  Majesty's  name,  but  also  as  (probably)  the 
best  friend  the  people  of  Georgia  have,  advise  them,  without  the  least  hesita 
tion,  to  comply  with;  or  it  may  not  be  in  my  power  to  insure  them  the  con 
tinuance  of  the  peace  and  quietude  they  now  have,  if  it  may  be  called  so. 

The  request  for  provisions  was  promptly  refused,  and  Captain 
Barclay,  commanding  the  British  vessels,  being  very  much  in  need, 
determined  to  capture  the  eleven  rice  ships  which  lay  under  the 
bluff  awaiting  an  opportunity  to  run  out  to  sea.  Acccordingly,  on 
the  last  day  of  February,  1776,  the  Scarborough,  Hinchinbrooke, 
and  St.  John,  with  two  transports  laden  with  troops,  sailed  up  to 
Five-fathom  Hole,  opposite  the  point  on  which  Fort  Jackson  now 
stands. 

Anticipating  a  speedy  attack,  the  Council  of  Safety  met  on  the 
2d  of  March  and  appointed  Messrs.  Joseph  Clay,  Joseph  Reynolds, 
John  McClure,  Joseph  Dunlap,  and  John  Glenn  a  committee  "to 
value  and  appraise  the  houses  in  town  and  hamlets  thereunto 
belonging,  together  with  the  shipping  in  the  port,  the  property  of 
or  appertaining  to  the  friends  of  America  who  have  associated  and 
appeared,  or  who  shall  appear  in  the  present  alarm  to  defend  the 
same;  and  also  the  houses  of  the  widows  and  orphans,  and  none 
others."  It  was  also  resolved  to  defend  the  town  "so  long  as  it 
was  tenable,  and  that  rather  than  it  should  be  held  by  the  enemy 
it  and  the  shipping  in  the  port  should  be  burned."  The  houses 
of  those  inimical  to  the  American  cause  were  not  valued.  When 
the  resolutions  were  promulgated,  they  met  the  hearty  approval 
of  all  classes  excepting  a  small  number  who  were  friendly  to  the 
Royal  cause. 

After  dark  on  the  2d  two  of  the  enemy's  vessels  sailed  up  Back 
river.  The  Scarborough  anchored  opposite  the  town  and  the 
Hinchinbrooke  attempted  to  sail  around  Hutchinson's  island  with  a 
view  of  coming  down  the  Savannah  river  to  the  rice  vessels.  In 
this  effort  she  ran  aground  on  the  west  side  of  the  island,  and  was 
unable  to  get  off.  The  eleven  rice  vessels  were  laying  under  the 
bluff,  but  that  evening,  for  some  reason  which  was  never  fully 
ascertained  but  it  was  supposed  that  the  captains  had  been  bought 
with  British  gold,  moved  over  near  to  the  Hutchison  island  shore 
opposite  Yamacraw.  Every  preparation  for  resisting  the  enemy 
was  made  by  Colonel  Lachlan  Mclntosh,  acting  under  orders  of  the 
Council  of  Safety.  Suspecting  the  captains,  and  fearing  that  they 
might  be  induced  to  run  their  vessels  out  to  sea,  he  ordered  Captain 


PROPOSED  ANNEXATION. 


43 


over  to  the  town  side.  The  British  sailed  down  to  Tybee  the  next 
day,  carrying  with  them  Bice,  Roberts,  and  Demere.  In  order 
to  recover  them,  the  Council  of  Safety  seized  all  members  of  the 
Royal  Council  then  HI  Savannah  and  offered  them  in  exchange. 
The  offer  was  accepted,  and  on  the  27th  of  March  the  prisoners 
were  restored  to  their  friends. 

On  the  8th  of  August  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was 
received  in  Savannah,  and  was  promulgated  on  the  llth  by  Archi 
bald  Bulloch,  President  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  Georgia,  in 
front  of  the  Assembly  Rooms,  at  the  Liberty  Pole,  and  at  the 
battery.  The  troops  were  paraded  and  a  salute  of  thirteen  guns 
was  fired  after  each  reading.  Late  in  the  day  a  dinner  was  par 
taken  of  by  the  soldiers  and  citizens,  after  which  a  funeral  proces 
sion  was  formed — the  soldiers  with  arms  reversed  and  muffled 
drums— and  marched  to  the  front  of  the  court-house,  where  the 
political  existence  of  George  III  was  interred,  the  following  funeral 
discourse  being  delivered: 

Forasmuch  as  George  III,  of  Great  Britain,  hath  most  flagrantly  violated 
his  coronation  oath,  and  trampled  upon  the  constitution  of  our  country 
and  the  sacred  rights  of  mankind,  we  therefore  commit  his  political  existence 
to  the  ground — corruption  to  corruption — tyranny  to  the  grave — and  oppres 
sion  to  eternal  infamy,  in  the  sure  and  certain  hope  that  he  will  never  obtain 
a  resurrection  to  rule  again  over  these  United  States  of  America.  But,  my 
friends  and  fellow-citizens,  let  us  not  be  sorry,  as  men  without  hope,  for 
TYRANTS  that  thus  depart — rather  let  us  remember  America  is  free  and  inde 
pendent;  that  she  is,  and  will  be,  with  the  blessing  of  the  Almighty,  GREAT 
among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  Let  this  encourage  us  in  well-doing,  to 
h'ght  for  our  rights  and  privileges,  for  our  wives  and  children,  for  all  that  is 
near  and  dear  unto  us.  May  God  give  us  his  blessing  and  all  the  people  say 
AMEN. 

A  few  (\ays  after  the  celebration  a  convention  met  in  Savannah  to 
form  a  State  constitution,  which  was  done.  It  was  adopted  on  the 
5th  of  February,  1777. 

In  January  of  1777  William  H.  Drayton,  who  had  been  sent  by 
the  Assembly  of  South  Carolina  to  treat  with  the  Georgia  Congress 
of  an  union  between  Georgia  and  South  Carolina,  which  the  Assem 
bly  of  the  latter  province  had  resolved  "would  tend  effectually  to 
promote  their  strength,  wealth,  and  dignity,  and  to  secure  their 
liberty,  independence,  and  safety,"  arrived  in  Savannah,  "and 
found,"  as  he  afterward  WTote,  "  every  gentleman  in  public  office- 
was  strongly  against  an  union,"  but  a  number  of  "gentlemen  of 
fortune,  not  in  office  or  convention,  who  heartily  approved  the 


44  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

measure. "  The  advantages  which  would  accrue  to  Savannah  were 
nearly  altogether  spoken  of  by  the  Commissioner  before  the  Con 
vention,  and  led  many  to  believe  that  the  annexation  of  Savannah 
with  South  Carolina  was  more  desired  than  the  rest  of  the  province. 
The  Commissioner  thus  spoke: 

The  town  of  Savannah  in  particular,  and  the  adjacent  lands,  would  be  of 
much  more  importance  and  value,  because  Savannah  river  would  be  imme 
diately  cleared,  a  measure  that  would  encourage  and  occasion  an  immense 
increase  of  agriculture  upon  all  laud  within  reach  of  its  navigation,  and 
hence  an  amazing  increase  of  produce  and  river  navigation,  all  of  which 
would  centre  in  Savannah.  Thus,  in  a  state  of  separation  from  South  Caro 
lina,  Savannah  could  reasonably  expect,  and  that  but  by  slow  degrees,  and 
at  a  distant  day,  only  the  one  half  of  the  produce  of  a  well-improved  cultiva 
tion  of  the  lands  on  the  Savannah  river,  but  by  an  union  she  would,  in  a 
very  short  time,  receive  the  whole  of  that  improved  cultivation  and  trade, 
and  her  own  commerce  would  be  increased  almost  beyond  imagination, 
although  she  would  lose  the  seat  of  government.  Finally,  I  may  add,  that 
in  a  state  of  separation,  in  all  probability,  Savannah  will  be  ruined,  because 
it  will  be  our  interest  to  preserve  our  trade  to  our  own  people.  A  town  will 
rise  on  the  Carolina  side  of  the  Savannah  river,  which  will  be  sure  to  preserve 
our  half  of  the  trade  of  that  river,  and  by  being  wisely  supported  it  may  draw 
to  it  the  other  half  also;  and  let  it  not  be  said,  we  can  not  find  a  situation  for 
a  town,  because  it  ought  to  be  remembered  that  history  is  full  of  instances  of 
towns  having  been  built  and  made  to  flourish  in  situations  that  had  been 
deemed  impracticable  for  such  purposes.  Rivers  and  lands  make  wealthy 
towns,  for  the*e  are  natural  causes;  the  presence  and  expense  of  a  few  officers 
of  Government  are  but  drops  of  water  in  the  ocean ;  these  go  but  a  little  way 
toward  filling  a  Government  port  with  loaded  ships.  The  principal  materials 
for  the  building  of  such  towns  are  policy  and  opulence;  I  thank  God,  Caro 
lina  is  not  known  to  be  in  want  of  either. 

The  proposed  annexation  was  refused.*  No  town  has  risen  to 
compete  with  Savannah,  but  the  trade  and  commerce  which  was 
coveted  has  increased,  the  town  has  prospered,  and  now  ranks  the 
first  city  in  beauty,  and  in  point  of  wealth,  refinement,  and  com 
merce  among  the  first  cities  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  fall  of  1778  Colonel  Mclntosh,  who  had  been  left  in  com 
mand  of  the  town  after  the  repulse  of  the  British  in  March,  1770, 
notified  General  Robert  Howe,  commander  of  the  American  force.; 
in  this  section,  with  headquarters  at  Charleston,  that  an  advance 
of  the  enemy  upon  Savannah  was  anticipated,  and  that  his  small 

*  Notwithstanding  the  refusal,  Drayton  endeavored,  by  speeches  and  other 
methods,  to  influence  the  people  in  favor  of  the  project.  This  he  continued 
for  some  time,  when  Governor  Treutlen  offered  a  reward  for  his  apprehension. 
Fearing  an  arrest  he  fled  the  State. 


ATTKMTT  TO  CAPTUKE  KICK  SHITS. 


41 


Ilice  to  go  aboard  of  the  vessels  early  the  iiext  moiiiiug  and  order 
the  rudders  arid  rigging  to  be  sent  on  shore.  The  fort  on  the  lower 
end  of  the  bluff  was  strengthened  and  reinforced,  and  was  deemed 
sufficiently  powerful  to  repulse  any  attempt  of  the  enemy  to  advance 
up  the  river.  Major  Habersham  was  ordered  to  take  two  companies 
of  riflemen  and  proceed  up  the  river  opposite  to  the  Hinchinbrooke 
and  be  ready  to  lire  upon  her  at  early  dawn. 

During  the  night  about  three  hundred  British  soldiers  lauded  on 
Hutchinson's  island  from  the  vessels  hi  Back  river  and  marched 
.across  and  took  possession  of  the  rice  vessels.  This  was  done  so 
quietly  that  the  Americans  knew  nothing  of  it.  Early  on  the  3d 
Captain  Bice  went  over  in  a  small  boat  to  deliver  the  order  given 
him  and  was  taken  prisoner.  Two  sailors  were  allowed  by  Majors 
Maitland  and  Grant,  commanding  the  troops  aboard  of  the  rice 
vessels,  to  come  over  to  town  to  get  some  clothing  which  they  said 
had  been  left,  they  agreeing  to  go  and  return  without  communi 
cating  any  information  regarding  the  operations  on  the  island  side 
of  the  river.  They  were  not  true  to  their  promise.  They  not  only 
did  not  return,  but  told  the  Americans  that  the  British  had  posses 
sion  of  the  vessels  and  had  captured  Captain  Bice.  This  was 
astounding  news  to  the  Americans  and  created  intense  excitement. 
All  of  the  males  were  immediately  mustered  under  arms,  and  three 
hundred  men  under  Colonel  Mclntosh  proceeded  to  Yamacraw  and 
threw  up  a  breastwork  and  placed  three  four-pounders  in  position.* 
Before  this  the  riflemen  under  Habersham  opened  fire  upon  the 
Hinchinbrooke,  which  had  floated  off  and  was  making  another 
.attempt  to  sail  down.  The  tide  was  low  and  she  made  slow 
progress;  besides  this,  the  fire  from  the  riflemen  so  galled  the  crew 
that  they  were  driven  below  and  did  not  attempt  to  manage  the 
vessel.  She  was  armed  with  twenty-eight  guns;  and  at  intervals 
the  crew  manned  them  and  endeavored,  by  a  free  use  of  grape, 
to  drive  off  their  assailants,  but  of  no  avail.  The  riflemen  protected 
themselves  and  fired  with  such  accuracy  as  to  kill  and  wound  a 
number  of  the  crew,  and  finally  caused  them  to  desist  from  their 
object.  The  lack  of  boats,  only,  prevented  the  riflemen  from  board 
ing  and  capturing  her.  Only  one  rifleman  was  injured  by  her  fire, 
a  small  shot  having  struck  him  in  the  thigh. 

Meanwhile  the  people   and  soldiers  in  town  became  clamorous 


*  Tradition  asserts  that  "  Battle  Row,"  located  on  the  bluff  at  the  corner 
of  West  Broad  street,  is  on  the  site  of  thl-i  breastwork. 
4* 


42  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

for  the  rescue  of  Rice.  Lieutenant  Daniel  Roberts,  of  the  St. 
Johns  Rangers,  and  Mr.  Raymond  Demere  (afterward  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  Major),  of  St.  Andrew's  parish,  requested  and  were 
granted  permission  to  go  over  and  demand  the  surrender  of  the 
captain.  They  -left  their  weapons  and  were  rowed  over  by  a 
negro.  They  landed  on  one  of  the  vessels,  aboard  of  which  were 
Majors  Grant  and  Maitland  and  Captain  Barclay.  They  stated 
the  object  of  their  mission.  The  British  officers,  without  making 
any  reply,  placed  them  under  arrest.  The  Americans  awaited 
nearly  an  hour  for  the  return  of  their  deputies  and  then  called 
through  trumpets  to  the  British  to  know  why  they  were  de 
tained.  The  British  returned  insulting  replies  ;  whereupon  two 
cannon-shots  were  fired  at  them.  This  had  the  effect  of  making 
them  send  a  letter  over,  signed  by  Roberts  and  Demere,  stating 
that  the  enemy  ' '  would  treat  with  any  two  people  the  Americans 
confided  in."  Without  waiting  for  the  action  of  the  authorities, 
Captain  Screven,  of  the  St.  Johns  Rangers,  and  Captain  Baker,  of 
the  St.  Johns  Riflemen,  with  about  a  dozen  riflemen,  rowed  over 
to  the  Captain  Inglis  and  peremptorily  demanded  the  surrender  of 
Rice,  Roberts,  and  Demere.  The  officer  commanding  the  vessel 
made  an  insulting  reply,  and  received  a  rifle-shot  from  Captain 
Baker.  The  enemy  immediately  opened  upon  the  boat  with  cannon 
and  musketry.  The  riflemen  also  fired,  at  the  same  time  hauling 
off.  Their  friends  on  the  bluff,  observing  this  attack  upon  a  few 
men  and  also  the  perilous  position  they  were  in,  opened  on  the 
vessels.  A  general  engagement  ensued,  lasting  four  hours,  during 
which  no  one  was  hurt  on  the  American  side,  excepting  a  rifleman 
in  the  boat,  who  was  wounded  in  the  shoulder  by  the  first  fire  from 
the  vessel.  At  four  o'clock  the  Council  of  Safety  met  and  resolved 
to  have  the  vessels  across  the  river  burned.  Captain  Bowen  was 
ordered  by  Colonel  Mclntosh  to  attend  to  this  duty.  He,  assisted 
by  Lieutenants  James  Jackson  and  John  Morel,  took  the  Inverness, 
which  lay  on  this  side  of  the  river  laden  with  rice  and  deer  skins, 
and  set  fire  to  her.  She  drifted  across  to  the  rice  vessels  and  com 
municated  the  fire  to  some  of  them.  The  enemy,  however,  did  not 
wait  for  her  approach,  but  left  the  vessels  and  ran  into  the  marsh  in 
laughable  confusion.  The  Americans  fired  upon  them  and  killed 
and  wounded  a  great  number.  The  crews  of  two  of  the  vessels 
remained  on  board  and  managed  to  escape  the  fire-vessel  and 
sailed  up  the  river  under  protection  of  the  men-of-war.  Six  were 
destroyed  by  the  fire  and  three  saved  from  the  flames  and  brought 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  TOWN  BY  THE  BRITISH.  45 

force,  two  hundred  and  fifty  men,  with  one  hundred  for  duty,  was 
inadequate  to  defend  the  place.  General  Howe  came  over  and 
took  command.  He  had  about  five  hundred  regulars  and  three 
hundred  and  fifty  militia.  He  learned  that  the  enemy  had  planned 
for  Colonel  Prevost  to  advance  from  Florida  and  arrive  near  Savan 
nah  in  time  to  co-operate  with  the  fleet  under  Sir  Hyde  Parker  and 
the  troops  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Campbell,  to  be  sent  from 
New  York.  Prevost  advanced  as  far  as  Sunbury.  The  Americans 
made  a  show  of  being  in  strong  force  and  Prevost  retreated. 
Howe  then  returned  to  Savannah  and  ordered  all  of  the  troops  to 
assemble  there.  The  town  was  in  an  almost  defenseless  condition, 
excepting  from  the  water  side.  The  fort  on  the  eastern  end  of  the 
bluff,  where  the  gas-house  now  stands,  had  been  considerably 
enlarged,  more  guns  mounted,  and  made  quite  formidable.  It  was- 
named  Fort  Wayne,  in  honor  of  General  Anthony  Wayne. 

By  the  27th  of  December  the  whole  of  the  British  fleet  had 
anchored  off  Tybee.  The  vessels  composing  the  armed  squadron 
were  the  Phoenix,  forty-four  guns;  the  Kose  and  Fowey,  twenty- 
four  guns  each;  the  Vigilant,  twenty-eight  guns;  and  the  brig 
Keppel,  the  sloop  Greenwich,  and  the  galley  Comet.  The  trans 
ports  brought  about  thirty-five  hundred  men.  Howe  had  about 
nine  hundred  men  to  oppose  their  force.  The  British  were  not  at 
first  aware  of  the  weakness  of  the  Americans,  and  were  disposed 
to  wait  the  arrival  of  Prevost's  command  before  commencing  the 
assault  upon  the  town.  To  gain  information  Colonel  Campbell 
sent  a  boat's  crew  ashore  to  capture  some  of  the  inhabitants.  The 
crew  landed  on  Wilmington  island  and  took  two  men  prisoners, 
who  informed  them  of  the  exact  condition  of  the  Americans.  Be 
lieving  the  information  received  to  be  correct,  Campbell  decided 
to  attack  without  delay.  On  the  28th  the  squadron  sailed  up 
within  two  miles  of  town,  opposite  to  Girardeau's  plantation,  and 
preparations  were  made  to  laud  early  the  next  morning. 

Howe  was  not  correctly  informed  concerning  the  strength  of  the 
enemy,  and  believing  he  could  cope  writh  them,  determined  to 
defend  the  town.  Observing  this  movement  of  the  enemy,  he 
rightly  concluded  that  the  troops  would  land  below  Brewton  hill* 
and  advance  upon  the  town  by  the  great  road,  now  known  as 
the  Thunderbolt  road,  and  Captain  John  C.  Smith,  with  his  coni- 

*  This  hill  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  a  direct  line  below  the  city,  on  the: 
plantation  of  T.  F.  Screven. 


4(3  HISTORICAL  HECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

pany  of  South  Carolinians,  was  sent  to  the  hill  to  watch  the  enemy. 
The  marsh  on  the  east  side  of  the  city  was  then  much  wider  and 
more  difficult  to  cross  than  now.  On  the  high  ground  west  of  the 
marsh  General  Howe  placed  his  command  so  as  to  cover  the  great 
road,  which  crossed  the  marsh  by  a  narrow  causeway,  and  burned 
the  bridge  over  the  rivulet  which  ran  through  the  centre  of  the 
marsh.  To  present  still  further  obstructions,  a  deep  ditch  was  dug 
three  hundred  yards  west  of  the  marsh  and  filled  with  water.  The 
army  was  divided  into  two  brigades;  the  first,  commanded  by 
Colonel  Elbert,  constituted  the  left,  and  the  other,  under  Colonel 
Huger,  the  right  wing.*  Five  pieces  of  cannon  were  posted,  in 
front  of  the  causeway.  To  the  right  of  the  position  of  the  Ameri 
cans  a  small  path  led  through  the  swamp  to  the  high  grounds  on 
the  opposite  side.  This  path  was  pointed  out  to  General  Howe  by 
Colonel  Walton  as  a  place  which  should  be  guarded,  but  the 
General,  thinking  differently,  paid  no  attention  to  the  suggestion. 
About  what  is  now  the  corner  of  Liberty  and  Bull  streets  were  the 
New  barracks.  The  roads  to  White  Bluff  and  the  Ogeechee  river 
united  near  the  barracks,  and  Colonel  Walton,  with  one  hundred 
militia,  was  posted  there. 

About  dawn  of  the  29th  the  British  landed  on  Girardeau's  place. 
From  the  point  of  landing  to  Brew  ton's  hill  was  a  narrow  cause 
way  six  hundred  yards  in  length.  A  body  of  Highlanders,  under 
Captain  Cameron,  landed  first  and  were  thrown  forward  to  secure 
the  hill.  Captain  Smith  ordered  his  men  to  reserve  their  fire  until 
the  enemy  were  close.  The  Highlanders  marched  in  solid  column 
half-way  up  the  hill,  when  the  Americans  opened  upon  them, 
killing  Captain  Cameron  and  two  privates,  and  wounding  five 
others.  The  first  and  second  battalions  of  DeLancy's  corps  of 
New  York  Volunteers  and  the  first  battalion  of  the  71st  regiment  of 
foot,  all  under  Lieutenant-Colonel  Maitland,  had  landed  imme 
diately  after  the  Highlanders,  and  hearing  the  firing  rushed  for 
ward  to  participate.  The  Highlanders,  who  had  been  thrown  into 
confusion  by  the  effective  fire  of  the  Americans,  rallied  and 
advanced  with  their  reinforcement.  Captain  Smith,  who  had 
been  instructed  to  retire  if  attacked  by  a  large  force,  retreated 


*  The  exact  position  of  the  American  line  on  the  southeast  of  the  city  is  not 
known,  but  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  stretched  across  the  road  to  Thunder 
bolt,  a  short  distance  west  of  what  is  now  the  site  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
Railroad  depot. 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  TOWN  BY  THE  BRITISH.  47 

to  the  main  body.  The  entire  force  of  the  enemy  now  landed 
and  formed  line-of-battle  on  top  of  the  hill  and  there  remained, 
while  Colonel  Campbell  with  a  small  party  rode  forward  to  recon 
noitre.  This  done,  the  light  infantry,  under  Sir  James  Baird, 
were  thrown  forward,  supported  by  DeLancy's  New  York  Volun 
teers.  Following  these  came  the  first  battalion  of  the  71st  with 
two  six-pounders,  and  Well  worth's  battalion  of  Hessians,  with  two 
three-pounders.  By  three  o'clock  the  army  arrived  within  eight 
hundred  yards  of  the  Americans  and  halted.  The  advantageous 
position  selected  by  General  Howe  was  duly  noted  and  appreciated 
by  Colonel  Campbell,  and  he  determined  that  no  benefits  should 
be  derived  from  it,  and  therefore  aimed  to  turn  Howe's  right 
flank  or  get  into  his  rear.  In  his  reconnoisances  he  ran  across  an 
old  negro  named  Quanimo  Dolly,  generally  called  Quash,  who 
informed  him  of  the  private  path  through  the  swamp,  by  which 
the  rear  of  the  American  line  could  be  gained.  Overjoyed  at  this 
discovery,  Campbell  returned  to  his  command  and  ordered  Sir 
James  Baird,  with  the  light  infantry  and  the  New  York  Volunteers, 
to  follow  the  negro  through  the  swamp  and  attack  the  first  body  of 
troops  found.  To  deceive  the  Americans,  Colonel  Campbell  ma 
noeuvred  his  troops  in  front  as  if  about  to  attack.  This  caused 
the  Americans  to  play  iipon  them  with  their  artillery.  The 
British  did  not  return  the  fire,  but  still  manoeuvred,  waiting  to 
hear  from  Baird.  He  followed  the  negro  through  the  swamp, 
coming  out  at  a  point  near  where  is  now  Waringsville,  and  struck 
the  White  Bluff  road,  down  which  he  advanced,  falling  suddenly 
upon  the  small  force  of  Walton's.  This  was  swept  away  after  a 
short  but  brave  resistance,  during  which  Walton  was  wounded, 
and  the  conqueror  turned  to  the  right  to  strike  the  rear  of  the 
American  line.  The  firing  notified  Campbell  that  Baird  had 
accomplished  his  purpose,  and  he  immediately  advanced  his  line 
at  a  rapid  pace.  The  artillery,  which  had  been  concealed  behind  a 
hill,  was  pushed  forward  to  the  top  and  a  rapid  fire  opened  upon 
the  Americans.  Sir  James  Baird  also  charged  from  the  rear.  The 
Americans  were  between  two  fires,  and  opposed  to  them  was  a 
force  much  larger  and  better  disciplined.  Nothing  but  a  retreat 
was  now  left  to  them.  The  order  was  given  for  Colonel  Daniel 
Koberts,  with  the  artillery,  to  secure  the  causeway  on  the  Augusta 
road  leading  across  Musgrove  creek  and  swamp,  on  the  west  of  the 
town.  This  he  did,  and  the  right  flank  retreated  to  it  and  crossed 
in  safety.  The  left  flank  attempted  to  retreat  by  this  route,  but 


48  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

before  their  arrival  the  British  drove  Colonel  Roberts  across  the 
causeway  and  took  possession.  Colonel  Elbert's  command,  many 
of  whom  had  been  shot  and  bayonetted  as  they  ran  through  town, 
finding  this  avenue  of  retreat  denied  them,  rushed  through  the  rice- 
fields  near  the  river.  The  tide  was  up  and  Musgrove  creek  full  of 
water.  A  large  number  threw  away  their  arms  and  accoutrements 
and  attempted  to  swim  it.  Most  of  them  succeeded,  but  thirty 
of  the  number  were  drowned.  The  remainder  of  the  command, 
two  hundred  in  number,  either  could  not  swim  or  dared  not 
attempt  to  cross  and  there  stopped,  to  be  captured  a  few  moments 
after.  These  were  marched  back  to  town,  disarmed,  and  robbed 
by  the  Highlanders.  Sir  James  Baird  coming  up  at  the  time  with 
others  of  the  Highlanders  "mounted  himself  on  a  ladder  and 
sounded  his  brass  bugle-horn,  which  the  Highlanders  no  sooner 
heard  than  they  all  got  about  him,  when  he  addressed  himself  to 
them  in  Highland  language,  when  they  all  dispersed  and  finished 
plundering  such  of  the  officers  and  men  as  had  been  fortunate 
enough  to  escape  the  first  search."  * 

During  the  attack  by  the  army  the  British  fleet  was  made  ready 
fo'r  action,  and  as  soon  as  it  was  ascertained  that  the  American  line 
had  given  way  Sir  Hyde  Parker  sailed  up  the  river  and  passed  Fort 
Wayne,  receiving  a  few  shots  therefrom,  which  killed  and  wounded 
five  seamen.  The  galley  Comet  was  sent  further  up  the  river  and 
prevented  any  of  the  American  vessels  from  escaping ;  thus  securing 
to  the  squadron  three  ships,  three  brigs,  and  three  smaller  vessels, 
and  one  hundred  and  twenty-six  prisoners.  The  army  captured 
thirty-eight  officers,  four  hundred  and  fifteen  non-commissioned 
officers  and  privates,  one  stand  of  colors,  forty-eight  cannon, 
twenty-three  mortars,  six  hundred  and  thirty-seven  stand  of  arms, 
ninety  barrels  of  powder,  and  other  munitions  of  war;  all  done 
with  the  loss  of  only  one  commissioned  officer  and  three  men  killed 
and  one  sergeant  and  fourteen  men  wounded.  The  Americans 
lost  eighty-three  men  killed,  thirty  drowned,  and  a  large  number 
wounded. 

The  conduct  of  the  British  troops  upon  entering  the  town  was 
of  such  a  character  as  to  strike  terror  to  the  hearts  of  all  the 
inhabitants.  Before  the  soldiers  could  be  restrained  lawless  and 
brutal  acts  were  committed;  women  were  insulted,  citizens  who 


*  From  the  account  of  the  capture  of  Mordecai  Sheftall,  Deputy  Commis 
sary-General  of  Issues  to  the  Continental  troops. 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  TOWN  BY  THE  BRITISH.  49 

had  not  been  engaged  in  the  fight  shot  and  bayouetted  in  the 
streets,  and  a  number  seized  and  carried  aboard  the  ships,  where 
they  endured  the  most  terrible  sufferings  from  lack  of  food,  pure 
air,  and  water.  Among  those  thus  imprisoned  were  the  Honorable 
Jonathan  Bryan,  his  son  James,  Reverend  Moses  Allen,  Mordecai 
Sheftall,  and  his  son  Sheftall  Sheftall,  Edward  Davis,  Dr.  George 
Wells,  and  David  Moses  Yallaton. 

The  remnant  of  Howe's  army  retreated  up  the  river  to  Zubly's 
ferry  and  crossed  into  South  Carolina.  Campbell  left  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Innis  in  command  of  Savannah  and  marched  to  Augusta, 
shortly  after  which  Brevet  Brigadier-General  Prevost  arrived  and 
relieved  Colonel  Innis.  General  Prevost  established  his  head 
quarters  at  the  house  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Broughton 
street  next  east  of  the  Masonic  hall. 


50  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Treatment  of  the  Inhabitants  by  the  British  —  Plans  of  the  Americans  and 
French  to  Recapture  the  Town  —  Appearance  of  the  French  Troops 
under  Count  d'Estaing  before  the  Town— Correspondence  between  Count 
d'Estaing  and  General  Pr«vost  regarding  the  Surrender  of  the  Town— Ar 
rival  of  the  Americans  —  The  British  Reinforced  — Commencement  of  Hos 
tilities —  Bombardment  of  the  Town  by  the  Allies  —  Women  and  Children 
Killed  —  Houses  Demolished  —  Progress  of  the  Siege  —  Unparalleled  Act 
of  Heroism  —  Women  and  Children  not  allowed  to  leave  town  during  the 
Siege  —  Assault  upon  Spring  Hill  Redoubt  by  the  Besiegers  —  They  are 
Repulsed  with  heavy  loss — Count  Pulaski  and  Count  d'Estaing  wounded — 
Sergeant  Jasper  mortally  wounded  while  bearing  off  the  Colors  of  his 
Kegiment  —  Abandonment  of  the  Siege  —  Death  and  Burial  of  Count 
Pulaski. 

The  British  rule  was  most  stringent  and  exacting,  subjecting  the 
inhabitants  to  every  manner  of  annoyance.  A  reward  of  two 
guineas  was  offered  for  every  citizen  that  adhered  to  the  American 
cause  and  ten  guineas  for  every  committeeman  or  assemblyman  that 
should  be  delivered  up  to  the  king's  officers.  All  articles  of  mer 
chandise,  country  produce,  and  market  vegetables  had  to  be  sold 
at  fixed  prices,  and  only  by  those  who  had  taken  the  oath  of 
allegiance;  if  these  rules  were  violated  the  articles  were  confis 
cated,  and  if  the  trader  sold  to  any  other  than  loyal  persons  he 
was  fined  two  hundred  pounds.  Those  who  remained  true  to  the 
cause  of  liberty  were,  consequently,  dependent  upon  the  charity  of 
those  who  had  taken  the  oath.  Their  sufferings  were  almost  beyond 
endurance,  but  had  to  be  borne  uncomplainingly,  for  the  least 
murmur  of  complaint  was  reported  to  headquarters  by  spies,  and 
the  complainant  arrested,  subjected  to  insult,  and  in  most  instances 
deprived  of  his  property  by  confiscation.*  These  persecutions 
were  borne  without  a  hope  of  relief  until  the  fall  of  1779,  when 
the  people  were  overjoyed  by  the  appearance  of  a  French  fleet  and 
army  and  the  American  army  near  the  town,  which  they  thought 
would  recapture  the  town  and  relieve  them  from  the  oppressors. 


*  A  number  of  ladies  who  openly  avowed  their  sentiments  were  confined  to 
their  houses  under  guard,  and  Mrs.  Judy  Minis  and  her  mother  were  ordered 
to  leave  town. 


FRENCH  TROOPS  BEFORE  THE  TOWN.  5} 

General  Howe,  shortly  after  his  defeat  here,  was  relieved  by 
General  Benjamin  Lincoln.  Early  in  1778  a  treaty  was  effected 
between  France  and  the  United  States,  and  common  canse  was 
made  against  the  British.  The  French  government  sent  a  large 
fleet  and  a  small  army  over,  under  Count  d'Estaing,  to  co-operate 
with  the  Americans.  A  plan  for  the  capture  of  the  British  army  in 
Philadelphia  by  the  combined  armies  failed,  owing  to  a  storm 
which  prevented  the  fleet  from  arriving  in  time.  Count  d'Estaing 
then  sailed  to  the  West  Indies  and  captured  two  towns,  Grenada 
and  St.  Vincent.  While  there  General  Lincoln,  through  the  French 
Consul,  solicited  his  co-operation  in  a  proposed  attempt  to  recap 
ture  Savannah.  Count  d'Estaing  agreed  to  the  plan,  and  it  was 
arranged  for  the  combined  forces  to  appear  in  front  of  the  town  on 
the  17th  of  September,  1779. 

On  the  3d  of  September  Count  d'Estaing's  fleet  arrived  off  Tybee, 
the  fleet  consisting  of  twenty  line-of-battle  and  two  fifty-gun 
ships,  eleven  frigates,  and  five  small  armed  vessels,  with  five 
thousand  soldiers.  The  arrival  was  utterly  unexpected  by  the 
British,  and  a  portion  of  their  fleet,  under  Sir  James  Wallace  (son- 
in-law  of  Governor  Wright),  was  captured.  Colonel  Joseph  Haber- 
sham,  who  had  been  instructed  by  General  Lincoln  to  meet  Count 
d'Estaing  at  Tybee  and  make  arrangements  for  the  disembarkation 
of  the  French,  effected  an  interview  on  the  llth,  when  it  was 
decided  to  land  the  following  night.  Accordingly,  shortly  after 
dark  the  troops  were  placed  in  small  vessels  and  conveyed  to 
Beaulieu  (the  old  seat  of  President  William  Stephens),  about  twelve 
miles  from  Savannah,  and  by  the  15th  all  of  the  troops  were 
landed  at  this  place  and  intrenching  tools  sent  ashore  at  Thun 
derbolt.  General  Lachlan  Mclntosh  and  Count  Casimir  Pulaski 
marched  from  Augusta  and  swept  the  enemy's  advanced  guards 
out  of  the  way,  capturing  and  killing  some  and  driving  the  others 
into  town.  General  Mclntosh  then  fell  back  about  three  miles 
from  town  and  Count  Pulaski  marched  to  Beaulieu,  effecting  a 
junction  with  Count  d'Estaing  on  the  loth.  The  following  day  the 
line  of  march  was  taken  up  for  Savannah,  in  front  of  Which  they 
arrived  at  noon. 

Meanwhile  the  British  had  not  been  idle.  The  arrival  of  the 
French  fleet  was  communicated  to  General  Prevost  on  the  4th  of 
September.  Anticipating  that  an  attack  upon  the  town  was  shortly 
r*  tended,  he  ordered  Lieutenant-Colonel  Cruger,  at  Sunbury,  and 
-.lieutenant-Colonel  Maitland,  at  Beaufort,  to  report  with  their 


52  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

commands.  Some  old  redoubts  thrown  up  as  a  protection  against 
the  indians,  but  which  were  considered  so  worthless  and  disad- 
vantageously  placed  that  the  Americans  fought  outside  of  them 
when  attacked  by  the  British  in  1778,  had  been  repaired  by  the 
British  and  twenty-three  guns  placed  in  position  previous  to  the 
arrival  of  the  French  fleet.  A  force  of  twelve  hundred  men,  three 
hundred  of  whom  were  negroes,  were  set  to  work  under  the  direc 
tion  of  Major  Moncrief,  constructing  new  works,  mounting  guns, 
and  making  other  preparations  to  resist  the  apprehended  attack. 
By  the  sixteenth,  a  chain  of  redoubts  thirteen  in  number,  mounting 
seventy-six  guns  and  mortars,  a  number  of  which  had  been  taken 
from  the  vessels,  were  thrown  up.  These  redoubts  extended  from 
the  river  at  a  point  a  little  east  of  what  is  now  East  Broad  street 
to  the  New  barracks,  *  thence  diverged  to  what  is  now  South  Broad 
street,  thence  to  where  the  Central  Railroad  depot  and  workshops 
now  stand.  This  point  was  then  known  as  Spring  Hill,  and  was 
the  best  fortified  position  on  the  lines,  and  commanded  the  road 
to  Ebenezer  and  Augusta.  The  Musgrove  creek  and  swamp  on 
the  west  side  of  the  city  were  almost  impassable,  and  therefore  only 
two  small  redoubts  wrere  thrown  up  on  that  side  of  the  town.  As  a 
precautionary  measure,  the  Germain  was  anchored  oft'  the  mouth 
of  the  creek  to  rake  the  rice-fields  along  that  stream.  Prevost, 
fearing  that  the  French  frigates  would  sail  close  up  to  town  and 
fire  into  the  rear  of  his  lines,  sunk  six  vessels,  the  Fowey,  Savan 
nah,  and  four  transports,  across  the  channel  below  the  town. 
Several  small  vessels  were  sunk  above  the  town  and  a  boom  laid 
across  the  river  to  prevent  fire-rafts  from  floating  down  the  river 
among  the  shipping.  On  the  10th  Colonel  Cruger  arrived,  and 
with  his  forces  aided  in  constructing  the  defences.  In  addition  to 
the  regular  soldiers,  Prevost  had  all  of  the  sailors  of  the  armed 
and  merchant  vessels  posted  at  the  guns;  the  three  hundred 
negroes  were  also  armed.  All  of  these  preparations  were  com 
pleted  when  d'Estaing  arrived;  yet  Prevost  was  not  satisfied  that 
he  could  make  a  successful  resistance  without  Maitland's  troops, 
eight  hundred  in  number,  who  were  hourly  expected,  and  desired 
to  gain  time. 

We  left  d'Estaing  a  short  distance  from  town  on  the  16th.  His 
troops  had  hardly  halted  before  he  sent  a  pompous  demand  for 
the  immediate  surrender  of  the  town,  as  follows : 

*  Near  what  is  now  the  corner  of  Liberty  and  Bull  streets. 


CORRESPONDENCE  REGARDING  THE  SURRENDER.       53 

Count  d'Kstaing  summons  his  Excellency  General  Prevost  to  surrender  to 
the  arms  of  the  King  of  France.  He  apprises  him  that  he  will  be  personally 
responsible  for  all  the  events  and  misfortunes  that  may  arise  from  a  defence, 
which  by  the  superiority  of  the  force  that  attacks  him,  both  by  sea  and  land, 
is  rendered  manifestly  vain  and  of  no  effect. 

He  gives  notice  to  him  also,  that  any  resolution  he  may  venture  to  come  to, 
either  before  the  attack,  in  the  course  of  it,  or  at  the  moment  of  the  assault, 
of  setting  fire  to  the  shipping,  or  small  craft  belonging  to  the  army,  or  to  the 
merchants  in  the  river  of  Savannah,  as  well  as  to  all  the  magazines  in  the 
town,  will  be  imputable  to  him  only. 

The  situation  of  Hospital  hill  in  the  Grenadas,  the  strength  of  the  three 
intrenchments  and  stone  redoubts  which  defended  it,  and  the  comparative 
disposition  of  the  troops  before  the  town  of  Savannah,  with  a  single  detach 
ment  which  carried  the  Grenadas  by  assault,  should  be  a  lesson  to  futurity. 
Humanity  obliges  the  Count  d'Estaing  to  recall  this  event  to  his  memory; 
having  so  done,  he  has  nothing  to  reproach  himself  with. 

Lord  Macartney  had  the  good  fortune  to  escape  from  the  first  transport 
of  troops  who  entered  a  town  sword  in  hand,  but  notwithstanding  the  most 
valuable  effects  were  deposited  in  a  place  supposed  by  all  the  officers  and 
engineers  to  be  impregnable.  Count  d'Estaing  could  not  have  the  happiness 
of  preventing  their  being  pillaged.  ESTAING. 

Camp  before  Savannah,  the  16th  of  September,  1779. 

To  this  pompous  demand  General  Prevost  sent  the  following 
reply: 

CAMP  NEAR  SAVANWAH,  September  16,  1779. 

SIK:  I  am  just  now  honored  with  your  Excellency's  letter  of  this  date, 
containing  a  summons  for  me  to  surrender  this  town  to  the  arms  of  his 
Majesty  the  King  of  France;  which  I  had  just  delayed  to  answer  till  I  had 
shown  it  to  the  King's  civil  governor. 

I  hope  your  Excellency  will  have  a  better  opinion  of  me,  and  of  British 
troops,  than  to  think  either  will  surrender  on  general  summons,  without  any 
specific  terms. 

If  you,  Sir,  have  any  to  propose,  that  may  with  honor  be  accepted  of  by  me, 
you  can  mention  them,  both  with  regard  to  civil  and  military;  and  I  will 
then  give  my  answer.  In  the  meantime  I  will  promise,  upon  my  honor,  that 
nothing  with  my  consent  or  knowledge  shall  be  destroyed  in  either  this 
town  or  river. 

[Signed]  A.   PUKVOST. 

His  Excellency  Count  d'Estaing,  French  forces,  &c.,  &c. 

To  this  Count  d'Estaing  replied: 

CAMP  BKFORB  SAVANNAH,  September  16th,  1779. 

SIR:  I  have  just  received  your  Excellency's  answer  to  the  letter  I  had  the 
honor  of  writing  to  you  this  morning.  You  are  sensible  that  it  is  the  part 
of  the  besieged  to  propose  such  terms  as  they  may  desire ;  and  you  can  not 
doubt  of  the  satisfaction  I  shall  have  in  consenting  to  those  which  I  can 
accept  consistently  with  my  duty. 


54  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

I  am  informed  that  you  continue  intrenching  yourself.  It  is  a  matter  of 
very  little  importance  to  me ;  however,  for  form's  sake,  I  must  desire  that  you 
will  desist  during  our  conferences. 

The  different  columns  which  1  had  ordered  to  stop  will  continue  their 
march,  but  without  approaching  your  posts  or  reconnoitering  your  situation. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  respect,  Sir,  your  Excellency's  most  humble 
and  most  obedient  servant, 

[Signed]  ESTAING. 

His  Excellency  General  Prevost,  Major-General  iu  the  service  of  his  Britannic 

Majesty  and  Commander-in-Chief  at  Savannah,  in  Georgia. 

P.  S.— I  apprise  your  Excellency  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  refuse  the 
army  of  the  United  States  uniting  itself  with  that  of  the  king. 

The  junction  will  probably  be  effected  this  day.  If  I  have  not  an  answer, 
therefore,  immediately,  you  must  confer  in  future  with  General  Lincoln 
and  me. 

General  Prevost  replied: 

CAMP  NEAR  SAVANNAH,  September  16th,  1779. 

SIR:  I  am  honored  with  your  Excellency's  letter  in  reply  to  mine  of  this 
day. 

The  business  we  have  in  hand  being  of  importance,  there  being  various 
interests  to  discuss,  a  just  time  is  absolutely  necessary  to  deliberate.  1  asn, 
therefore,  to  propose,  that  a  suspension  of  hostilities  shall  take  place  for 
twenty-four  hours  from  this  date;  and  to  request  that  your  Excellency  will 
order  your  columns  to  fall  back  to  a  greater  distance  and  out  of  sight  of  our 
works,  or  I  shall  think  myself  under  the  necessity  to  direct  their  being  fired 
upon.  If  they  did  not  reconnoitre  anything  this  afternoon  they  were  sure 
within  the  distance. 

[Signed]  A.  PREVOST. 

His  Excellency  Count  d'Estaing,  &c.,  &c. 

Count  d'Estaing  replied  as  follows,  granting  the  request,  yet 
intimating  that  he  knew  the  cause  of  it : 

CAMP  BEFORE  SAVANNAH,  September  16th,  1779. 

SIR:  I  consent  to  the  truce  you  ask.  It  shall  continue  till  the  signal  for 
retreat  to-morrow  night,  the  17th,  which  will  serve  also  to  announce  the 
recommencement  of  hostilities.  It  is  unnecessary  to  observe  to  your  Excel 
lency  that  this  suspension  of  arms  is  entirely  in  your  favor,  since  I  can  not  be 
certain  that  you  will  not  make  use  of  it  to  fortify  yourself,  at  the  same  time 
that  the  propositions  you  shall  make  may  be  inadmissible. 

I  must  observe  to  you,  also,  how  important  it  is  that  you  should  be  fully 
aware  of  your  own  situation  as  well  as  that  of  the  troops  under  your  com 
mand.  Be  assured  that  I  am  thoroughly  acquainted  with  it.  Your  knowledge 
of  military  affairs  will  not  suffer  you  to  be  ignorant  that  a  due  examination 
of  that  circumstance  always  precedes  the  march  of  the  columns;  and  that 
this  preliminary  is  not  carried  into  execution  by  a  mere  show  of  troops. 

I  have  ordered  them  to  withdraw  before  night  comes  on,  to  prevent  any 
cause  of  complaint  on  your  part.  I  understand  that  my  civility  in  this  respect 


THE  BRITISH  REINFORCED  55 

has  been  the  occasion  that  the  Chevalier  de  Chambis,  a  lieutenant  in  the 
navy,  has  been  made  a  prisoner  of  war. 

I  propose  sending  out  some  small  advanced  posts  to-morrow  morning. 
They  will  place  themselves  in  such  a  situation  as  to  have  in  view  the  four 
entrances  into  the  wood,  in  order  to  prevent  a  similar  mistake  in  future.  I 
do  not  know  whether  two  columns,  commanded  by  the  Viscount  de  Noailles 
and  the  Count  de  Dillon,  have  shown  too  much  ardor,  or  whether  your 
cannoniers  have  not  paid  a  proper  respect  to  the  truce  subsisting  between  us ; 
but  this  I  know,  that  what  has  happened  this  night  is  a  proof  that  matters 
will  soon  come  to  a  decision  between  us  one  way  or  another. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  respect,  &c., 

[Signed]  ESTAING. 

His  Excellency  General  I'revost,  Major-General  in  the  service  of  his  Britannic 

Majesty  and  Comniander-in-Cbief  at  Savannah,  in  Georgia. 

The  whole  day  was  spent  in  the  interchange  of  these  notes, 
which  resulted  in  Prevost's  obtaining  the  time  he  so  much  desired. 
The  following  day  General  Lincoln  arrived  and  held  a  council  of 
war  with  d'Estaing,  who  informed  him  of  what  had  transpired. 
General  Lincoln  was  much  displeased  at  the  unseemly  haste  and, 
lack  of  courtesy  of  d'Estaing,  and  so  expressed  himself. 

During  the  interchange  of  notes  between  Prevost  and  d'Estaing 
Colonel  Maitland  was  making  all  speed  to  join  Prevost.  His  com 
mand,  in  small  vessels,  arrived  in  the  river,  during  a  dense  fog, 
early  on  the  17th.  The  French  squadron  lay  a  little  way  up  the 
river.  An  attempt  to  pass  them  would  only  have  caused  the 
destruction  or  capture  of  his  command,  and  Maitland  knew  not 
what  to  do.  Fortune  and  the  ignorance  of  the  commander  of  the 
French  fleet  favored  him.  A  negro  oystering  near  by  was  captured, 
and  in  response  to  interrogations  concerning  the  channel  informed 
Maitland  that  he  knew  of  a  way  of  reaching  Savannah  without 
passing  in  range  of  the  guns  of  the  fleet.  The  negro  was  pressed 
into  service  and  piloted  the  vessels  through  Wall's  cut*  into  the  river 
above  the  hostile  squadron.  A  few  more  moments  and  the  troops 
were  landed  upon  the  bluff  amid  the  cheers  of  the  garrison,  which 
now  numbered  twenty-eight  hundred  men.  There  were  now  one 
hundred  and  eighteen  guns,  including  field  pieces,  in  position,  the 
redoubts  were  in  order,  the  approaches  to  them  protected  by 
abattis,  and  a  sufficient  number  of  nicn  to  cope  with  the  enemy. 
Prevost  and  his  troops,  before  the  arrival  of  Maitland,  were 


*  In  1862  the  Confederates  failed  to  guard  this  cut.  The  Federal  gun-boats 
passed  through  into  the  river  and  cut  off  communication  between  Fort 
1'ulaski  and  the  city. 


'56  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

depressed,  believing  the  town  would  have  to  be  surrendered;  in 
Sxct,  the  incipient  measures  to  that  end  had  been  taken.  Now  all 
vrere  hopeful  and  the  commander  confident  that  he  could  make  a 
successful  resistance;  and  an  hour  after  receiving  the  reinforce 
ment  addressed  the  following  note  to  Count  d'Estaing: 

SAVANXAH,  September  17,  1779, 

ISiii:  In  answer  to  the  letter  of  your  Excellency,  which  I  had  the  honor  to 
receive  about  twelve  last  night,  I  am  to  acquaint  you  that,  having  laid  the 
whole  correspondence  before  the  King's  civil  governor  and  the  military 
«fficers  of  rank  assembled  in  council  of  war,  the  unanimous  determination 
lias  been  that,  though  we  can  not  look  upon  our  post  as  absolutely  inex- 
X»gnable,  yet  that  it  may  and  ought  to  be  defended;  therefore,  the  evening- 
^au  to  be  fired  this  evening  at  an  hour  before  sundown  shall  be  the  signal  for 
urecomniencing  hostilities,  agreeable  to  your  Excellency's  proposal. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be  A.  PKEVOST. 

The  turn  affairs  had  taken  was  entirely  unanticipated,  and  the 
Delation  it  occasioned  among  the  British  had  a  corresponding  depres 
sing  influence  among  the  allied  forces.  The  opportunity  for  taking 
the  town  by  assault,  which  could  have  been  easily  done  on  the  16th 
<c»r  early  on  the  17th,  had  passed.  A  siege  was  determined  upon. 
As  it  wras  not  anticipated  that  this  would  have  to  be  done  110 
preparations  had  been  made  for  it;  consequently,  considerable 
-delay  ensued  in  procuring  the  requisite  cannon,  mortars,  and 
ammunition  from  the  French  fleet. 

A  new  work  was  begun  by  the  British,  on  the  night  of  the  21st, 
in  front  of  the  New  barracks  for  six  and  nine-pounders.  The  walls 
of  the  barracks  were  also  pulled  down  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the 
ground  and  the  bricks  thrown  in  front  and  on  either  side.  These 
were  covered  with  sand  and  dirt  and  a  most  formidable  work 
joiade.  This  was  done  during  the  night.  The  besiegers,  who  had 
•  observed  the  building  up  to  the  night  before  and  pointed  it  out  as 
•.-A  good  mark  for  their  gunners,  were  much  surprised  the  next 
morning  not  to  see  any  trace  of  the  building  and  to  receive  a 
severe  fire  of  artillery  from  the  spot  where  it  stood  only  twelve 
hours  before. 

On  the  night  of  the  23d  both  the  American  and  French  armies 
broke  ground  together,  about  a  mile  from  the  enemy's  works,  the 
Americans  011  the  left.  On  the  night  of  the  24th  a  sap  was  pushed 
forward  to  within  three  hundred  yards  of  the  Spring  Hill  redoubt. 
At  nine  o'clock,  A.  M.,  on  the  25th,  Major  Graham,  of  the  16th 
regiment,  made  a  sortie  for  the  purpose  of  reconnoitering  the 


UNPARALLELED  ACT  OF  HEROISM.  57 

position  of  the  allies.  They  dashed  up  to  the  sap  and  momen 
tarily  had  possession  of  it.  The  French  immediately  dislodged 
the  British  and  pursued  them  so  ardently  that  they  unexpectedly 
rushed  under  the  guns  of  the  British  redoubts.  The  artillery  vras 
brought  into  play  and  the  French  fell  back  to  the  main  line,  with; 
a  loss  of  fifteen  killed  and  thirty-five  or  forty  wounded.  Thf? 
British  lost  seven  killed  and  fifteen  wounded. 

The  25th  and  26th  were  spent  in  harmless  canonading  and  picket 
firing.  At  night  on  the  27th  Major  Me  Arthur,  of  the  71st,  sallied 
out  to  a  small  advanced  work  of  the  French,  hoping  to  spike  sorae 
cannon.  He  was  discovered,  and  after  firing  a  few  rounds  retreated 
unperceived.  The  French  attempted  to  gain  his  left  and  tire- 
Americans  his  right  flank.  The  advance  of  each  party  met,  and 
each  thinking  the  other  the  British,  commenced  a  brisk  fire- 
About  fifty  lives  were  lost  before  the  mistake  was  discovered. 

On  the  28th  the  French  frigate  La  Trinitie  sailed  up  the  Back 
river  and  anchored  opposite  the  town.  Two  galleys  at  the  same 
time  moved  up  to  the  sunken  vessels  and  fired  upon  the  town, 
being  joined  by  the  frigate.  The  frigate  was  too  far  off,  and  her 
shots  did  no  execution.  The  fire  from  the  galleys  injured  several 
of  the  houses. 

General  Lachlan  Mclntosh  on  the  29th  solicited  and  obtained 
permission  from  General  Lincoln  to  send  a  flag-of-truce  to  General 
Prevost,  requesting  him  to  permit  Mrs.  Mclntosh  and  children, 
and  such  other  women  and  children  as  desired,  to  leave  town 
during  the  siege.  Major  Jones  bore  the  flag  and  found  Mrs, 
Mclntosh  and  children  in  a  cellar,  where  they  had  been  for  six 
days.  All  of  the  cellars  were  crowded  with  the  women  and  child 
ren.  General  Prevost,  imagining  that  by  retaining  the  women  and 
children  in  town  the  besiegers  would  be  restrained  from  throwing 
bombs  and  carcasses  into  it,  refused  to  allow  any  one  to  leave. 

During  the  night  of  the  first  of  October,  Colonel  John  White, 
with  Captains  George  Melvin  and  A.  G.  Elholm  and  three  soldiers, 
reconnoitred  the  position  of  Captain  French,  who,  with  five  vessels,, 
four  of  them  fully  armed,  had  attempted  to  sail  up  the  Savannah 
river  and  reinforce  Prevost,  but  the  presence  of  the  French  fleet 
prevented  and  he  sailed  up  the  Ogeechee,  intending  to  marck  his 
force  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  men  over  land.  Arriving  at  a 
point  about  twenty  miles  from  Savannah  he  ascertained  that  th« 
Americans  and  French  were  between  him  and  town.  He  concluded 
to  await  events  and  made  a  descent  on  shore,  posting  his  men  in 


58  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

an  advantageous  position,  which  was  further  protected  by  the 
vessels  which  were  stationed  so  that  they  could  aid  in  repelling  an 
attack.  Colonel  White  fully  reconnoitred  the  position  and  formed 
the  bold  plan  of  capturing  the  men  and  vessels  with  his  small  force 
of  five  men.  White  gives  an  account  of  the  affair  in  his  ' '  Histori 
cal  Collections  of  Georgia,"  from  which  we  extract  it: 

The  party  then  built  a  large  number  of  watch-fires  around  the  camp, 
placing  them  in  such  a  position  and  at  such  intervals  as  to  induce  Captain 
French  and  his  soldiers  to  believe  that  they  were  absolutely  surrounded  by 
a  large  force.  The  deception  was  kept  up  through  the  night  by  White  and 
his  companions,  marching  from  fire  to  fire  with  the  measured  tread  and  the 
loud  challenge  of  sentinels,  now  hailing  from  the  east  of  the  British  camp, 
and  then  shifting  rapidly  their  position  and  challenging  from  the  extreme 
west.  Nor  was  this  the  only  stratagem;  each  mounted  a  horse  and  rode  with 
haste  in  divers  directions,  imitating  the  manner  of  the  staff,  and  giving  orders 
with  a  loud  voice.  The  delusion  was  complete.  Captain  French  suffered 
himself  to  be  completely  trapped.  White  carried  his  daring  plan  forward  by 
dashing  boldly  and  alone  to  the  camp  of  the  British  and  demanding  a  con 
ference  with  French.  ''I  am  commander,  Sir,?:  he  said,  "of  the  American 
soldiers  m  your  vicinity.  If  you  will  surrender  at  once  to  my  force,  I  will 
see  to  it  that  no  injury  is  done  to  you  or  your  command.  If  you  decline  to  do 
this,  I  must  candidly  inform  you  that  the  feelings  of  my  troops  are  highly 
incensed  against  you,  and  I  can  by  no  means  be  responsible  for  any  conse 
quences  that  .may  ensue. "  French  thanked  him  for  his  humanity,  and  said, 
despondingly,  that  it  was  useless  to  contend  with  fate  or  with  the  large  force 
that  he  saw  was  around  him,  and  announced  his  willingness  to  surrender  his 
vessels,  his  arms,  his  men,  and  himself  to  Colonel  White.  At  this  instant 
Captain  Elholm  came  suddenly  dashing  up  at  full  speed,  and  saluting  White, 
inquired  of  him  where  he  should  place  the  artillery.  '•  Keep  them  back,  keep 
them  back,  Sir,"  answered  White,  :;the  British  have  surrendered.  Move 
your  men  off,  and  send  me  three  guides  to  conduct  them  to  the  American  post 
at  Sunbury. ''  The  three  guides  arrived.  The  five  vessels  were  burned,  and 
the  British,  urged  by  White  to  keep  clear  ot  his  men,  and  to  hasten  their 
departure  from  the  enraged  and  formidable  Americans,  pushed  on  with  great 
celerity,  whilst  White  retired  with  one  or  two  of  his  associates,  stating  that 
he  would  go  to  his  troops  in  the  rear  and  restrain  them.  He  now  employed 
himself  in  collecting  the  neighborhood  militia,  with  which  he  overtook  his 
guides  and  conducted  the  prisoners  in  safety  to  the  Sunbury  post. 

"The  extraordinary  address  of  White,"  says  General  Lee  in  his 
account  of  the  affair,  ' '  was  contrasted  by  the  extraordinary  folly  of 
Captain  French,  and  both  were  necessary  to  produce  this  wonderful 
issue.  The  affair  approaches  too  near  the  marvelous  to  have  been 
admitted  into  these  memoirs,  had  it  not  been  uniformly  asserted  as 
uniformly  accredited  and  never  contradicted." 

The  French  frigate  and  galleys  canonaded  the  left  of  the  enemy's 


NON-COMBATANTS  DETAINED  FN  TOWN.  59 

line  on  the  third,  which,  says  a  British  account,  ''had  no  other 
effect  than  to  point  out  where  to  make  traverses."  At  midnight 
of  the  same  day  the  batteries  of  the  allies  opened  fire  on  the 
town,  continuing  it  until  two  o'clock,  then  ceasing,  only  to  resume 
at  daybreak,  with  thirty-seven  guns  and  a  number  of  mortars  from 
the  land  side  and  sixteen  guns  from  the  frigate.  The  British 
batteries  responded,  and  the  canonading  was  kept  up  at  intervals 
throughout  the  day,  without  much  damage  to  the  soldiers  or  works 
of  either  army,  but  missiles  from  the  besiegers  killed  several 
women  and  children  and  three  or  four  negroes.  A  young  mother 
with  an  infant  in  her  arms  was  lying  on  the  bed  in  a  house  in  the 
central  part  of  the  town,  when  a  shell  passed  through,  in  its  course 
killing  both  mother  and  child. 

The  fifth  was  passed  in  comparative  quiet;  but  on  the  sixth  the 
besiegers  resumed  the  bombardment,  which  demolished  several 
houses  and  burnt  one.  At  eleven  o'clock  General  Prevost  sent  the 
following  request  to  Count  d'Estaing: 

CAMP  SAVANNAH,  October  6th,  1779. 

SIR:  I  am  persuaded  that  your  Excellency  will  do  me  justice;  and  that  in 
defending  this  place,  and  the  army  committed  to  my  charge,  I  fulfil  what  is 
due  to  honor  and  duty  to  my  prince.  Sentiments  of  a  different  kind  occasion 
the  liberty  of  now  addressing  myself  to  your  Excellency;  they  are  those  of 
humanity.  The  houses  of  Savannah  are  occupied  solely  by  women  and 
children.  Several  of  them  have  applied  to  me,  that  I  might  request  the  favor 
you  would  allow  them  to  embark  on  board  a  ship  or  ships,  and  go  down  the 
river  under  the  protection  of  yours,  until  this  business  is  decided.  If  this 
requisition  you  are  so  good  as  to  grant,  my  wife  and  children,  with  a  few 
servants,  shall  be  the  first  to  profit  by  this  indulgence. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  &c.,  kc.  A.  PREVOST. 

As  General  Prevost  had  refused  to  grant  a  similar  request  made 
by  the  allies  on  the  29th,  they  refused  to  accede  to  this  request, 
assigning  their  reasons  therefor  in  the  reply,  which  is  as  follows: 

CAMP  BEFORE  SAVANNAH,  October  6th,  1779. 

SIR:  We  are  persuaded  that  your  Excellency  knows  all  that  your  duty 
prescribes;  perhaps  your  zeal  has  already  interfered  with  your  judgment. 
The  Count  d'Estaing,  in  his  own  name,  notified  to  you  that  you  would  be 
personally  and  alone  responsible  for  the  consequences  of  your  obstinacy. 
The  time  which  you  informed  him.  in  the  commencement  of  the  siege,  would 
be  necessary  for  the  arrangement  of  articles,  including  the  different  orders  of 
men  in  your  town,  had  no  other  object  than  that  of  receiving  succor.  Such 
conduct,  Sir,  is  sufficient  to  forbid  every  intercourse  between  us  which  might 
occasion  the  least  loss  of  time.  Besides,  in  the  present  application,  latent 
reasons  may  again  exist.  There  are  military  ones,  which  in  frequent  instance* 


gO  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

bar v  prevented  the  indulgence  you  request.  It  is  with  regret  we  yield  to  the 
austerity  of  our  functions;  and  we  deplore  the  fate  of  those  persons  who  will 
be  the  victims  of  your  conduct  and  the  delusion  which  appears  to  prevail  in 
your  mind. 

We  are,  with  respect,  &c,,  &c., 

[Signed]  B    LINCOLN. 

ESTAIXG. 

There  was  no  cessation  of  hostilities  during  this  correspondence ; 
the  bombardment  was  continued  throughout  the  day,  also  on  the 
seventh  and  eighth,  neither  besiegers  nor  besieged  suffering  materi 
ally  from  it.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the  eighth,  Captain  1'Enfant 
with  five  men  rushed  up  under  a  heavy  fire  to  the  abattis  in  front 
of  the  British  works  and  attempted  to  burn  it,  but  failed,  owing  to 
the  greenness  of  the  wood  and  the  damp  air.  This  was  done  to 
remove,  if  possible,  these  obstructions  preparatory  to  an  assault 
which  had  been  determined  upon.  The  Spring  Hill  redoubt  was 
selected  as  the  point  to  be  attacked,  and  before  dawn  on  the  ninth 
as  the  time  for  the  assault.  On  the  8th  General  Lincoln  issued 
voMers  for  the  troops  to  be  supplied  with  forty  rounds  *of  anirnu- 
-jaition  and  to  parade  after  midnight.  Count  d'Estaing  was  to  lead 
Ithe  attack  with  the  French,  followed  by  Pulaski  with  his  legion, 
.which  was  ordered  to  penetrate  the  enemy's  line  between  the 
Spring  Hill  redoubt  and  the  next  toward  the  river,  then  pass  to 
lie  left  into  Yarnacraw  and  secure  all  parties  of  the  enemy  in  that 
quarter.  The  Americans  under  command  of  Colonel  Laurens  were 
to  follow  Pulaski.  Count  Dillon,  with  a  small  body  of  French,  was 
to  attack  on  the  left  of  the  Augusta  road.  Colonel  Huger  was  to 
proceed  around  to  the  enemy's  left  with  five  hundred  men  and 
make  an  attack  at  four  o'clock.  This  attack  was  only  intended  as 
a  feint.  Each  soldier  was  forbidden  to  fire  his  weapon  before  the 
•redoubt  was  carried ;  and  to  distinguish  them  from  the  enemy,  each 
-  was  ordered  to  wear  a  piece  of  white  paper  in  his  hat.  It  was  also 
'  ordered  .that  if  the  troops  were  repulsed  after  taking  the  Spring 
-Hill  redoubt  they  were  to  rally  in  rear  of  that  redoubt;  and  if 
.rejmlsed  before  taking  it,  to  rally  at  the  Jews'  burying-ground.  * 
TKe  allies  were  confident  of  success  and  impatiently  awaited  the 
./order  for  attack.  During  the  night  a  sergeant-major  of  the  Ameri- 

**  This  burying-ground  is  still  to  be  seen.  It  is  in  Robertsville,  about  six 
Sumtfred  yards  in  a  southwesterly  direction  from  the  Central  Railroad  shops. 
&«et  of  the  walls  are  torn  down.  Another  cemetery  has  been  established 
i*&out  twenty  paces  distant,  in  which  the  Hebrews  now  inter  their  dead. 


REPULSE  OF  THE  FRENCH  AND  AMERICANS.         Q-± 

«an  grenadiers  deserted  to  the  enemy,  carrying  a  copy  of  the  order 
for  the  attack.  General  Prevost  had  expected  an  attack,  but 
thought  it  would  be  made  upon  his  left,  which  was  more  easily 
approached  than  any  other  portion  of  his  line.  Acting  upon  this 
information  he  reinforced  the  right  of  his  line  and  assigned  Colonel 
Graham  to  command  there. 

Unaware  that  their  plan  of  attack  was  known  to  the  enemy  the 
allies  moved  forward  to  the  assault,  but  owing  to  the  darkness 
failed  to  reach  the  positions  assigned  them  until  daylight.  The 
British  were  on  the  alert,  and  as  soon  as  they  were  seen  opened 
a  heavy  fire  upon  them.  This  was  not  anticipated,  but,  nothing 
daunted,  the  French  pushed  forward,  followed  by  the  Americans 
on  the  left.  Both  parties  reached  the  redoubt  and  planted  their 
flags  upon  it,  but  in  a  few  moments  were  driven  away,  only  to 
press  forward  again.  The  2d  South  Carolina  was  foremost  in  the 
attack,  and  its  standard  was  planted  upon  the  work  by  Lieutenants 
Bush  and  Hume.  They  were  almost  instantly  killed,  and  the 
colors  fell  with  them  into  the  ditch.  Lieutenant  Gray  then  seized 
them  and  once  more  they  floated  from  the  works,  but  he,  too,  was 
shot  down.  At  his  fall  Sergeant  Jasper  rushed  forward  and  bore 
them  aloft,  but  human  endurance  could  not  withstand  the  terrific 
fire  of  the  British  and  the  Americans  retreated,  Sergeant  Jasper 
carrying  off  the  colors.*  Count  Dillon  lost  his  way  in  Musgrove 
swamp,  and  early  in  the  morning  found  himself  exposed  to  the 
fire  of  the  vessels  off  Musgrove  creek  and  the  redoubts  in  front. 
He  endeavored  to  advance,  but  was  speedily  driven  back.  Count 
d'Estaiiig  succeeded  in  effecting  a  lodgment  on  the  left  of  the 
Spring  Hill  redoubt,  but  being  wounded  twice  had  to  be  carried 
off  the  field  and  his  troops  were  thrown  into  disorder.  Count 
Pulaski  broke  through  the  lines,  as  ordered,  and  was  pushing  for 
ward,  when  he  heard  that  d'Estaing  was  wounded  and  both  the 


*  Sergeant  Jasper  greatly  distinguished  himself  during  the  bombardment  of 
Fort  Moultrie  by  the  British  fleet  some  time  previous.  Diiriug  the  hottest  part 
of  the  engagement  the  flag-staff  was  cut  in  two.  Jasper  caught  the  flag,  seized 
a  sponge-stan",  and,  tying  the  flag  to  it,  jumped  upon  the  ramparts  and  held  it 
there  until  a  new  staff  was  procured.  For  this  brave  act  he  was  offered  a  com 
mission,  but  modestly  refused  to  accept  it,  stating  that  he  could  neither  read 
nor  write,  and  therefore  did  not  deem  himself  worthy;  A  short  time  after,  his 
regiment  (the  2d  South  Carolina)  was  presented  with  a  stand  of  colors,  beauti 
fully  embroidered,  by  Mrs.  Elliott.  Jasper  received  them,  and  swore  to  protect 
them  with  his  life.  Governor  Rutledge  at  the  same  time  presented  him  with  u 
sword,  and  again  offered  him  a  commission,  which  he  again  refused. 
G 


£2  HISTORICAL  RECOltD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Americans  and  French  retreating.  He  left  his  command  with 
Colonel  Horry  and  galloped  to  the  front  of  the  retreating  troops 
and  bade  them  follow  him.  Animated  by  his  brave  example  and 
.-•cheering  words,  a  large  number  turned  and  again  advanced  to  the 
Spring  Hill  redoubt.  A  small  cannon-shot  struck  Pulaski  in  the 
groin  as  he  was  entering  the  redoubt,  and  he  fell  from  his  horse. 
This  discouraged  the  troops  and  they  retreated,  leaving  Pulaski 
on  the  field.  Hearing  of  this  a  large  number  of  his  legion  advanced 
through  the  terrible  fire  and  bore  him  to  the  rear.  The  British 
under  Major  Glasier  followed  the  allies,  but  their  retreat  was  so 
well  coyered  by  General  Lincoln  that  the  enemy  took  no  prisoners 
and  suffered  considerably  for  their  boldness.  Colonel  Huger  made 
the  feint  on  the  left  as  ordered.  The  enemy  were  prepared,  and 
received  him  with  music  and  musket  and  cannon  balls.  He  lost 
twenty-eight  men  and  retreated. 

The  allies  having  lost  a  large  number  in  killed  and  wounded 
were  disspirited,  and  were  glad  to  seek  shelter  behind  their  works, 
leaving  the  enemy  complete  masters  of  the  situation.  The  conflict 
begun  at  daybreak  and  was  over  by  nine  o'clock,  and  at  ten  Prevost 
was  requested  to  grant  a  truce  to  bury  the  dead  and  carry  off  the- 
wounded,  who  were  strewn  in  and  on  the  works,  in  the  ditch,  and 
in  front.  Prevost  granted  a  truce  of  four  hours,  stipulating  that 
only  those  some  distance  from  the  works  should  be  buried  or  cared 
for  by  their  friends.  Those  of  the  dead  near  were  buried  by  the 
British,  and  the  wounded,  one  hundred  and  eighteen  in  number, 
sent  over.  The  British  lost  over  one  hundred  men  during  the 
siege,  fifty-seven  of  whom  were  killed  during  the  assault.*  The 
combined  army  numbered  four  thousand  nine  hundred  and  fifty 
men,  and  lost  in  the  assault  eleven  hundred  men  killed  and  wound 
ed — six  hundred  and  forty  French  and  four  hundred  and  sixty 
Americans. 

This  bloody  repulse  disheartened  the  besiegers,  but  General 
Lincoln  still  desired  to  continue  the  siege.  In  this  he  was  opposed 
by  Count  d'Estaing,  who  feared  to  remain  longer  with  his  fleet, 
lest  it  should  suffer  from  the  autumnal  gales.  It  was  therefore 
determined  to  retreat.  A  bold  front  was  shown  the  enemy  while 
the  ordnance  and  stores  were  being  placed  on  the  ships;  and  a 


*  The  enemy  buried  their  dead  inside  of  the  redoubt.  In  1837  it  was  cut 
down  to  fill  up  a  place  where  the  Central  Railroad  depot  now  stands.  A  number 
of  articles  of  warfare  were  dug  up  and  are  now  in  the  pos.«essiou  of  citizens. 


DEATH  AND  BUKIAL  OF  COUNT  PULASKI.          £$ 

few  clays  after  the  assault  the  besiegers  disappeared,  the  Americans 
retreated  to  Ziibly's  ferry,  and  the  French  re-embarked  at  Caus- 
ton's  bluff.  The  fleet  sailed  from  Tybec  on  the  2d  of  November, 
encountering  a  heavy  gale,  which  dispersed  the  ships. 

Among  the  more  noted  personages  killed  and  wounded  during 
the  assault  were  Counts  d'Estaing  and  Pulaski,  Major-General 
d'Fontagnes,  Chevalier  d'Ernonville,  Colonel  John  White,  Majors 
Pierce  Butler  and  John  Jones,*  and  Sergeant  Jasper. 


COUNT  CASIMIR    PULASKI. 

Count  Pulaski  fell  about  the  spot  now  occupied  by  the  Central 
Railroad  depot.  He  was  bom  in  the  province  of  Lithuania,  Po 
land,  in  the  year  174G.  He  was  elected  leader  of  a  band  of 
patriots  confederated  together  to  relieve  their  native  land  from  the 
oppressive  rule  of  Russia.  Austrian  and  Prussian  troops  were  sent 
to  assist  the  Russian  forces  stationed  in  Poland.  Against  these 
overwhelming  odds  the  little  band  bravely  contended,  but  was 


Instantly  killed  by  a  canr.on-fihot  in  front  of  the  Spring  Hill  battery. 


£4-  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

overpowered  and  the  most  severe  punishments  inflicted  on' those 
captured.  Pulaski  and  other  noblemen  fled  to  France.  Here  he 
learned  of  the  struggle  of  the  Americans  for  independence,  and 
tendered  his  services,  which  were  accepted  by  Congress  and  the 
rank  of  Brigadier-General  conferred  upon  him.  Owing  to  the 
dissatisfaction  of  the  officers  under  him  he  resigned,  after  having 
distinguished  himself  in  several  engagements.  He  was  then  em 
powered  to  raise  a  legion,  which  was  soon  after  organized. 

The  Count,  after  his  removal  to  the  rear  and  the  extraction 
of  the  ball  from  his  groin,  was  placed  on  a  vessel  to  be  sent 
to  Charleston.  The  vessel  had  hardly  sailed  out  of  the  harbor 
before  he  died.  The  body  immediately  became  so  offensive  that 
the  captain  was  compelled  to  consign  it  to  the  depths  of  the  sea.* 
The  funeral  services  were  performed  in  Charleston,  where  the 
announcement  of  the  death  of  the  brave  Pole  caused,  as  it  did 
throughout  the  American  colonies,  the  most  intense  grief. 

Of  Sergeant  Jasper  there  is  much  of  interest  to  relate.  No 
braver  and  truer  soldier  died  for  the  cause  of  American  liberty. 
During  the  assault  upon  the  Spring  Hill  redoubt  he  was  conspicu 
ous  for  his  bravery  and  coolness.  Though  mortally  wounded,  he 
bore  off  the  flag  after  vainly  attempting  to  plant  it  inside  of  the 
redoubt.  After  the  engagement  Colonel  Horry  called  to  see  him 
and  found  his  life-blood  ebbing  fast.  He  wras  aware  of  his  con 
dition,  and  in  a  faint  voice  requested  the  Colonel  to  give  the 
sword  presented  by  Governor  Rutledge  to  his  father,  and  "tell 
him  that  I  have  worn  it  with  honor,  and  if  he  should  weep,  tell 
him  I  died  in  the  hope  of  a  better  life.  Tell  Mrs.  Elliott  I  lost  my 
life  supporting  the  colors  which  she  presented  to  our  regiment.  If 
you  should  ever  see  Jones,  his  wife,  and  son,  tell  them  Jasper  is 
gone,  but  that  the  remembrance  of  the  battlef  he  fought  for  them 
brought  a  secret  joy  to  his  heart  when  it  was  about  to  stop  its 
motion  forever."  He  died  a  few  moments  after. 


*  There  is  great  diversity  of  opinion  in  this  regard,  some  asserting  that  he  was 
buried  at  Greenwich,  three  miles  from  Savannah,  and  others  on  an  island 
between  here  and  Charleston.  Captain  Bentalou,  an  officer  of  Pulaski's  staff, 
who  was  also  wounded  and  on  board  of  the  vessel,  wrote  an  account  stating  that 
Pulaski  died  on  board  and  his  body  was  thrown  into  the  water  because  of  its 
offensiveness,  and  in  absence  of  other  authority  this  must  be  accepted  as  correct. 

I  An  account  of  the  affair  alluded  to  will  be  found  under  the  head  of  Jasper 
Spring. 


RIOTOUS  NEGROES. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Appearance  of  the  Town  after  the  Siege  —  Riotous  Negroes  —  Skirmisher 
around  the  Town —  An  American  Dragoon  Killed —  He  is  scalped,  stripped, 
his  body  dragged  through  the  streels,  and  interment  refused  —  Surrender 
of  the  Town  by  the  British  —  Revival  of  Business  —  Organization  of  the 
Chatham  Artillery  —  Burial  of  Major-General  Greene  —  Shipment  of  the 
first  Bale  of  Cotton  —  Incorporation  of  Savannah  as  a  City  —  VMt  of 
General  Washington  —  His  Account  of  his  Visit  and  Description  of  the 
City  —  Destructive  Fire  iu  1796  —  Census  of  the  City  in  1798  —  Visit  of 
Vice-President  Aaron  Burr  —  Terrific  Gale  in  1804  —  Savannah  during  the 
War  of  1812  —  Capture  of  the  British  Brig-of-war  Epervier. 

There  were  about  four  hundred  houses  in  Savannah  at  the  time 
ot  the  siege  *  and  about  seven  hundred  and  fifty  inhabitants.  A 
large  number  of  the  males  were  absent  in  the  American  army,  and 
a  great  many  families  had  fled  the  town  to  avoid  the  persecutions 
of  the  British.  The  batteries  of  the  allies  threw  over  a  thousand 
shot  and  shell  into  the  town,  by  which  four  houses  were  burned, 
several  demolished,  and  a  large  number  injured.  The  churches 
and  public  buildings  had  been  used  for  hospitals  and  storehouses, 
and  were  not  fit  to  be  used  for  their  original  purposes.  Governor 
Wright,  who  had  made  his  appearance  after  the  capture  of  the 
town  in  1778,  endeavored  to  restore  it  to  its  former  condition; 
which  he  partially  accomplished  before  its  evacuation  by  the 
British  forces.  While  the  town  was  made  an  object  of  care  and 
solicitude  the  inhabitants  were  not  thought  of,  except  as  objects 
to  impose  fresh  persecutions  upon.  Beside  the  petty  tyrannies 
of  the  enemy  the  inhabitants  had  to  bear  the  insolence  of  the 
negroes,  who  had  first  been  employed  by  the  enemy  as  laborers 
and  then  armed.  This  made  them  bold  and  overbearing;  the 
females  were  insulted,  and  robbery  and  deeds  of  violence  were 
committed.  The  people  petitioned  and  petitioned^Governor  Wright 
to  check  the  negroes;  but  his  majesty  allowed  it  to  continue  until 
it  became  so  intolerable,  not  only  to  the  citizens  but  to  the  British 
officers  and  soldiers  also,  that  he  was  compelled  to  check  them, 
and  then  found  it  a  difficult  matter. 

*  One  hundred  and  sixty  houses  were  so  much  injured  by  the  soldiers  and 
negroes,  who  had  used  them  as  quarters  during  the  siege,  as  to  be  uninhabitable. 
6* 


gg  HISTORICAL  RECORD  Of  SAVANNAH. 

Although  the  British  were  left  in  possession  of  the  town  they 
did  not  feel  secure.  They  were  kept  constantly  on  the  alert  by 
small  parties  of  Americans,  who  would  dash  up  within  view  of  their 
fortifications,  capture  all  stragglers,  pickets,  and  supplies,  and  be- 
miles  away  before  pursuit  could  be  given.  Among  these  detach 
ments,  the  one  under  Captain  John  Bilbo  *  was  the  most  rioted. 
This  petty  warfare  was  continued  near  the  town  until  early  in  1782. 
Then  General  Wayne,  with  a  small  force  of  cavalry  and  artillery, 
was  sent  to  the  vicinity  and  operations  were  conducted  on  a  larger 
scale,  the  enemy  were  kept  close  within  the  limits  of  the  town, 
the  provisions  in  the  vicinity  were  destroyed,  and  when  a  sortie 
was  made  to  interrupt  the  operations  of  the  Americans  the  sally 
ing  party  was  made  to  suffer  terribly.  The  British  had  some 
Indians  with  them,  and  on  one  occasion  an  American  dragoon  was 
shot  by  them  while  charging  with  his  troop  near  the  batteries. 
General  Wayne  gives  an  account  of  the  affair  under  date  of  the 
20th  of  March,  1782,  which  says: 

When  the  enemy  retreated  they  bore  off  the  scalp  of  the  dragoon,  with  which 
they  paraded  the  streets  of  Savannah,  headed  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  anJ. 
other  British  officers,  who  gave  an  entertainment  to  the  iudiaus  and  had  a 
dance  on  the  occasion.  Nor  did  their  barbarity  rest  here;  they  mangled  and 
disfigured  the  dead  body  in  a  manner  that  none  but  wretches  inured  in  acts 
of  cruelty  would  possibly  be  capable  of,  and  ordered  it  to  remain  unburied ;  but 
the  Ethiopians,  more  humanized,  stole  it  away  and  deposited  it  into  the  ground, 
for  the  commission  of  which  crime  a  reward  of  five  guineas  is  offered  for  the 
discovery  of  any  person  or  persons  concerned  in  that  act  of  humanity. 

On  the  1st  of  July,  1782,  General  Wayne  received,  under  a  flag 
of  truce,  a  deputation  from  the  merchants  of  Savannah,  who 
informed  him  that  General  Clarke,  commandant  of  the  town,  daily 
expected  orders  to  evacuate  it,  and  they  desired  to  ascertain  upon 
what  conditions  the  British  subjects  would  be  permitted  to  remain 
should  that  happen.  General  Wayne  stated  that  he  would  give  an 
answer  the  next  day.  He  held  a  conference  with  Governor  Martin, 
and  when  the  deputation  was  presented  he  assured  them  that  the 
persons  and  property  of  such  as  chose  to  remain  in  Savannah 
after  it  should  be  evacuated  would  be  protected,  and  a  reasonable 


*  Captain  Bilbo's  party,  while  attacking  a  party  of  the  enemy  a  few  miles  from 
Savannah,  was  fired  tipon  from  a  house,  by  which  the  captain  was  wounded. 
He  was  captured  and  brought  to  town,  and  died  on  the  8th  of  May,  1780.  His 
death  resulted  from  rough  usage  and  neglect. 


EVACUATION  OF  SAVANNAH.  (J7 

time  would  be  allowed  them  to  dispose  of  their  property  and 
settle  their  pecuniary  affairs  in  the  State,  but  that  such  men  a^ 
had  committed  murder  or  other  atrocious  offences  would  be  liable 
to  be  tried  and  punished  according  to  the  laws  of  the  State.  The 
deputation  returned  to  town  and  communicated  the  reply  to  the 
inhabitants,  who  the  next  day  appointed  another  deputation,  with 
instructions  to  enter  into  definite  terms  and  conditions  and  have 
them  reduced  to  writing,  which  was  accordingly  done.  Major 
John  Habersham,  a  native  of  Savannah  and  an  officer  of  the 
Georgia  line,  conducted  the  negotiations,  which  were  satisfactory 
:to  both  parties,  especially  to  the  British  merchants,  a  number 
of  whom  decided  to  remain.  The  orders  for  the  evacuation  of  the 
town  came,  and  preparations  were  made  to  leave  on  the  llth 
of  July  and  to  surrender  the  town  to  the  Americans  the  same  day. 
By  two  o'clock  on  that  day  the  British  troops,  twelve  hundred  in 
number,  five  hundred  women  and  children,  three  hundred  Indians, 
five  thousand  negroes,  and  such  other  "plunder"  as  could  be 
collected  were  on  board  of  the  vessels.*  Two  hours  thereafter 
General  Wayne  issued  the  following  order: 

HEADQUARTERS,  SAVANNAH,  llth  July,  1782. 

The  light  infantry  company  under  Captain  Parker  to  take  post  in  the  centra 
•work  in  front  of  the  town,  placing  sentinels  at  the  respective  gateways  and 
sallyports,  to  prevent  any  person  or  persons  going  or  entering  the  lines  without 
written  permits,  until  further  orders. 

No  insults  or  depredations  to  be  committed  upon  the  persons  or  property  of 
.the  inhabitants  on  any  pretext  whatever;  the  civil  authorities  only  will  take 
'cognizance  of  the  criminals  or  defaulters  belonging  to  the  State,  if  any  there 
be.t  The  merchants  and  traders  are  immediately  to  take  out  an  exact  and  true 
invoice  of  all  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  of  every  species,  dry,  wet,  or  hard, 
respectively  belonging  to  them,  or  in  their  possession,  with  the  original  invoices, 
to  the  commissary,  who  will  select  such  articles  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  army 
and  the  public  uses  of  the  State,  for  which  a  reasonable  profit  will  be  allowed: 
no  goods  or  merchandise  of  any  kind  whatsoever  to  be  removed,  secreted,  sold, 
or  disposed  of  until  the  public  and  army  arc  first  served;  which  will  be  as  soon 
as  possible  after  the  receipt  of  the  invoices,  &c. 

N.  B.  Orders  will  be  left  with  Captain  Parker  for  the  immediate  admission  of 
the  Honorable  Executive  Council  and  the  Honorable  members  of  the  Legislature, 
with  their  officers  and  attendants. 

A  committee  of  British  officers  notified  General  Wayne  that  they 


*  The  slaves  were  taken  from  the  Georgia  plantations. 

t  All  of  that  class  took  care  to  get  aboard  of  the  British  ships,  and  thus 
pscaped  the  punishment  they  richly  deserved. 


(Jg  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

were  prepared  to  deliver  up  the  keys,  and  formally  surrendered  the 
town.  Colonel  James  Jackson,  who  had  distinguished  himself 
during  the  advance  of  the  Americans  and  in  the  frequent  skirmishes 
about  the  town,  was  selected  by  General  Wayne  to  receive  the 
surrender.  That  evening  the  American  troops  were  paraded  and 
marched  to  the  principal  gate,  where  the  British  officers  stood  with 
the  keys.  Colonel  Jackson  received  them,  and  Savannah,  which 
for  three  years  six  months  and  thirteen  days  had  been  under 
British  rule,  was  free  and  in  the  possession  of  her  own  citizens.  In 
the  evening  the  British  fleet  sailed  for  England. 

Three  weeks  after,  in  pur 
suance  of  a  call  by  Governor 
Martin  for  a  special  session, 
the  State  Legislature  met  in 
Savannah,  in  the  house  of 
General  Lachlan  Mclutosh, 
situated  011  the  north  side  of 

VlT.i 'IftMPiHIflHM'i*)      South  Broad,  third  door  east 

of  Dray  ton  street. 

Soon  after  the  evacuation 
all  hostilities  ceased  between 
this  and  the  mother  country. 
>SH-    The  people  went  to  work  to 

repair  the  ravages  of  war.  In  Savannah  the  work  was  difficult — 
more  so  than  elsewhere;  the  stringent  rules  of  the  British  had 
prevented  the  citizens  who  remained  in  town  from  conducting 
business,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  three  fourths  of  the  business 
houses  were  owned  and  controlled  by  others  than  natives  of  the 
town  or  of  the  United  States— persons  that  were  not  trusted  and 
who  threw  every  obstacle  in  the  way  of  all  new  business  enter 
prises.  Indomitable  energy,  at  last,  conquered;  old  firms  were 
re-established,  new  ones  organized,  and  a  brisk  trade  was  com 
menced  with  the  neighboring  ports.  The  public  and  private  build 
ings  were  repaired,  the  streets  and  squares  cleared  of  the  debris  of 
war,  and  the  town  assumed  the  beautiful  and  cleanly  appearance  ii. 
possessed  in  the  "  good  old  colony  times." 

On  May  1st,  1780,  the  Chatham  Artillery  was  organized,  and  on 
the  20th  of  June  following  was  called  upon  to  pay  the  soldier's 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  Major-General  Nathaniel  Greene.  This 
officer  won  undying  fame  in  the  Southern  campaigns,  and  as 
.a  mark  of  appreciation  of  his  services  the  Georgia  Legislature 


VISIT  OF  GENERAL  WASHINGTON!  fig 

granted  him  a  large  tract  of  laud  near  Savannah.  He  settled  upon 
this  tract  in  1783,  and  frequently  visited  town.  On  the  12th  and 
13th  days  of  June,  1786,  he  was  in  Savannah  and  returned  home 
on  the  14th,  on  which  day  he  was  stricken  down  by  an  attack  of 
coup  de  solid,  and  died  on  the  19th.  His  remains  were  brought 
to  Savannah  the  next  day  and  interred  with  military  honors  in  the1 
old  burying-ground  on  South  Broad  street.  The  procession,  civic 
and  military,  was  formed  on  the  Bay  and  escorted  the  remains. 
The  Chatham  Artillery  was  in  front  firing  minute-guns  and  advanc 
ing,  and  also  fired  a  salute  of  thirteen  guns  at  the  grave.  * 

The  first  bale  of  cotton  exported  from  Georgia  was  shipped  from 
Savannah  in  1788  by  Thomas  Miller.  Mr.  Miller  was  for  a  long 
time  the  only  purchaser  of  cotton  in  Savannah.  He  bought  it  in 
parcels  of  from  twenty-five  to  one  hundred  pounds,  and  assorted 
and  packed  it  with  his  own  hands.  His  exclusive  and  earnest 
attention  to  this  branch  of  business  earned  for  him  the  sobriquet, 
"Cotton"  Miller. 

Savannah  was  made  a  city  by  act  of  legislature  in  December, 
1789,  and  the  following  year  the  first  Mayor,  John  Houston,  was 
elected. 

May  of  the  year  after  was  made  memorable  by  the  visit  of 
Washington  to  Savannah.  The  Georgia  Gazette  of  the  19th  devotes 
its  entire  space  to  an  account  of  the  visit,  and  says  the  President, 
with  his  committee,  his  Secretary,  Majors  Jackson  and  Butler,  Gen. 
Wayne,  and  Mr.  Baillie  embarked  at  Purysburgh  between  ten  and 
eleven  o'clock  on  the  12th  of  May,  and  were  rowed  down  the  river 
by  nine  American  captains,  viz :  Captains  Putnam,  Courtier,  Rice, 
Fisher,  Huntingdon,  Kershaw,  Swain,  Mclntire,  and  Morrison,  who 
were  dressed  in  light  blue  silk  jackets,  black  satin  breeches,  white 
silk  stockings,  and  round  hats  with  black  ribbons,  bearing  the 
words  "LONG  LIVE  THE  PRESIDENT"  in  letters  of  gold.  Ten  miles 
above  the  city  the  President  and  his  escort  were  met  by  a  large 
number  of  gentlemen  in  boats,  and  as  the  President  passed  by  them 
a  band  played  the  celebrated  song  "He  comes,  the  Hero  comes," 
accompanied  with  several  voices.  On  his  approach  to  the  city  the 
' '  concourse  on  the  bluff  and  the  -crowds  which  had  pressed  into 
the  vessels  evinced  the  general  joy  which  had  been  inspired  by  the 
visit  of  this  most  beloved  of  men  and  the  ardent  desire  of  all  ranks 


*  The  vault  in  which  the  remains  were  placed  was  not  designated  at  the  time 
of  interment.    A  search  was  made  for  them  in  1820,  but  they  could  not  be  found- 


70 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 


and  conditions  of  people  to  be  gratified  at  his  presence."  He  wa*' 
received  at  the  landing  by  General  Jackson  and  Colonel  Guiiii, 
who  introduced  him  to  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen.  A  procession 
was  then  formed  and  the  guests  were  escorted  to  the  quarters- 
provided  for  them  on  St.  James  square.  At  six  o'clock  the  Presi 
dent  and  suite  dined  at  Brown's  coffee-house,  on  the  site  now 
occupied  by  -Stoddard's  lower  range,  at  which  were  present  the 
Mayor  of  the  city,  President  of  the  Cincinnati,  *  the  Judges  of  tlie 
Superior  courts  of  the  State  and  Inferior  courts  of  tho  county,, 
clergy,  members  of  the  legislature,  members  of  the  Cincinnati, 
field  officers  of  the  militia,  president  of  the  Union  society,  and  the 
Recorder  and  Treasurer  of  the  city.  The  city  was  illuminated  at, 
night.  Alderman  Scheuber's  house  was  brilliantly  illuminated', 
"shewing  no  less  than  three  hundred  lights,  arranged  in  a  beautiful 
symmetry,  with  fifteen  lights  contained  in  the  form  of  a  W  in. 
front." 

On  the  13th  the  President  partook  of  a  dinner  tendered  by  the 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati.  A  ball  was  given  in  the  long  room  of 
the  filature  at  night.  At  half-past  eight  o'clock  the  President 
honored  the  company  with  his  presence,  and  was  personally  intro 
duced  by  one  of  the  managers  to  ninety-six  ladies,  who  were 
"  elegantly  dressed,  some  of  whom  displayed  infinite  taste  in  the 
emblems  and  devices  on  their  sashes  and  head-dresses,  out  of 
respect  to  the  happy  occasion.  After  a  few  minuets  were  moved 
and  one  country  dance  led  down,  the  President  and  his  suite 
retired,  about  eleven  o'clock.  At  two  o'clock  the  supper-room  was* 
opened  and  the  ladies  partook  of  a  repast,  after  which  dancing 
continued  until  three  o'clock." 

On  Saturday  the  President  visited  the  old  fortifications,  and  after 
ward  partook  of  a  dinner  under  an  arbor  with  over  two  hundred 
citizens.  The  Chatham  Artillery  fired  a  gun  between  each  toast 
offered,  the  last  one  of  which,  proposed  by  Washington,  was 
••The  present  dexterous  corps  of  artillery."!  In  the  evening  there 
was  a  handsome  exhibition  of  fireworks,  and  "the  amusements, 
of  this  day  of  joy  and  festivity  were  crowned  with  a  concert." 


51  The  Cincinnati  society  was  composed  of  officers  of  the  American  army. 

t  The  President,  soon  after  his  visit,  sent  two  brass  six  pounders  as  a  present 
to  the  Chatham  Artillery.  These  were  used  by  the  company  until  the  late  war. 
The  frequent  salutes  fired  by  the  battery  rendered  them  unserviceable,  and 
during  the  war  they  were  buried.  They  will  in  time  be  exhumed  and  mingle 
their  brazen  voices  upon  occasions  of  joy  which  will  mark  the  future  history 
of  Savannah. 


WASHINGTON'S  DESCRIPTION  OF  SAVANNAH.  7^ 

On  Sunday  morning  the  President  attended  divine  service  in 
Christ  church  and  soon  after  set  out  on  his  way  to  Augusta.  On 
taking  his  leave  of  the  Mayor  and  committee  of  the  citizens  he 
' '  politely  expressed  his  sense  of  the  attention  shewn  him  by  the 
corporation  and  every  denomination  of  people  during  his  stay  in 
Savannah." 

The  account  in  the  Gazette  concludes  with  copies  of  the  addresses 
presented  to  him  and  his  replies  to  them.  The  committee,  General 
Lachlan  Mclntosh,  Colonels  Noble  Wimberly  Jones  and  Joseph 
Habersham,  and  Messrs.  John  Houston  and  Joseph  Clay,  that  met 
him  at  Purysburgh,  T.  H.  Gibbons  (Mayor),  in  behalf  of  himself 
and  aldermen,  George  Houston,  Masonic  Grand  Master  of  the  State 
of  Georgia,  and  General  Anthony  Wayne,  president  of  the  Cincin 
nati  society,  presented  him  with  an  address  each.  In  reply  to  that 
of  the  committee,  he  concludes :  ' '  That  the  city  of  Savannah 
may  largely  partake  of  every  public  benefit  which  our  free  and 
equal  government  can  dispense,  and  that  the  happiness  of  its 
vicinity  may  reply  to  the  best  wishes  of  its  inhabitants,  is  my 
sincere  prayer." 

Washington  kept  a  diary  *  during  his  trip.  The  following  is 
his  account  verbatim  et  liicratem  of  his  reception  in  Savannah  and 
his  opinion  of  the  city: 

At  that  place  (Purysburgh;  12th  of  May)  I  was  met  by  Messrs  Jones,  Col. 
Habersham,  Mr.  John  Houston,  Genl.  Mclntosh  and  Mr.  Clay,  a  comee.  from  the 
•city  of  Savanna  to  conduct  me  thither.  Boats  were  also  ordered  there  by  them 
for  my  accommodation,  amon  which  a  handsome  8  oared  barge  rowed  by  8 
American  Captns.  attended.  In  my  way  down  the  River  I  called  upon  Mrs. 
Green,  the  widow  of  the  deceased  Geul.  Green  (at  a  place  called  Mulberry  Grove) 
~Si  asked  her  how  she  did.  At  this  place  (2  miles  from  Purysburgh)  my  horses  and 
Carriages  were  landed,  and  had  12  miles  farther  by  Land  to  Savanna.  The  wind 
and  tide  being  both  agst.  us,  it  was  6  o'clock  before  we  reached  the  City,  where 
were  received  under  every  demonstration  that  could  be  given  of  Joy  &  respect. 
We  were  Seven  hoxirs  making  the  passage  which  is  often  pel-formed  in  4  tho  the 
computed  distance  is  25  miles— Illums.  at  night. 

I  was  conducted  by  the  Mayor  &  Wardens  to  very  good  lodging  which  had 
been  provided  for  the  occasion,  and  partook  of  a  public  dinner  given  by  the 
•Citizens  at  the  Coft'ee  Room.  At  Purisburgh  I  parted  with  Gen.  Moultree. 

Friday,  13th — Dined  with  the  Members  of  the  Cincinnati  at  a  public  dinner 
given  at  the  same  place— and  in  the  evening  went  to  a  dancing  Assembly 
at  which  there  was  about  100  well  dressed  &  handsome  ladies. 

Saturday  14th.     A  little  after  6  o'clock,  in  Company  with  Genl.  Mclutosh,  Genl 


*  Mr.   Benson  J.  Leasing  has  recently  published  his  diaries  in  book  form, 
.entitled  "  Washington's  Private  Diaries,"  from  which  this  account  is  taken. 


2  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 


Wayne,  the  Mayor,  and  many  others  (principal  Gentlemen  of  the  City)  I  visited 
the  City,  and  the  attack  and  defence  of  it  in  the  year  1779,  iinder  the  combined 
forces  of  France  and  the  United  States,  commanded  by  Count  de  Estaing  & 
Gen.  Lincoln. — To  form  an  opinion  of  the  attack  at  this  distance  of  time,  and 
the  change  which  has  taken  place  in  the  appearance  of  the  ground  by  the 
cutting  away  of  the  woods,  &c.  is  hardly  to  be  done  with  Justice  to  the  subject; 
especially  as  there  is  remaining  scarcely  any  of  the  defences. 

Dined  to  day  with  a  number  of  the  Citizens  (not  less  than  200)  in  an  elegant 
bower  erected  for  the  occasion  on  the  Bank  of  the  River  below  the  Town.  lu 
the  evening  there  was  a  tolerable  good  display  of  fireworks. 

Sunday  15th — After  morning  service,  and  receiving  a  number  of  visits  from 
the  most  respectable  ladies  of  the  place  (as  was  the  case  yesterday)  I  set  out  for 
Augusta,  Escorted  beyd.  the  limits  of  the  City  by  most  of  the  Gentlemen  in  it, 
and  dining  at  Mulberry  Grove  the  seat  of  Mrs.  Green — lodged  at  one  Spencers — 
distant  15  miles. 

Savanna  stands  upon  what  may  be  called  high  ground  for  this  Country— It  is 
extremely  sandy  wch.  makes  the  walking  very  disagreeable;  and  the  houses 
very  uncomfortable  in  warm  and  windy  weather,  as  they  are  filled  with  dust 
whenever  these  happen.  The  Town  on  3  sides  is  surrounded  with  cultivated 
Rice  fields  which  have  a  rich  and  luxuriant  appearance.  On  the  4th  or  backside- 
it  is  a  fine  sand.  The  harbour  is  said  to  be  very  good  &  often  filled  with  square 
rigged  vessels,  but  there  is  a  bar  below  over  which  not  more  than  12  water 
can  be  brot.  except  at  sprg  tides.  The  tide  does  not  flow  above  12  or  14  miles 
above  the  City  though  the  river  is  swelled  by  it  more  than  double  that  distance. 
Rice  and  Tobacco  (the  last  of  wch,  is  greatly  increasing)  are  the  principal 
Exports.  Lumber  and  Indigo  are  also  Exported,  but  the  latter  is  on  the  decline, 
and  it  is  supposed  by  Hemp  and  Cotton. — Ship  timber,  viz :  live  oak  <fc  cedar, 
is  (and  may  be  more  so)  valuable  in  the  exptn. 

At  the  time  of  Washington's  visit  there  were  no  houses  beyond 
South  Broad  street,  and  only  five  upon  that  street,  all  being  on  the 
north  side.  The  city  limits  on  the  east  was  Lincoln  street,  and  011 
the  west  Jefferson  street,  although  there  were  a  number  of  houses 
west  of  the  latter-named  street.  Of  the  five  houses  then  stand 
ing  on  South  Broad  street  four  remain,  viz:  "Eppinger's  house,"* 
on  the  northeast  corner  of  Jefferson  street,  now  occupied  by  Mr.  S. 
Davis;  the  old  frame  house  between  Barnard  and  Jefferson;  the 
frame  house  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Whi taker;  and  the  old 
brick  house  the  third  door  east  of  Drayton  street,  now  occupied  by 


*  There  is  a  record  showing  that  Eppinger  built  this  house  previous  to  the 
year  1747.  He  used  it  as  a  public  house,  and  at  his  death  his  sou  occupied  it  as 
a  residence,  and  opened  a  public  house  in  the  old  brick  house  on  South  Broad 
street — the  oldest  brick  hoiise  in  Savannah.  The  room  in  which  the  State- 
legislature  met  previous  to  the  removal  of  the  capitol  of  the  State  to  Augiista 
was  known  as  "Eppinger's  Long  Room,"  in  which  balls  and  public  meetings 
were  held  during  the  week  and  religious  services  on  Sunday. 


TERRIFIC  GALE  IN  1804.  73 

Mr.  John  B.  llobiuson;  the  fifth  house  stood  where  a  brick  house 
has  just  been  completed,  between  Drayton  and  Abercorn  streets. 

The  fine  and  nourishing  prospects  of  this  rapidly  growing  com 
mercial  city,  which  had  just  fully  emerged  from  the  ruinous  effects 
of  the  late  war,  were  totally  suspended  by  a  destructive  fire  on  the 
26th  of  November,  1796,  which  destroyed  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
nine  buildings,  exclusive  of  out-houses,  causing  a  loss  of  more 
than  a  million  of  dollars.  It  broke  out  in  a  bake-shop  near  the 
market  and  swept  in  every  direction — some  families  having  to 
move  their  furniture  seven  different  times  to  avoid  the  flames. 
Hundreds  of  families  were  rendered  houseless  and  hundreds  thrown 
out  of  employment.  The  suffering  and  distress  was  great,  not 
withstanding  the  generous  donations  of  money  and  provisions 
from  all  parts  of  the  State.  The  people,  with  that  energy  which 
has  ever  characterized  them,  strove  to  retrieve  their  losses,  meeting 
with  that  success  which  always  attends  well-directed  exertion. 

A  census  of  the  city  was  taken  in  1798,  and  it  was  ascertained 
that  there  were  6,226  inhabitants,  237  of  them  negroes;  618  dwell 
ing-houses,  415  kitchens,  228  out-houses,  stores,  and  shops. 

Vice-President  Aaron  Biirr  visited  the  city  on  the  20th  of  May, 
1802,  coming  from  Augusta.  As  he  approached  he  was  saluted  by 
the  Chatham  Artillery,  posted  on  Spring  hill,  and  was  escorted 
into  Savannah  by  the  Chatham  Rangers  and  Savannah  Volunteer 
Guards.  He  remained  three  or  four  days;  but  very  little  attention 
was  paid  him — no  more  than  the  formal  ceremonies  his  position 
called  for.  The  paper  of  that  day  (the  Georgia  Gazette)  devotes 
only  fifteen  lines  to  an  account  of  the  visit,  and  does  not  mention 
his  name. 

On  the  8th  of  September,  1804,  a  storm  raged  with  destructive 
fury  from  9  A.  M.  to  10  p.  M.  None  of  the  inhabitants  dared  to 
venture  out,  excepting  those  who  had  to  flee  to  avoid  being  crushed 
in  the  ruins  of  their  own  houses.  The  river  rose  above  the  wharves, 
and  covered  Hutchinson's  island  and  the  rice-plantations  around 
the  city.  The  Gazette  says  the  people  who  had  been  kept  in  the 
house  the  day  before,  their  fancies  depicting  a  most  woeful  scene, 
found,  the  next  morning,  that  busy  fancy,  ever  prone  to  exaggerate, 
had  formed  but  an  imperfect  picture  of  the  dreadful  scene  of  havoc 
and  destruction.  A  large  number  of  trees  in  every  part  of  the 
city  were  blown  down,  and  also  several  houses,  the  steeple  of 
the  Presbyterian  meeting-house,  and  part  of  the  walls  of  the 
Episcopal  (Christ)  church.  The  wharves  from  one  end  of  the 


7J;  HISTORICAL  EEC01SD  OF  SAVAXXAH. 

city  to  the  other  were  torn  up,  and  many  storehouses  erected  at 
the  foot  of  the  bluff  were  either  totally  destroyed  or  so  much  torn 
to  pieces  as  to  render  valueless  everything  within  them.  Every 
rcssel  in  the  harbor  was  thrown  upon  the  wharves,  except  such  as 
were  totally  destroyed.  In  the  city  several  persons  were  injured  by 
falling  houses  and  chimneys,  and  two  of  Mr.  Green's  children 
were  instantly  killed.  Captain  Webb  was  also  killed.  Twenty- 
four  houses,  including  the  exchange,  the  filature,  jail,  and  court 
house  on  the  bluff,  and  twenty-six  business  houses  under  the 
bluff,  were  injured  and  their  stocks  of  goods  swept  away.  Eighteen 
vessels  were  swept  upon  the  whatves  and  there  remained  when  the 
water  subsided.  Over  one  hundred  negroes  were  drowned  on 
Hutchinson's  island  and  011  the  rice-plantations  near  the  city. 
The  steeple  of  the  Presbyterian  church  (then  situated  where  now 
stands  the  large  brick  livery  stables  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
"WMtaker  and  President  streets)  which  was  nearty  as  high  as  the 
present  steeple  of  the  Independent  Presbyterian  church,  fell  in  a 
.southwesterly  direction,  crushing  in  a  house  and  cutting  off  a 
portion  of  a  bed  on  which  lay  a  sick  man,  fortunately  not  injuring 
him.  The  bell  in  the  steeple  was  found,  much  to  the  astonishment 
of  all,  unbroken.  It  was  afterward  hung  in  the  steeple  of  the  Inde 
pendent  Presbyterian  church,  and  there  remained  until  about  1824, 
when  a  larger  bell  was  presented  to  the  congregation. 

During  the  war  of  1812,  between  the  Unite*!  States  and  England, 
Savannah  was  not  attacked,  but  its  proximity  to  the  sea  made  it 
liable  to  assault  by  the  enemy's  fleets  at  almost  any  hour,  and  thus 
the  people  were  kept  constantly  upon  the  alert  until  peace  was 
restored  in  1815.  Fort  Wayne  was  still  fortified.  Another  fort 
was  erected  about  two  and  a  half  miles  below  the  city  and  named 
Fort  Jackson,  after  Governor  James  Jackson.  A  line  of  defences 
was  thrown  up,  extending  from  the  marsh  on  the  east  at  the  foot 
of  Broughton  street  to  the  west  side  of  Lafayette  square,  where 
the  residence  of  Andrew  Low  now  stands,  thence  diverging  to 
what  is  now  Liberty  Street  lane,  thence  crossing  Bull  street  to 
Spring  hill,  where  the  Central  Railroad  depot  is  now,  thence  along 
the  high  ground  east  of  the  Ogeechee  canal,  and  terminating  at 
what  is  now  the  foot  of  Farm  street.  The  line  was  very  irregu 
lar  and  unusually  full  of  salients  and  re-entering  angles.  The 
old  volunteer  companies,*  Chatham  Artillery,  Savannah  Volunteer 

*  These  companies,  with  all  others  of  the  Confederate  army,  were  disbanded 
by  order  of  the  United  States,  in  ISfi:..  having  participated  in  the  war  between 
the  Southern  and  Northern  States. 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  KPEUVIEK.  J-; 

Guards,  Republican  Blues,  and  Georgia  Hussars,  and  other  com 
panies  which  organized  for  the  war,  and  of  which  no  record  can 
be  found,  were  constantly  on  duty.  Early  in  the  war  half  of  the 
members  of  the  Savannah  Volunteer  Guards  and  the  Repiiblican 
Blues  were  sent  on  an  expedition  against  St.  Augustine,  Florida; 
but  before  arrangements  for  the  assault  were  made,  Florida  was 
purchased  by  the  United  States.'  The  only  surviving  member 
of  the  two  Savannah  companies  that  participated  in  this  expedition 
is  Mr.  Jacob  Miller.  He  and  Mr.  O.  M.  Lillibridge  are  the  only 
living  representatives  of  this  city  in  that  war.  Both  were  members 
of  the  Republican  Blues;  the  former  is  seventy-nine  and  the  latter 
eighty-two  years  of  age. 

In  May,  1814,  the  Epervier,  a  British  brig-of-war,  built  in  1812, 
carrying  eighteen  guns,  was  brought  into  the  river  by  the  United 
States  sloop-of-war  Peacock,  Lewis  Warrington  commander.  The 
Epervier  had  on  board,  when  captured,  one  hundred  and  ten 
thousand  dollars  in  specie,  which  were  confiscated  and  distributed 
according  to  law. 


7(3  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Arrival  of  the  Steamship  Savannah  —  Visit  of  President  Monroe  —  Terrible 
Conflagration  in  1820  —  Yellow  Fever  in  the  same  Year  —  Visit  of  General 
Lafayette  —  Departure  of  the  Irish  Jasper  Greens  for  Mexico— Visit  of 
President  Filmore  —  Yellow  Fever  in  1854  —  Terrible  Gale  the  same  Year  — 
The  Secession  Movement  —  Hoisting  of  the  Secession  Flag  —  Election  of 
Delegates  to  the  State  Convention  —  Seizure  of  Fort  Pulaski,  Fort  Jackson, 
and  Oglethorpe  Barracks  —  Reassembling  of  the  State  Convention  —  Sa 
luting  the  Flag  of  the  Confederate  States  —  Departure  of  the  Oglethorpe 
Light  Infantry  for  Virginia  —  Burial  of  General  Bartow — Placing  Obstruc 
tions  in  the  river  —  Arrival  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee  —  Reduction  of  Fort 
Pulaski  —  Threatening  Demonstrations  of  the  Enemy — Resolution  of  Coun 
cil  to  Defend  the  City  to  the  last  Extremity  —  General  Lawton  Ordered  to 
Virginia,  and  General  Mercer  placed  in  command  of  Savannah  —  Capture 
of  the  iron-clad  Atlanta  by  the  Federals,  and  capture  of  the  armed  steamer 
Water  Witch  by  the  Confederates  —  Arrival  of  General  Sherman's  army  in 
front  of  Savannah — Storming  of  Fort  McAlister  —  Evacuation  of  Savan 
nah  by  the  Confederate  Forces — Its  Surrender  by  Members  of  the  Council — 
Entrance  of  the  Federal  Troops  —  General  Sherman's  Order  —  Meeting  of 
the  Citizens — A  surprise  for  a  "Blockader  " — Drowning  of  Federal  Soldiers 
on  Hutchinson's  Island  —  Intrenchments  thrown  up  by  the  Federals  — 
Destructive  Fire  and  Novel  Bombardment  —  The  Wives  and  Children  of 
Officers  of  the  Confederate  Army  and  Navy  sent  out  of  the  City. 

The  first  steamship  ever  built  in  the  United  States  was  projected 
and  owned  in  this  city.  It  was  built  North  and  named  Savannah. 
In  April,  1819,  it  arrived  here  from  New  York,  and  in  a  few  days 
after  sailed  for  Liverpool,  accomplishing  the  voyage  in  twenty-two 
days,  the  sails  being  used  only  eight  days.  Vessels  propelled  by 
steam  were  a  rarity  in  those  days,  and  the  idea  of  steam  being 
used  in  connection  with  sails,  and  a  vessel  of  that  description 
crossing  the  ocean,  had  never  been  thought  of  in  Great  Britain. 
When  the  Savannah  arrived  off  Cape  Clear  she  was  signalled 
to  Liverpool  as  a  vessel  on  fire,  and  a  cutter  was  sent  from  Cork 
to  her  relief.  Great  was  the  ' '  surprise  and  admiration  when  she 
entered  the  harbor  of  Liverpool  under  bare  poles,  belching  forth 
smoke  and  fire,  yet  uninjured."  The  return  voyage  occupied 
twenty-five  days. 

James  Monroe,  the  fifth  President  of  the  United  States,  visited 
Savannah  in  May,  1819,  and  was  received  with  that  hospitality 
for  which  Savannah  has  alwavs  been  noted. 


VISIT  OF  GENERAL  LAFAYETTE. 


77 


On  the  llth  of  January,  1820,  after  a  lapse  of  twenty-four  years, 
Savannah  again  experienced  the  horrors  of  a  conflagration,  far 
surpassing  in  violence  and  destruction  that  of  179G.  The  fire  broke 
out  about  two  o'clock  A.  M.  in  the  livery  stable  of  Mr.  Boon,  situated 
near  the  market.  The  wind  was  high,  and  before  the  flames  were 
extinguished  four  hundred  and  sixty-three  houses,  exclusive  of 
out-buildings,  were  destroyed.  With  the  exception  of  the  State 
and  Planter's  banks,  the  Episcopal  church,  and  three  or  four  other 
brick  buildings,  every  house  between  Broughton  and  Bay  streets, 
from  Jefferson  to  Abercorn  streets,  were  destroyed.  The  loss  was 
estimated  at  four  million  dollars. 

The  people  had  barely  recovered  from  the  shock  caused  by  this 
great  disaster  and  commenced  to  rebuild  before  pestilence  inter 
rupted  the  work  and  swept  many  into  their  graves.  On  the  5th 
of  September  a  vessel  arrived  from  the  West  Indies,  having  the 
yellow  fever  on  board.  A  day  or  two  after,  several  cases  were 
reported  in  the  city.  It  spread  quite  rapidly,  and  before  it  was 
checked,  on  the  Gth  of  November  following,  two  hundred  and 
thirty -nine  persons  had  been  stricken  down  by  it.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  at  the  time  it  commenced  was  7,523.  The  dread  of 
the  fever  caiised  many  to  flee  from  the  city.  A  census  was  taken 
late  in  October,  when  it  was  ascertained  that  there  were  only  1,494 
persons  remaining  in  the  city,  and  that  three  hundred  and  forty- 
three  houses  were  uninhabited.  The  loss  of  life  was  mostly  con 
fined  to  the  foreign  population  who  had  come  the  winter  previous. 

General  Lafayette  arrived  in  Savannah  from  Charleston  on  the 
18th  of  March,  1825.  His  arrival  was  made  the  occasion  of  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  imposing  civic  and  military  displajrs  ever 
before  witnessed  in  Savannah.  He  landed  at  the  east  end  of  the 
bluff,  and  was  received  with  the  usual  salutes  and  ceremonies.  At 
seven  o'clock  a  dinner  was  served  in  the  Exchange.  In  the  centre 
window,  in  the  rear  of  General  Lafayette  and  the  Mayor,  appeared 
a  transparency  of  General  Lafayette,  over  which  was  a  scroll 
inscribed  "He  Fought  for  Us."  In  the  opposite  window  was  a 
transparency  of  Washington,  with  the  inscription  ' '  The  Father 
of  his  Country."  The  centre  window  in  front  presented  an  alle 
gorical  transparency,  representing  a  monument  surmounted  with 
a  bust  of  Lafayette— on  one  side  Liberty,  on  the  other  History 
presenting  a  tablet  inscribed  with  the  dates  of  the  general's  arrival 
in  America,  his  appointment  as  Major-General,  his  being  wounded 
at  Brandywiue,  and  of  the  surrender  at  Yorktown.  During  the 
•  7* 


78  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

general's  stay  in  Savannah  the  corner-stone  of  the  monument 
to  General  Greene  was  laid  in  Johnson  square,  and  one  for  a 
monument  to  General  Pulaski  in  Chippewa  square,  with  the  most 
imposing  ceremonies. 

In  the  year  1846  hostilities  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico 
commenced,  and  a  call  was  made  upon  Georgia  for  a  regiment 
of  soldiers,  to  be  sent  to  the  seat  of  war.  The  regiment  was 
promptly  raised  and  sent  off  under  Colonel  Henry  B.  Jackson,  and 
shared  the  honors  won  by  our  soldiers  on  the  Mexican  plains. 
The  Irish  Jasper  Greens,  of  Savannah,  were  with  the  regiment,  the 
following  named  officers  and  men  composing  the  company:  J. 
McMahon,  Captain;  G.  Curlette,  D.  O'Connor,  Lieutenants;  John 
Devaney,  M.  Carey,  P.  Martin,  Sergeants;  Leo  Wylly,  M.  Feery,  P. 
Tierney,  T.  Bourke,  Owen  Keilly,  Corporals;  William  Bandy,  W.  D. 
Burke,  P.  Bossu,  Francis  Camfield,  J.  Chalmers,  P.  Clark,  P.  Cody, 
John  Coffee,  William  Coffee,  James  Conlihan,  Elijah  Condon,  Joseph 
Davis,  Dennis  Dermond,  Michael  Downy,  Michael  Duggan,  Francis 
Dutzmer,  Charles  Farrelly,  Thomas  Feiiton,  David  Foiintain,  Jame-s 
Fleeting,  James  Flynn,  William  P.  Fielding,  James  Feely,  P. 
Gerrin,  Moses  Gleason,  0.  B.  Hall,  Michael  Hoar,  Timothy  Howard, 
11.  M.  Howard,  E.  W.  Irwiu,  John  Keegin,  Humphrey  Leary,  W.  S. 
Levi,  David  Lynch,  Michael  Lynch,  L.  Mahoney,  Henry  Marry, 
John  Makin,  Bryan  Morns,  James  McFehilly,  Hugh  Murtagh, 
Henry  Nagle,  Daniel  Nickels,  M.  M.  Payne,  George  Permiiiger. 
Thomas  Pigeon,  John  Reagan,  Francis  Beeves,  B.  Bichardson,  J. 
Binehart,  B.  Bodebuck,  B.  M.  Bobertson.  J.  D.  Byan,  Thomas 
Byan,  John  Sandeiiyn,  Michael  Shea,  Peter  Suzmel,  David  Stokes, 
,C.  F.  E.  Smyth,  B.  L.  S.  Smith,  Patrick  Shiels,  Patrick  Tidings, 
Daniel  F.  Fowles,  J.  W.  Warden,  James  Waters,  Michael  Weldon, 
John  Whaling,  James  Waters,  jr.,  Jacob  Zimmerman,  privates; 
William  Gatehouse,  Geort-o  Gatehouse,  musicians. 

On  the  22d  of  April,  18-">  't,  President  Filniore,  accompanied  by  the 
Hon.  J.  P.  Kennedy,  arrived  in  Savannah  per  Central  railroad 
and  was  received  by  a  large  concourse  of  citizens,  the  Chatham 
Artillery  firing  a  salute  as  the  train  came  in.  Quarters  were  pro 
vided  for  the  guests  at  the  Pulaski  House.  A  ball  was  given  at 
St.  Andrews  Hall,  a  trip  made  to  Fort  Pulaski,  and  everything  that 
could  contribute  to  the  pleasure  and  comfort  of  the  distinguished 
guests  was  cheerfully  done  during  their  stay. 

On  the  12th  of  August,  1854,  yellow  fever  made  its  appearance 
among  the  residents  of  Washington  ward.  In  a  short  time  it 


THE  SECESSION  MOVEMENT. 


79 


spread  through  the  city,  the  mortality  reaching  ltd  maximum 
height  about  the  12th  of  September,  on  which  day  fifty-one  inter 
ments  were  reported.  The  decline  of  the  sickness  commenced 
about  the  20th  of  September,  and  on  the  29th  of  October  only  one 
interment  was  reported.  The  last  death  by  the  fever  occurred  on 
the  29th  of  November.  Two  thirds  of  the  permanent  white  popu 
lation  left  the  city  when  the  fever  commenced  to  spread,  leaving 
six  thousand  persons  to  brave  the  disease — a  large  mrjority  of  whom 
were  sick. 

On  the  8th  of  September,  and  during  the  prevalence  of  the  fever, 
a,  severe  and  destructive  storm  visited  Savannah.  Hutchinson 
and  Fig  islands  were  covered  with  water,  and  a  number  of  houses 
washed  away  and  persons  drowned.  The  light-house  on  the  latter 
island  was  washed  away.  The  timber  in  Willink's  ship-yard  wan 
floated  off  and  the  yard  injured.  Baldwin's  cotton-press  and  the 
buildings  at  A.  N.  Miller's  foundry  were  unroofed.  Nearly  all  of 
the  trees  on  South  Broad  street  were  blown  down.  Most  of  the 
shipping  in  the  river  was  driven  upon  the  wharves  and  sustained 
considerable  damage.  The  large  dry-dock  parted  from  her  moor 
ings  and  floated  up  the  river,  but  was  secured  after  running  afoul 
of  and  damaging  several  vessels.  The  loss  sustained  was  never 
fully  ascertained,  but  was  very  heavy, 

Never  in  the  history  of  Savannah  had  the  hand  of  affliction 
fallen  so  heavily  upon  her  as  during  this  epidemic  season,  wiun 
disease  wasted  the  lives  and  paralyzed  the  energies  of  her  citizens, 
and  the  tempest  and  tides  threatened  to  complete  the  general 
destruction.  During  these  calamities  the  active  sympathy  of  the 
benevolent  everywhere  was  enlisted,  and  contributions  of  money 
and  provisions  poured  in  from  every  quarter.  Those  who  extended 
aid  will  long  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance  by  the  people  of 
Savannah,  who,  when  in  the  dispensation  of  Providence  other 
communities  may  be  overtaken  by  misfortune,  will  be  as  prompt 
to  extend  aid  as  they  were  thankful  to  receive  it. 

The  Secession  movement  of  the  Southern  States  in  1860  met 
the  hearty  approval  of  the  citizens  of  Savannah,  which  was  the 
first  city  in.  the  State  to  move  in  the  glorious  cause  of  resistance 
to  Radical  rule.  The  announcement  of  the  secession  of  South 
Carolina,  in  December  of  this  year,  was  hailed  with  delight  and 
created  the  wildest  enthusiasm.  A  secession  flag,  bearing  tin- 
representation  of  a,  large  rattlesnake,  with  the  inscription  ':  DON'T 
TREAD  ox  ME,"  was  unfurled  from  the  top  of  the  Greene  monu- 


g0  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

raent,  in  Johnson  square.  Patriotic  speeches  were  made,  and 
every  assurance  given  that  the  citizens  would  heartily  co-operate 
with  South  Carolina.  The  old  volunteer  companies,  the  Chatham 
Artillery,  Savannah  Volunteer  Guards,  Eepublican  Blues,  Georgia 
Hussars,  Phoenix  Riflemen,  Irish  Jasper  Greens.  Oglethorpe  Light 
Infantry,  DeKalb  Riflemen,  and  German  Volunteers,  promptly 
tendered  their  services  for  any  duty  that  might  be  required  of 
them.  Their  ranks  were  daily  increased  by  volunteers  and  numer 
ous  other  companies  were  organized. 

The  call  for  a  State  convention  to  assemble  at  once  and  act  upon 
the  question  of  secession  originated  in  Savannah,  and  met  with 
ready  response  throughout  the  State.  On  the  2d  of  January,  1861. 
an  election  for  delegates  to  the  convention  was  held.  Captain 
Francis  S.  Bartow,  Captain  John  "W.  Anderson,  and  Colonel  A.  S. 
Jones,  nominees  of  the  party  favoring  immediate  secession  and 
separate  State  action,  were  unanimously  elected. 

The  citizens  of  Savannah,  after  hearing  of  the  evacuation  of 
Fort  Moultrie  and  occupation  of  Fort  Sumter  by  the  United  States 
forces  under  Major  Anderson,  determined  to  seize  Fort  Pulaski, 
being  convinced  that  the  policy  of  the  United  States  government 
was  to  provoke  a  war,  and  in  furtherance  of  the  policy  would 
hold  all  the  forts  commanding  the  harbors  of  the  Southern  States. 
A  meeting  of  the  citizens  was  held  in  a  room  in  Battersby's 
buildings,  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Bay  and  Draytou  streets, 
at  which  were  present  all  of  the  officers  and  a  number  of  men 
of  the  volunteer  companies  of  Savannah.  It  was  determined  to 
seize  and  occupy  the  fort  whether  sanctioned  by  the  Governor 
or  not,  but  as  a  matter  of  prudence  he  was  notified  and  his  per 
mission  asked,  which  was  granted.  Accordingly,  on  the  third  day 
of  January,  1861,  Colonel  A.  R.  Lawton  marshalled  the  Savannah 
Volunteer  Guards,  Captain  (now  Colonel)  John  Screven;  the  Ogle 
thorpe  Light  Infantry,  Captain  Francis  S.  Bartow  (afterward  pro 
moted  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General,  and  killed  at  the  battle 
of  Manassas),  and  two  detachments  from  the  Chatham  Artillery, 
Captain  (now  Colonel)  Joseph  S.  Claghorn,  and  proceeded  to  th_'. 
fort  and  took  forma"!  possession  of  it  in  the  name  of  the  State  of 
Georgia — the  small  garrison,  ivnder  command  of  an  ordnance  ser 
geant,  making  no  resistance. 

The  adoption  of  the  ordinance  of  secession  by  the  State  conven 
tion  at  Milledgeville  was  hailed  with  a  delight  equal  to  that  mani 
fested  at  the  secession  of  South  Carolina.  All  prepared  for  the 


i;riiIAL  OF  GENERAL  FRANCIS  S.  BARTOW. 


81 


coiitiiet  which  they  saw  was  inevitable.  General  A.  11.  Lawton 
was  placed  in  command  of  this  department,  and  under  his  orders 
Fort  Jackson  and  the  Oglethorpe  barracks  were  seized  and  occupied 
by  Savannah's  soldiers. 

The  State  convention  reassembled  in  Savannah,  in  the  Masonic 
hall,  on  the  seventh  day  of  March,  1861,  and  after  framing  a 
constitution  for  the  State  adjourned  011  the  23d  of  March. 

The  day  after  the  assembling  of  the  convention  the  flag  of  the 
Confederate  States  of  America  was  thrown  to  the  breeze  from  the 
Custom  House  staff  by  Major  W.  J.  Mclntosh.  A  salute  of  seven 
guns — one  for  each  State  of  the  Confederacy —was  tired  in  honor 
of  the  occasion. 

The  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry,  Captain  Francis  S.  Bar  tow, 
requested,  but  did  not  receive  permission,*  to  go  to  Virginia,  and 
departed  without  it  on  the  21st  of  May,  being  escorted  to  the  cars 
by  the  volunteer  companies  of  the  city  and  a  large  concourse  of 
citizens,  who  wished  the  company  God  speed,  little  dreaming  that 
in  a  few  short  weeks  they  would,  while  rejoicing  over  a  great 
victory,  be  also  mourning  the  loss  of  its  late  gallant  captain  and 
a  number  of  its  no  less  gallant  members.  But  so  was  it  to  be. 
The  telegraph,  on  the  22d  of  July,  1861,  brought  the  news  of  the 
great  victory  at  Manassas,  at  the  same  time  telling  of  the  deaths  oi' 
General  Francis  S.  Bartow  and  a  number  of  his  old  command, 
who  had  fallen  in  the  thickest  of  the  fray. 

The  remains  of  Bartow  were  brought  from  the  field  and  forwarded 
to  this  city  via  Charleston,  at  which  place,  in  honor  to  his  memory, 
the  public  buildings  were  draped  in  mourning  and  the  remains 
escorted  through  the  city  by  the  military  and  the  citizens,  the 
whole  community  vicing  with  one  another  in  showing  respect 
to  the  fallen  brave.  The  remains  arrived  in  the  night  of  the  27th 
of  July,  and  were  escorted  from  the  depot  to  the  Exchange  by 
the  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry  (company  B)  and  detachments  from 
the  other  city  companies,  all  under  command  of  Captain  F.  W.  Sims, 
the  Chatham  Artillery  firing  minute-guns  as  the  escort  moved. 
On  the  28th  the  funeral  of  the  deceased  took  place,  and  was  the 
most  solemn  and  imposing  spectacle  ever  witnessed  in  Savannah. 
At  three  o'clock  P.  M.  the  military  escort,  consisting  of  mil  the 
city  companies  and  detachments  from  the  troops  stationed  in 


*  General  Bartow's  communication  regarding  the  refusal  of  Governor 
Brown  to  allow  his  company  to  go  to  Virginia,  will  be  found  with  the 
biographical  sketch  of  the  general. 


$2  HISTORICAL  KECOED  OF  SAVANNAH. 

the  vicinity,  formed  on  the  Bay  and  escorted  the  remains  to  Christ 
church,  which  wras  thronged  in  every  part  with  citizens.  The 
funeral  services  were  conducted  by  Eight  lleverend  Stephen  Elliott, 
Bishop  of  Georgia;  after  which  the  remains  were  carried  to  Laurel 
Grove  cemetery,  where  with  military  honors  they  were  consigned  to 
their  final  resting  place.  The  universal  expression  of  sadness  was 
truly  impressive,  and  proved  how  sincerely  the  entire  community 
deplored  the  loss  of  one  who  was  not  less  loved  in  life  than 
honored  in  his  glorious  death. 

The  bombardment  and  capture  of  Port  lloyal  in  November  of 
1861  occasioned  intense  excitement  in  Savannah,  as  it  was  believed 
that  the  large  Federal  fleet  employed  there  would  next  attack 
the  city.  While  all  were  sensible  of  the  danger  that  threatened 
Savannah,  yet  they  did  not  despair  of  being  able  to  successfully 
combat  it.  The  paving-stones  on  the  Bay  and  along  the  slips 
were  torn  up  and  placed  011  board  of  vessels,  which  were  towed 
down  the  river  and  sunk  across  the  channel,  and  batteries  were 
erected  to  command  the  obstructions.  All  that  could  be  accom 
plished  was  done  by  General  Lawton  and  the  officers  and  men 
under  his  command. 

General  Robert  E.  Lee,  then  commander-in-chief  of  the  Southern 
coast  defences,  arrived  in  Savannah  on  the  llth  of  November,  and 
remained  until  the  February  following.  He  visited  all  of  the 
fortifications  and  approved  of  the  measures  adopted  for  the  defence 
of  the  city.  He  examined  Fort  Pulaski  and  expressed  the  opinion 
that  its  walls  wrould  withstand  the  heaviest  cannon.  * 

A  portion  of  the  enemy's  fleet  appeared  off  Tybee  shortly  after 
the  bombardment  of  Port  lloyal,  but  made  no  general  demonstra 
tion,  the  commander  apparently  contenting  himself  by  shelling  our 
batteries  and  replying  to  the  compliments  sent  now  and  then  from 
Commodore  Tatnall's  little  fleet,  yet  really  preparing  for  the  reduc 
tion  of  Fort  Pulaski.  This  fort,  the  siege  and  reduction  of  which 
will  ever  be  a  memorable  event  in  the  history  of  the  late  war, 
is  situated  on  Cockspur  island,  fourteen  miles  from  the  city,  and 
was  named  after  Brigadier-General  Count  Pulaski.  The  site  of  the 
fort  was  selected  by  Major  Babcock,  United  States  corps  of  engi 
neers,  and  the  work  commenced  in  1831,  under  the  superintendence 
of  Captain  (now  Major-General)  Mansfield.  United  States  army. 
The  work  was  erected  to  command  both  channels  of  the  Savannah 


*  Rifled  cannon  of  large  calibre  had  not  been  tested  then,  and  their  penetra 
live  power  was  of  course  unknown. 


KEDUOTION  OF  FOHT  PULASKI.  $3 

river  at  the  head  of  the  Tybee  roads.  It  was  sixteen  years  in 
building,  and  its  massive  walls  contained  over  thirteen  million 
bricks,  and  cost  about  a  million  of  dollars.  It  has  five  faces, 
including  the  gorge,  and  casemated  on  all  sides.  The  walls  are 
seven  and  a  half  feet  thick,  rising  twenty-five  feet  above  the  water. 
The  fort  called  for  an.  armament  of  one  hundred  and  forty  guns, 
one  tier  in  embrasure  and  one  en  barbette.  The  gorge  is  covered 
by  an  earthwork — it  and  the  main  work  being  surrounded  and 
divided  by  a  wide  wet-ditch. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  work  \\-as  taken  possession  of  on  the 
3d  of  January,  1861.  The  captors  found  that  only  twenty  thirty- 
two  pounders  were  mounted;  that  there  were  no  ordnance  nor 
other  stores,  and  everything  generally  out  of  order.  But  with  that 
spirit  which  ever"  characterized  the  troops  of  Georgia  the  new 
garrison  went  to  work,  and  in  a  short  time  placed  the  fort  on 
a  war-footing,  having  mounted  forty-eight  serviceable  guns,  the 
heaviest  being  ten-inch  columbiads.  When  the  Federals  seized 
and  commenced  to  fortify  Tybee  island  early  in  1862,  the  fort  was 
considered  impregnable  to  an  assault,  and  as  the  power  of  rifled 
ordnance  was  then  unknown,  no  one  ever  dreamed  that  its  walls 
could  be  -breached.  The  Federals,  under  cover  of  their  gunboats, 
worked  day  and  night  erecting  batteries.  The  garrison  was  also 
employed  in  strengthening  the  defences  of  the  fort.  On  the  22d 
of  February,  1802,  the  enemy  succeeded  in  passing  their  vessels 
through  Wall's  cut  and  entered  the  Savannah  river  above  the  fort, 
thus  cutting  it  oft'  from  all  communication  with  Savannah.  Just 
previous  to  this  Commodore  Tatnall  managed  with  his  little  fleet, 
notwithstanding  the  formidable  resistance  made  by  the  Federal 
gunboats,  to  effect  a  passage  of  the  Savanna^  river,  and  threw  into 
the  fort  a  six  months'  supply  01  provisions.  By  the  10th  of  April 
the  Federals  had  erected  eleven  sand  batteries  upon  Tybee  island. 
These  batteries,  distributed  along  a  front  of  two  thousand  five 
hundred  and  fifty  yards,  mounted  thirty-six  heavy  guns — ten  heavy 
rifled  cannon  among  them — and  a  number  of  mortars.  These  guns 
were  well  protected.  The  farthest  was  three  thousand  four  hun 
dred,  and  the  nearest  one  thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
from  the  fort.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the  tenth  General  David 
Hunter,  commanding  the  besieging  force,  sent,  under  a  flag  of 
truce,  an  order  "for  the  immediate  surrender  and  restoration  of 
Fort  Pulaski  to  the  authority  and  possession  of  the  United  States," 
to  which  Colonel  Charles  H.  Olmstead,  commandant  of  the  fort. 


gj.  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH, 

after  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the  order,  heroically  and  laconi 
cally  replied:  "I  am  here  to  defend  the  fort,  not  to  surrender  it." 
A  few  minutes  after  the  return  of  the  flag  of  truce  the  enemy 
opened  on  the  fort  from  batteiy  Halleck,  followed  by  the  other 
batteries,  viz:  Stanton,  Grant,  Lyon,  Lincoln,  Burnside,  Sherman, 
Scott,  Sigel,  McClellan,  and  Totten.  They  continued  firing  until 
dark.  The  fort  replied  slowly,  the  gunners  having  to  aim  at  the 
puffs  of  smoke,  there  being  nothing  else  to  indicate  the  position  of 
the  hostile  guns.  At  eleven  o'clock  at  night  the  firing  was  resumed 
by  the  enemy,  and  in  the  morning  it  became  general.  At  midday 
all  but  two  of  the  casemate  guns  bearing  upon  Tybee  were  dis 
mounted,  and  but  two  of  the  barbette  guns  that  could  bear  upon 
the  batteries  doing  the  most  damage  were  left;  the  outer  wralls  of 
two  of  the  casemates  were  shot  away,  and  two  adjoining  ones  were 
in  a  crumbling  condition;  the  moat  was  bridged  over  by  the  ruins 
of  the  walls;  most  of  the  traverses  were  riddled,  and  some  of  them 
no  longer  serviceable,  the  range  of  officers'  quarters  and  kitchens 
was  badly  damaged,  and  the  north  magazine  in  hourly  danger 
of  explosion.  The  communications  were  so  completely  cut  off 
that  there  was  no  ground  for  even  the  shadow  of  a  hope  of  relief, 
and  for  the  same  reason  no  line  of  retreat  was  left.  Under  these 
circumstances  Colonel  Olmstead  rightly  considered  the  fort  unten 
able,  and,  believing  the  lives  of  his  command  to  be  his  next  care, 
gave  the  necessary  orders  for  a  surrender,  having  first  conferred 
with  his  officers  and  found  them  like  himself  thoroughly  impressed 
with  the  conviction  of  the  utter  hopelessness  of  a  longer  struggle. 
The  garrison  then  numbered  about  three  hundred  and  sixty-five 
men  and  twenty-five  officers,  composed  of  the  following  companies : 
German  Volunteers,  Captain  John  H.  Stegin;  Washington  Volun 
teers,  Captain  John  McMahon;  Wise  Guards,  Captain  M.  J.  Mc- 
Mullen:  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry  (company  B),  Captain  F.  W. 
Sims;  Montgomery  Guards,  Captain  L.  J.  Guilmartin.  The  field 
and  staff  officers  were :  Colonel  Charles  H.  Olmstead,  Commandant 
of  Post;  Major  John  Foley;  W.  H.  Hopkins,  Adjutant;  Kobert 
Erwin,  Quartermaster;  Kobert  D.  Walker,  Commissary;  T.  J.  Mc- 
Farland,  Surgeon;  Robert  H.  Lewis,  Sergeant-Major;  W.  C.  Craw 
ford,  Quartermaster's  Sergeant;  Harvey  Lewis,  Ordnance  Sergeant: 
Edward  D.  Hopkins,  Quartermaster's  Clerk:  E.  W.  Drummond, 
Commissary's  Clerk. 

The  members  of  the  garrison  were  sent  to  Hilton  Head  and  then 
to  New  York,  where  they  were  confined  until  a  general  exchange 


THREATENING  DEMONSTRATIONS  OF  THE  ENEMY.  35 

was  effected.  Their  conduct  during  the  trying  days  of  the  siege, 
bombardment,  and  imprisonment  was  most  heroic,  and  Savannah, 
of  which  nearly  all  are  natives,  is  justly  proud  of  them  and  their 
deeds.  Only  eighteen  members  of  the  garrison  were  wounded— 
four  seriously,  the  others  slightly — although  three  thousand  shot 
and  shell  were  thrown  into  the  fort.  The  Federals  admitted  a  loss 
of  several  killed  and  wounded  and  considerable  damage  to  their 
gims  and  works. 

On  the  second  daj',  when  the  enemy's  fire  was  hottest,  the 
halyards  of  the  flag  of  the  fort  were  cut  away  and  the  flag  fell. 
Lieutenant  Christopher  Hussey,*  of  the  Montgomery  Guards,  and 
John  Latham,  of  the  Washington  Volunteers,  immediately  sprang 
upon  the  parapet,  and  seizing  the  flag  carried  it  to  a  gun-carriage 
at  the  northeastern  angle  of  the  fort,  where  they  rigged  a  tempo 
rary  staff,  from  which  the  flag  proudly  floated  until  the  surrender. 

Reverend  Father  P.  Whelan  was  in  the  fort  during  the  siege,  and 
by  his  calmness  and  cheering  words  did  much  to  encourage  the 
members  of  the  garrison  during  their  severe  ordeal.  After  the 
surrender  he  was  offered  his  liberty,  but  refused  to  accept  the 
offer,  and  underwent  all  the  rigors  of  imprisonment  with  those 
he  loved  and  to  whom  he  was  endeared.  This  noble  old  Christian 
hero,  after  his  release,  administered  to  the  wants  of  the  sick  and 
wounded  in  many  localities.  He  is  now  in  Savannah  attending  to 
his  clerical  duties  as  far  as  his  feeble  health  will  permit.  May  his 
days  be  long  on  the  earth  is  the  earnest  prayer  of  hundreds  of 
soldiers  throughout  the  United  States,  and  especially  the  Catholics 
of  this  city  and  elsewhere. 

Since  the  war  the  fort  has  been  considerably  repaired,  yet  there 
still  remain  thousands  of  marks  which  speak  of  the  terrible  power 
of  rifled  guns.  Travelers  going  out  and  coming  into  the  Savannah 
river  can  readily  observe  the  battered  condition  of  the  walls  of 
Fort  Pulaski,  and  now  and  then  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  sand 
batteries,  behind  which  the  enemy  worked  the  guns  which  told 
so  fearfully  upon  the  fort. 

The  reduction  of  Fort  Pulaski  and  the  subsequent  movements 
of  the  Federals  confirmed  the  opinion  that  Savannah  was  to  be 
attacked,  but  the  result  has  shown  that  they  were  only  feints, 
intended  to  distract  the  attention  of  our  authorities  and  keep  a 


*  Lieutenant  Hussey  died  a  few  days  before  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston';* 
surrender,  from  the  effects  of  rigorous  imprisonment. 

8 


86  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

large  force  here  while  they  prosecuted  hostile  operations  elsewhere. 
The  military  authorities  being  convinced  that  the  city  would  be 
attacked,  determined  to  defend  it  to  the  last  extremity,  which 
("btermination  met  the  cordial  approval  of  the  citizens,  as  also 
did  the  adoption  of  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions,  offered 
by  Alderman  Hiram  Roberts  at  a  special  meeting  of  the  City 
Council  held  on  the  29th  of  April,  1862: 

WHKIIKAS.  A  communication  has  been  received  from  the  commanding 
General,  stating  that  he  will  defend  this  city  to  the  last  extremity,  and 
whereas,  the  members  of  the  Council  unanimously  approve  of  the  determina 
tion  of  the  commanding  General,  therefore  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  Council  will  render  all  the  aid  that  is  in  their  power  to 
sustain  the  General  and  to  carry  out  his  laudable  determination. 

In  May,  1862,  General  Lawton  was  ordered  to  report  to  General 
Lee  in  Virginia  with  five  thousand  men,  and  departed  shortly  after 
the  reception  of  the  order.  His  brigade  participated  in  the  many 
battles  fought  by  the  grand  old  army  of  northern  Virginia  and 
was  greatly  distinguished  for  its  gallant  conduct.  After  the  depart 
ure  of  General  Lawton  General  Hugh  W.  Mercer  was  placed  in 
command  of  this  district,  and  thus  remained  iintil  Lieutenant- 
General  W.  J.  Hardee  assumed  command  in  1864,  a  short  time 
prior  to  the  evacuation  of  the  city. 

About  July,  1863,  the  ironclad  ship  Atlanta,  on  which  every 
effort  and  all  means  at  command  had  been  used  to  render  her 
a  terminable  vessel,  steamed  down  to  Warsaw  sound  to  attack  the 
ironclad  monitors  Weehawken  and  Nahant,  which  were  awaiting 
her  coming.  When  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  them  she  ran 
aground,  but  was  immediately  backed  off,  only  to  run  more  firmly 
aground  again  while  sailing  toward  her  opponents.  While  in  this 
unfortunate  condition,  unable  to  extricate  herself  or  bring  her  guns 
to  bear,  the  ironclads  opened  upon  her  with  fifteen-inch  guns  at 
short  range.  The  fire  was  very  effective,  and  in  sixteen  minutes 
after  its  commencement  the  iron  armor  and  wood  backing  of  the 
Atlanta  had  been  seriously  damaged  and  sixteen  men  wounded — 
among  them,  two  out  of  the  three  pilots.  Under  these  circum 
stances  her  commander,  Captain  Webb,  wisely  concluded  to  sur 
render.  The  Atlanta  was  armed  with  four  superior  rifled  guns  and 
manned  with  a  fine  crew  and  efficient  officers.  Her  capture  was 
greatly  deplored,  as  she  had  been  relied  upon  to  protect  the  harbor 
from  the  enemy's  ironclads,  and  her  loss  left  the  harbor  almost 
unprotected,  excepting  by  obstructions  and  land  batteries.  The 


GENERAL  SHERMAN'S  ARMY  IN  FRONT  OF  SAVANNAH.  $7 

Atlanta  was  formerly  the  Fingal,  which,  under  the  command 
of  Captain  Edward  C.  Anderson,  the  present  Mayor  of  the  city, 
had  been  run  through  the  blockade  of  the  riyer  early  in  the  war, 
laden  with  munitions  of  war  and  other  valuable  goods,  which  were 
much  needed  by  the  government. 

An  offset  to  the  capture  of  the  Atlanta  was  the  boarding  and 
capture  of  the  Water  Witch  by  Lieutenant  Pelot  on  the  night  of 
the  second  of  June,  1864.  The  Water  Witch  formed  one  of  the 
blockading  squadron  of  the  coast  of  Georgia,  and  was  lying  in 
Ossabaw  sound.  Lieutenant  Pelot,  with  eighty  men,  embarked  in 
seven  barges  and  arrived  near  the  Water  Witch  about  half-past  one 
o'clock.  A  dash  for  the  steamer  was  immediately  made,  and  after 
fifteen  minutes  hand-to-hand  conflict  (during  which,  and  almost 
at  the  moment  of  victory,  Lieutenant  Pelot  fell,  pierced  to  the 
heart  with  a  bullet)  the  crew  surrendered.  The  Confederates  lost 
six  killed  and  twelve  wounded.  The  enemy's  crew,  eighty-two  in 
number,  lost  two  killed  and  fifteen  wounded,  the  commander, 
Lieutenant  Prendergast,  being  among  the  latter.  The  capture  of 
the  steamer,  armed  with  four  heavy  guns,  eighty  prisoners,  and 
her  equipment  entire,  wras  the  result  of  this  bold  enterprise. 

Nothing  out  of  the  usual  line  of  petty  skirmishes,  reconnois- 
sances,  and  the  like,  occurred  around  Savannah  until  the  llth  of 
December,  1804,  when  Sherman's  army  arrived  in  front  of  the  line 
of  defences,  his  force  amounting  to  sixty  thousand  infantry,  six 
thousand  cavalry,  and  a  full  supply  of  artillery.  Along  the  coast 
was  a  large  fleet  of  ironclads  and  other  war  vessels,  awaiting  the 
establishment  of  communication  with  the  enemy's  land  force,  to 
co-operate  with  it  in  the  siege  of  the  city.  To  oppose  this  force 
Lieutenant-General  William  J.  Hardee  had  ten  thousand  men  of  all 
arms. 

The  movements  of  the  enemy  were  closely  watched  by  General 
Hardee,  and  everything  that  human  foresight  could  devise  to  em 
barrass  and  repel  their  advance  was  accomplished;  in  which  efforts 
he  was  sustained  by  Generals  Hugh  W.  Mercer,  Henry  B.  Jackson, 
W.  Pt.  Boggs,  J.  F.  Gilmer,  George  P.  Harrison,  Colonel  J.  G.  Clarke, 
•and  all  of  the  officers  and  men  under  their  command.  The  citizens 
vohinteered  their  services,  and  stood  in  the  trenches  ready  and 
willing  to  risk  their  lives  in  defence  of  their  loved  and  beautiful 
city  from  the  hands  of  the  marauders,  whose  conduct  during  their 
'  •  march  to  the  sea  "  would  have  disgraced  savages. 

The  enemy's  first  object  was  to  establish  communication  with 
the  fleet  and  obtain  provisions,  of  which  they  stood  in  sore  need. 


gg  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Fort  McAllister,  which  was  so  ably  defended  in  numerous  instances 
by  the  soldiers  of  Savannah,  constituted  the  right  of  the  outer 
line  of  the  defences  of  the  city,  and  was  situated  on  Genesis  Point, 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  Great  Ogeechee  river,  and  was  intended 
to  dispute  a  passage  up  the  river  and  to  prevent  depredations 
in  that  vicinity.  This  fort,  a  strong  earthwork,  was  the  only 
barrier  in  the  way  of  establishing  the  desired  communication,  and 
its  capture  was  determined  upon  by  Sherman.  Before  relating  the 
account  of  its  capture  it  would  not  be  amiss  to  take  a  retrospective 
glance  and  give  a  brief  history  of  this  work,  the  defence  of  which 
reflected  the  utmost  credit  upon  the  garrison,  and  will  send  its 
name  down  to  history  with  those  of  Arcola,  Malakoff,  and  Donelson. 
It  is  situated  about  sixteen  miles  from  Savannah,  and  was  among 
the  first  of  the  numerous  earthworks  constructed  for  the  defence  of 
the  city,  but  was  not  attacked  before  the  29th  of  June  1862.  Then 
four  gunboats  tested  the  strength  of  the  work  and  the  efficiency  of 
its  garrison — the  DeKalb  Riflemen,  Captain  A.  L.  Hartridge.  The 
first  they  found  to  be  strong  and  the  latter  cool  and  very  accurate 
in  their  aim.  In  this  attack  two  men  were  wounded.  On  the  2d 
of  November  of  the  same  year  the  fort  was  again  made  a  target 
of  by  several  vessels.  Fortunately  none  of  the  garrison  (the  Ern- 
mett  rifles,  Captain  George  A.  Nicoll)  were  hurt.  This  attack 
was  followed  by  another  on  the  19th  of  November,  during  which 
three  men  of  the  garrison  (the  Emmett  Rifles  and  the  Republican 
Blues,  Lieutenant  Geo.  W.  Anderson  commanding)  were  wounded. 
The  27th  of  January,  1863,  was  taken  advantage  of  by  the  Federals 
to  try  the  effect  of  the  guns  (one  fifteen  and  one  eleven-inch) 
of  the  ironclad  Montauk.  The  monitor  was  accompanied  by  six 
gunboats,  all  of  which  kept  up  a  furious  fire,  to  which  the  garrison 
slowly  replied.  Though  the  sand  of  which  the  work  was  composed 
was  knocked  about  considerably,  none  of  the  garrison  were  injured, 
nor  was  the  earthwork  at  all  damaged,  thus  demonstrating  that  an 
earthwork  manned  by  cool  and  courageous  men  could  not  be 
reduced,  no  matter  what  weight  of  metal  was  hurled  against  it. 
The  garrison  had  little  respite,  for  on  the  first  of  February  it  had 
to  defend  the  fort  from  another  attack  made  by  the  Montauk  and 
five  gun  and  mortar  boats.  The  enemy  were  again  repulsed  after  a 
six  hours  contest,  during  which  Major  John  B.  Gallie*  (commandant 

*  Major  Gallie  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  was  fifty-six  years  of  age 
when  killed.  He  was  a  gallant  soldier  and  a  sincere  Christian.  His  loss  was 
deeply  deplored.  Previous  to  the  war  he  was  in  business  in  Savannah,  a 
partner  of  the  firm  of  Wilder  &  Gallie. 


STORMING  OF  FORT  McALLISTEE.  g<) 

of  the  fort)  was  struck  on  the  head  and  instantly  killed,  and  seven 
others  of  the  garrison  were  wounded.  After  the  death  of  Major 
Gallie,  which  occurred  early  in  the  action,  the  command  devolved 
upon  Captain  George  W.  Anderson,  who  bravely  continued  the  fight 
with  the  resiilt  stated.  Well  deserved  was  the  following  compli 
mentary  order  from  General  Beauregard :  ' '  The  thanks  of  the 
country  are  due  to  this  intrepid  garrison,  who  have  thus  shown 
what  brave  men  may  withstand  and  accomplish,  despite  apparent 
odds.  Fort  McAllister  will  be  inscribed  on  the  flags  of  all  the 
troops  engaged  in  the  defence  of  the  battery." 

On  the  28th  of  February  the  Rattlesnake  (formerly  the  Nash 
ville),  laden  with  a  large  quantity  of  cotton  and  rosin,  attempted 
to  pass  down  the  Great  Ogeechee,  in  order  to  run  the  blockade, 
but  unfortunately  ran  aground  about  a  mile  below  the  fort.  The 
guns  of  the  Moutauk  were  immediately  brought  to  bear  and  soon 
set  the  vessel  on  fire,  by  which  she  was  completely  destroyed. 
The  guns  of  the  fort  were  fired  at  the  Montauk,  with  the  hope 
of  driving  her  off,  but  the  distance  was  too  great  and  no  damage 
was  done.  But  what  the  guns  failed  to  do  was  accomplished  by  a 
torpedo,  over  which  the  Montauk  passed  and  exploded  it  during 
the  attack  upon  the  Rattlesnake.  As  she  did  not  take  any  active 
part  in  the  attack  upon  the  fort  a  few  days  afterward,  it  was 
believed  that  she  was  injured,  which  belief  was  afterward  confirmed 
by  Northern  accounts. 

But  the  most  formidable  attack  on  the  fort  was  made  on  the  3d 
of  March,  1863,  in  comparison  to  which  the  others  were  almost 
insignificant.  Early  on  that  day  four  ironclads,  five  gunboats,  and 
two  mortar  schooners  appeared  in  front  of  the  fort.  From  the 
account  of  the  affair  in  the  Savannah  Republican  of  the  llth  of 
March,  1863,  we  make  the  following  extracts: 

About  a  quarter  before  nine  o'clock  the  fort  opened  on  the  Fassaic  with  a 
rifled  gun,  the  eight  and  ten-inch  columbiads  following  suit,  to  which  the 
Montauk  replied,  firing  her  first  gun  at  nine  o'clock.  She  was  followed  by 
her  associates  in  quick  succession.  The  fire  on  both  sides  was  continued 
for  seven  hours  and  a  half,  during  which  the  enemy  fired  two  hundred  and 
fifty  shot  and  shell  at  the  fort,  amounting  to  about  seventy  tons  of  the  most 
formidable  missiles  ever  invented  for  the  destruction  of  human  life.  *  *  * 
About  midday  the  carriage  of  the  eight-inch  columbiad  was  shivered  to 
atoms  and  rendered  the  gun  unserviceable  for  the  remainder  of  the  day.  The 
main  traverse  wheel  of  the  forty-two-pounder  was  shot  away,  but  was  replaced 
in  twenty  minutes.  The  new  wheel  was  gotten  up  by  Mr.  Carroll  Hanson, 
who  risked  his  life  to  secure  it.  The  wheel  of  a  thirty-two-pounder,  manned 
8* 


90  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

by  a  detachment  of  sharpshooters,  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  Herman, 
met  with  a  similar  accident,  but  was  worked  throughout  the  engagement.  *  * 
A  shot  from  a  forty-two-pounder  struck  the  Passaic  and  disabled  her,  causing 
her  to  turn  tail  and  run  down  the  river,  followed  by  the  other  rams.  The  fort 
fired  the  first  and  last  shot.  The  enemy's  mortar  boats  kept  up  a  fire  all  night, 
and  it  was  evidently  their  intention  to  renew  the  fight  the  next  morning,  but 
finding  that  the  damage  done  to  the  fort  the  day  before  had  been  fully  repaired 
and  the  garrison  fully  prepared  to  resist,  declined.  *  *  *  Notwithstanding 
the  heavy  fire  to  which  the  fort  was  subjected,  only  three  men  were  wounded, 
viz:  Thomas  W.  Rape  and  W.  S.  Owens,  of  the  Emmett  Rifles,  the  first  on 
the  knee  and  the  latter  in  the  face ;  James  Minis,  of  Company  D,  1st  Georgia 
Battalion  Sharpshooters,  had  his  leg  crushed  and  ankle  broken  by  the  fall  of 
a  piece  of  timber  while  remounting  a  columbiad  after  the  fight.  *  *  * 
The  night  previous  to  the  fight  Lieutenant  E.  A.  Ellarbe,  of  the  Hardwick 
Mounted  Rifles,  Captain  J.  L.  McAllister,  with  a  detachment  consisting  of 
Sergeant  Harmon  and  privates  Proctor,  Wyatt,  Harper,  and  Cobb,  crossed 
the  river  and  dug  a  rifle-pit  within  long  rifle  range  of  the  rams,  and  awaited 
the  coming  fight.  During  the  hottest  part  of  the  engagement  an  officer,  with 
glass  in  hand,  made  his  appearance  on  the  deck  of  the  Passaic.  A  Maynard 
rifle  slug  soon  went  whizzing  by  his  ears,  which  startled  and  caused  him 
to  right-about,  when  a  second  slug  apparently  took  effect  upon  his  person,  PS 
with  both  hands  he  caught  hold  of  the  turret  for  support,  and  immediately 
clambered  or  was  dragged  into  a  port-hole.  It  is  believed  that  the  officer  was 
killed.  The  display  on  the  Passaic  the  day  following,  and  the  funeral  on 
Ossabaw  the  Friday  following,  gave  strength  to  the  opinion.  As  soon  as  the 
fatal  rifle  shot  was  fired  the  Passaic  turned  her  guns  upon  the  marsh  and 
jiterally  raked  it  with  grapeshot.  The  riflemen,  however,  succeeded  in  chang 
ing  their  ba»0  *n  time  to  avoid  the  missiles  of  the  enemy.  Not  one  of  them 
-was  hurt.  Too  much  credit  cannot  be  bestowed  on  this  daring  act  of  a  few 
*>rave  men.  *  *  *  Captain  George  \V.  Anderson,  of  the  Republican 
Blues,  commanded  the  fort  on  this  trying  occasion,  and  he  and  his  force 
received,  as  they  deserved!  the  highest  commendations.  Captain  George  A. 
Xicoll,  of  the  Emmett  Rifles;  Captain  J.  L.  McAllister,  Lieutenant  W.  D. 
Dixon,  and  Sergeant  T.  S.  Flood  [the  latter  was  sick  at  the  hospital  when  the 
attack  commenced,  but  left  his  bed  to  take  part  in  the  fight] ;  Corporal  Robert 
Smith  and  his  squad  from  the  Republican  Blues,  which  worked  the  rifle-gun; 
Lieutenant  Quinn,  of  the  Blues;  Sergeant  Frazier,  Lieutenant  Rockwell, 
and  Sergeant  Cavanagh;  Captain  Robert  Martin  and  detachment  of  his  com 
pany,  who  successfully  worked  a  mortar-battery;  Captain  McCrady  and 
Captain  James  McAlpin;  were  entitled  to  and  received  a  large  share  of  the 
honors  of  the  day. 

Brigadier-General  Mercer,  commanding  the  district  of  Georgia, 
in  a  general  order,  complimented  the  garrison  for  their  heroic 
defence,  stating  that  under  the  fire  of  the  most  formidable  missiles 
ever  concentrated  upon  a  single  battery  "the  brave  gunners, 
with  the  cool,  efficient  spirit  of  disciplined  soldiers,  and  with  the 
intrepid  hearts  of  freemen  battling  in  a  just  cause,  stood  undaixuted 


STORMING  OF  FORT  McALLISTEB.  91 

at  their  posts  and  proved  to  the  world  that  the  most  formidable 
vessels  and  guns  that  modern  ingenuity  has  been  able  to  produce 
are  powerless  against  an  earthwork  manned  by  patriots  to  whom 
honor  and  liberty  are  dearer  than  life." 

General  Beauregard  in  his  general  order  stated  that  he  "had 
again  a  pleasant  duty  to  discharge — to  commend  to  the  notice  of 
the  country  and  the  emulation  of  his  officers  and  men  the  intrepid 
conduct  of  the  garrison  of  Fort  McAllister  and  the  skill  of  the 
officers  engaged  on  the  3d  of  March,  1863.  *  *  *  The  colors  of 
all  troops  engaged  will  be  inscribed  with  '  Fort  McAllister,  3d 
March,  1863."' 

After  this  engagement  the  fort  was  considerably  strengthened — 
especially  its  rear  defences — and  its  armament  increased  by  the 
addition  of  some  heavy  and  several  light  guns.  The  latter  were 
so  placed  as  to  aid  in  repulsing  any  attempt  of  the  enemy  to 
surprise  the  fort  from  the  land  side. 

On  the  llth  of  December,  1864,  General  Sherman's  army  envel 
oped  the  western  and  southern  lines  of  the  defences  of  the  city 
and  completely  isolated  the  fort,  the  garrison  then  consisting  of 
the  Eimuett  Rifles,  Captain  George  A.  Nicoll,  twenty-five  men  for 
duty;  Clinch  Light  Battery,  Captain  W.  B.  Clinch,  fifty  men  for 
duty;  Companies  D  and  E  1st  regiment  Georgia  Reserves,  the  first 
company  commanded  by  Captain  Henry,  twenty-eight  men  for 
duty,  and  the  second  by  Captain  Morrison,  twenty-seven  men  for 
duty.  On  the  13th  of  December  General  Hazen  was  sent  with 
nine  regiments  to  take  the  fort. 

Major  George  W.  Anderson  was  in  command  of  the  fort  at  the 
time  of  its  capture,  and  furnished  a  report  of  the  aft'air  to  Colonel 
C.  C.  Jones  for  publication  in  his  "Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Chatham  Artillery,"  from  which  we  extract  it: 

Hcnring  incidentally  that  the  Confederate  forces  on  the  Cannoucbec  had 
evacuated  that  position  and  retired  across  the  Great  Ogeechee,  and  learning 
that  a  large  column  of  the  enemy  was  approaching  in  the  direction  of  Fort 
McAllister,  I  immediately  detached  a  -scouting  party,  under  command  of 
Lieutenant  T.  O'Neal,  of  Clinch's  Light  Battery,  to  watch  them  and  acquaint 
me  with  their  movements.  This  was  absolutely  necessary,  as  the  cavalry  pre 
viously  stationed  in  Bryan  county  had  been  withdrawn  and  I  was  thus  thrown 
upon  my  own  resources  for  all  information  relating  to  the  strength  and 
designs  of  the  enemy. 

On  the  morning  of  the  12th  of  December,  1864.  I  accompanied  Lieutenant 
O'Neal  on  a  scout,  and  found  the  enemy  advancing  in  force  from  King'-i 
bridge.  We  were  hotly  pursued  by  their  cavalry,  and  had  barely  time  to 


92  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

burn  the  barns  of  Messrs.  Thomas  C.  Arnold  and  William  Patterson,  which 
were  filled  with  rice.  The  steamtng  Columbus — lying  about  three  miles  above 
the  fort — was  also  burned.  Early  the  next  morning  one  of  my  pickets — 
stationed  at  the  head  of  the  causeway  west  of  the  fort — was  captured  by  the 
enemy,  to  whom  he  imparted  the  fact  that  the  causeway  was  studded  with 
torpedoes  in  time  to  prevent  their  explosion.  He  also  acquainted  them  with 
the  strength  of  the  garrison,  and  the  armament  of  the  fort,  and  the  best 
approaches  to  it. 

About  eight  o'clock  A.  M.  desultory  firing  commenced  between  the  skirmish 
ers  of  the  enemy  and  my  sharpshooters.  At  ten  o'clock  the  fight  became 
general,  the  opposing  forces  extending  from  the  river  entirely  around  to  the 
marsh  on  the  east.  The  day  before,  the  enemy  had  established  a  battery  of 
Parrot  guns  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river— distant  from  the  fort  a  mile  and 
a  half— which  fired  upon  us  at  regular  intervals  during  that  day  and  the 
ensuing  night.  Receiving  from  headquarters  neither  orders  nor  responses  to 
my  telegraphic  dispatches,  I  determined,  under  the  circumstances,  and  notwith 
standing  the  great  disparity  of  numbers,  between  the  garrison  and  the  attack 
ing  forces,  to  defend  the  fort  to  the  last  extremity.  The  guns  being  en 
barbette,  the  detachments  serving  them  were  greatly  exposed  to  the  fire  of  the 
enemy's  sharpshooters.  To  such  an  extent  was  this  the  case,  that  in  one 
instance,  out  of  a  detachment  of  eight  men,  three  were  killed  and  three  more 
wounded.  The  Federal  skirmish  line  was  very  heavy,  and  the  fire  so  close 
and  rapid  that  it  was  at  times  impossible  to  work  our  guns.  II y  sharpshooters 
did  all  in  their  power,  but  were  entirely  too  few  to  suppress  this  galling  fire 
upon  the  artillerists.  In  view  of  the  large  force  of  the  enemy— consisting  of 
nine  regiments,  whose  aggregate  strength  was  estimated  between  three  thous- 
sand  five  hundred  and  four  thousand  muskets,  and  possessing  the  ability  to 
increase  it  at  any  time  should  it  become  necessary — and  recollecting  the 
feebleness  of  the  garrison  of  the  fort,  numbering  one  hundred  and  fifty  effec 
tive  men,  it  was  evident,  cut  off  from  all  support,  and  with  no  possible  hope 
of  reinforcements  from  any  quarter,  that  holding  the  fort  was  simply  a  ques 
tion  of  time.  There  was  but  one  alternative— death  or  captivity.  Captain 
Thomas  S.  White,  the  engineer  in  charge,  had  previously  felled  the  trees  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  fort,  and  demolished  the  mortar  magazine  which  com 
manded  the  fort  to  a  very  considerable  extent.  For  lack  of  the  necessary 
force  and  time,  however,  the  felled  timber  and  the  ruins  of  the  adjacent 
houses,  which  had  been  pulled  down,  had  not  been  entirely  removed.  Pro 
tected  by  this  cover,  the  enemy's  sharpshooters  were  enabled  to  approach 
quite  near,  to  the  great  annoyance  and  injury  of  the  cannoneers.  One  line 
of  abattis  had  been  constructed  by  the  engineer,  and  three  lines  would  have 
been  completed  around  the  fort,  but  for  the  want  of  time  and  material. 

Late  in  the  afternoon  the  full  force  of  the  enemy  made  a  rapid  and  vigorous 
charge  upon  the  works,  and,  succeeding  in  forcing  their  way  through  the 
abattis,  rushed  over  the  parapet  of  the  fort,  carrying  it  by  storm,  and,  by 
virtue  of  superior  numbers,  overpowered  the  garrison,  fighting  gallantly  to 
the  last.  In  many  instances  the  Confederates  were  disarmed  by  main  force. 
The  fort  was  never  surrendered.  It  was  captured  by  overwhelming  numbers.  So 
soon  as  the  enemy  opened  fire  upon  the  fort  from  the  opposite  side  of  the 
river,  it  was  evident  that  two  of  the  magazines  were  seriously  endangered. 


STORMING  OF  FORT  MCALLISTER.  93 

and  it  became  necessary  to  protect  them  from  that  fire  by  the  erection  of 
suitable  traverses.  The  labor  expended  in  their  construction,  in  the  mounting 
of  guns  on  the  rear  of  the  work,  and  in  removing  the  debris  above  referred  to, 
occupied  the  garrison  constantly,  night  and  day,  for  nearly  forty-eight  hours 
immediately  preceding  the  attack.  Consequently,  at  the  time  of  the  assault, 
the  men  were  greatly  fatigued  and  in  bad  plight,  physically  considered,  for 
the  contest.  I  think  it  not  improper  to  state  here  that  a  short  time  before  the 
approach  of  the  enemy  a  member  of  the  torpedo  department  had,  in  obedience 
to  orders,  placed  in  front  of  the  fort,  and  along  the  direct  approaches,  a  con 
siderable  number  of  sub-terra  shells,  whose  explosions  killed  quite  a  number 
of  the  enemy  while  passing  over  them. 

After  the  capture  of  the  fort,  General  Sherman  in  person  ordered  my 
engineer  with  a  detail  of  sixteen  men  from  the  garrison — then  prisoners  of 
war — to  remove  all  the  torpedoes  which  had  not  exploded.  This  hazardous 
duty  was  performed  without  injury  to  any  one;  but  it  appearing  to  me  to  be 
an  unwarrantable  and  improper  treatment  of  prisoners  of  war,  I  have  thought 
it  right  to  refer  to  it  in  this  report. 

I  am  pleased  to  state  that  in  my  endeavors  to  hold  the  fort,  I  was  nobly 
seconded  by  the  great  majority  of  officers  and  men  under  my  command. 
Many  of  them  had  never  been  under  fire  before,  and  quite  a  number  were 
very  young,  in  fact  mere  boys.  Where  so  many  acted  gallantly,  it  would  be 
invidious  to  discriminate;  but  I  cannot  avoid  mentioning  those  who  came 
more  particularly  under  my  notice.  I  would  therefore  most  respectfully  call 
the  attention  of  the  General  commanding  to  the  gallant  conduct  of  Captain 
Clinch,  who,  when  summoned  to  surrender  by  a  Federal  Captain,  responded 
by  dealing  him  a  severe  blow  on  the  head  with  his  sabre.  (Captain  Clinch 
had  previously  received  two  gun-shot  wounds  in  the  arm.)  Immediately  a 
hand  to  hand  fight  ensued.  Federal  privates  came  to  the  assistance  of  their 
officer,  but  the  fearless  Clinch  continued  the  unequal  contest  until  he  fell 
bleeding  from  eleven  wounds  (three  sabre  wounds,  six  bayonet  wounds,  and 
two  gun-shot  wounds),  from  which,  after  severe  and  protracted  suffering,  he 
has  barely  recovered.  His  conduct  was  so  conspicuous,  and  his  cool  bravery 
so  much  admired,  as  to  elicit  the  praise  of  the  enemy  and  even  of  General 
Sherman  himself. 

1st  Lieutenant  William  Schirm  fought  his  guns  until  the  enemy  had  entered 
the  fort,  and  notwithstanding  a  wound  in  the  head,  gallantly  remained  at  his 
post,  discharging  his  duties  with  a  coolness  and  efficiency  worthy  of  all  com 
mendation. 

Lieutenant  O'Neal,  whom  I  placed  in  command  of  the  scouting  party  before 
mentioned,  while  in  the  discharge  of  that  duty,  and  in  his  subsequent  conduct 
during  the  attack,  merited  the  honor  due  to  a  faithful  and  gallant  officer. 

Among  those  who  nobly  fell  was  the  gallant  Hazzard,  whose  zeal  and  activity 
were  worthy  of  all  praise.  He  died  as  a  true  soldier  to  his  post,  facing  over 
whelming  odds.  The  garrison  lost  seventeen  killed  and  thirty-one  wounded. 

A  Federal  officer  in  writing  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Savannah 
and  storming  of  Fort  McAllister  said: 

Those  were  dark  days  when  the  marching  was  over  and  the  army  had  settled 
down  in  the  flooded  forests  and  before  the  frowning  fortifications  of  Savannah. 


94  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Notwithstanding  the  orders  to  forage  upon  the  enemy  ou  the  way,  the  thirty 
clays'  rations  were  in  parts  of  the  army  exhausted  when  it  came  to  the  halt, 
•where  there  was  no  food  except  such  as  the  rice-fields  afforded.  Then  for  the 
first  time  the  confident  cheerfulness  of  the  chief  gave  place  to  deep  thought  and 
anxious  preoccupation.  It  required  several  days  for  the  army  to  establish  its 
position.  By  turning  aside  the  waters  of  the  canal  which  united  the  swift 
current  of  the  Savannah  with  its  sluggish  sister,  the  Ogeechee,  the  low  swamp 
lands  were  covered  neck-deep  by  the  treacherous  element;  and  where  the  raised 
causeways  spanned  these  forest  bogs  the  enemy  had  girded  them  about  with 
fort  and  bastion.  Every  attempt  in  these  places  to  push  forward  our  lines  met 
with  the  fire  of  heavy  artillery  and  the  blazing  sheets  of  infantry  flame.  It  was 
not  the  city  of  Savannah  our  commander  coveted  in  those  days  of  18G4  so  much 
as  bread.  Sherman'might  not  with  the  hapless  Queen  of  France  answer  the  cry 
for  food  with  "  Give  them  bonbons  !  "  and  so  he  sought  for  the  sea. 

*  *  :!-  *  *  #  :;:  :j,-  .-);  :£  # 

Weeks  before,  while  the  army  was  yet  among  the  hills  of  Georgia,  some 
soldier,  while  rumaging  among  a  package  of  letters  which  he  had  found  in  a 
house  by  the  road-side,  came  upon  a  scrap  of  thin  brown  paper,  marked  with 
curved  lines,  which  to  the  ordinary  eye  would  have  been  meaningless;  but  to 
any  intelligent  American  soldier,  who  had  used  pick  and  shovel,  it  had  interest 
and  significance.  The  writing  on  this  paper  ran  something  in  this  way: 

DEAR  MOTHER  :  Here  I  am  in  a  big  fort  way  off  on  the  Ogeechee  river.  It  is 
called  Fort  McAllister,  which  is  the  name  of  a  plantation  hereabouts.  It  is  a  big 
fort  with  thirty  or  forty  big  guns,  which  we  fire  at  the  Yankee  vessels  whenever 
they  come  up  the  river.  They  have  tried  it  on  with  ironclads  and  all  that,  but 
we  always  beat  them  off,  and  are  perfectly  safe  behind  our  tall  bomb-proofs. 
You  can't  imagine  how  crooked  this  river  is — a  snake  wriggling  is  a  straight  lino 
compared  to  it.  I  send  you  a  little  drawing  which  I  have  made  of  tfie  bend  in 
the  river  and  the  position  of  the  fort.  A  strong  place  it  is,  and  the  Yanks  never 
can  take  it  so  long  as  they  knock  at  the  front  door.  *  ::'  :!:  We  don't  have 
much  to  eat,  and  it's  right  lonely  here. 

The  soldier  gave  this  bit  of  paper  to  his  captain,  and  it  so  came  on  through 
General  Howard  to  General  Sherman ;  and  as  he  carefully  examined  it  I  remem 
ber  hearing  some  one  say:  "Fort  McAllister!  I  never  heard  of  such  a  place 
before.  It  must  be  one  of  the  rebel  line  of  sea  defences."  ::: 

Hazen's  troops,  the  general  carrying  in  his  pocket  the  slip  of  brown  paper 
which  many  months  ago  the  rebel  soldier  had  sent  to  his  mother  way  up  in 
Georgia,  halted  not  at  tangled  abattis,  they  did  not  heed  the  torpedoes  exploding 
under  their  feet,  but  plunged  into  the  deep  ditch,  tore  away  the  tough  palisades, 
mounted  to  the  parapet,  and  there,  then,  and  within  the  fort,  fought  hand  to 
hand  with  its  gallant  defenders ;  and  when  the  smoke,  painfully  lifting  itself  into 
the  heavy  air  of  evening,  revealed  the  flag  of  our  Union  planted  there,  we, 
envious  and  impatient  lookers-on,  knew  that  victory  was  inscribed  all  over  its 
beautiful  folds. 

To  Hazen  the  capture  of  Fort  McAllister  was  glory,  undying  fame.  To  the 
Commander-in-chief  it  meant  bread,  food,  the  conquest  of  Savannah.  How 
fcwift  moved  events  when  the  brazen  door  to  the  sea  was  unlocked !  And  first 
and  most  important  was  the  feast  of  hard  tack;  and  a  more  welcome  feast  was 
never  offered  to  a  hungry  host  since  the  days  the  children  of  Israel  found 
manna  in  the  wilderness.  The  destructive  torpedoes  in  the  river  were  released 
from  their  moorings,  and  scores  of  busy,  puffing  steam-tugs  paddled  up  the 


EVACUATION  OF  SAVANNAH.  95 

stream,  loaded  with  precious  freight  of  bread.  There  was  enough,  more  than 
enough,  for  all.  Bread  for  man  and  food  for  beast.  Profane  fellows,  who  had 
well-nigh  forgotten  how  to  pray,  now  offered  up  grateful  thanks.  The  soldier  in 
his  rifle-pit  heeded  not  the  mud  and  water,  and  patted  his  ration  of  hard  bread 
with  loving  tenderness.  As  the  wagons  creaked  into  camp,  groaning  with  their 
cargo  of  white  boxes  filled  with  hard  tack,  the  eager  groups  of  hungry  men 
surrounded  them  with  cheers  of  welcome.  The  army  of  refugee*,  crouching  in 
their  miserable  camps  among  the  bushes,  were  not  forgotten. 

After  the  full  of  Fort  McAllister  both  armies  lay  comparatively 
idle,  awaiting  what  was  shortly  expected  to  be  bloody  work.  The 
enemy  made  numerous  feints  of  storming  our  works,  but  hostile 
operations  were  mainly  confined  to  petty  skirmishes.  *  The  enemy, 
as  was  admitted  after  the  surrender  by  a  Colonel  of  their  army, 
attempted  to  throw  shell  into  the  city,  no  warning  of  such  inten 
tion  being  given.  The  Colonel  stated  that  his  gunners,  in  a 
battery  on  the  west  of  the  city,  had  their  guns  double-charged, 
hoping  that  the  extra  load  would  hurl  the  shells  into  the  city. 
One  shell  fell  near  the  Central  Railroad  bridge,  and  another  into 
the  river  one  hundred  yards  above  the  upper  rice-mill.  On  the 
19th  of  December  the  enemy  placed  an  army  corps  on  the  South 
Carolina  shore  with  a  view  of  cutting  off  the  Confederate  army 
should  they  attempt  to  retreat.  All  hope  of  successfully  coping 
with  the  powerful  force  of  the  enemy  was  rightly  abandoned  by 
General  Hardee,  and  he  concluded  to  evacuate  the  city  and  thus 
save  his  command  to  the  Confederacy.  A  pontoon  bridge  was  laid 
across  the  river  from  Anderson's  wharf,  a  few  paces  west  of  Bar 
nard  street,  to  Hutchinson's  island,  and  another  one  from  thence 
to  the  South  Carolina  shore.  Early  on  the  20th  a  small  force  was 
sent  over  and  dislodged  a  body  of  the  enemy's  troops  posted 
across  a  road  by  which  the  proposed  retreat  was  to  be  m:ide.  At 
night  the  Confederates  were  quietly  withdrawn  from  the  intrench- 
ments,  marched  through  the  city,  across  the  pontoon  bridges  into 
South  Carolina,  and  safely  escaped  up  the  country.  All  the  artillery 
and  stores  that  could  be  removed  were  carried  off.  A  large  num 
ber  of  families  left  during  the  night  in  private  conveyances,  follow 
ing  the  retreating  troops. 

The  members  of  the  council  were  notified  by  the  commander  of 
his  intention  to  evacuate  the  city,  and  a  special  meeting  was  called. 

*  It  being  reported  that  General  Sherman  made  two  demands  for  the  sur 
render  of  .Savannah,  we  wrote  repeatedly  to  the  Confederate  officers  who 
could  have  correctly  informed  us  in  this  regard,  but  received  no  reply.— Kos 


96  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH, 

While  the  troops  were  leaving  the  city  Dr.  R.  D.  Arnold,  Mayor, 
and  Aldermen  Henry  Brigham,  J.  F.  O'Byrne,  C.  C.  Casey,  Henry 
Freeman,  Robert  Lachlisou,  Joseph  Lippman,  J.  L.  Villalonga,  and 
George  "W.  Wylly  met  in  the  Exchange  and  resolved  that  the 
Council  should  repair  to  the  outer  defences  before  daylight,  to 
surrender  the  city  and  secure  such  terms  as  would  ensure  protec 
tion  to  the  persons  and  property  of  the  citizens  from  the  soldiers 
whose  previous  conduct  filled  the  minds  of  all  with  a  lively  appre 
hension  that  slaughter  and  rapine  would  mark  their  entrance  into 
the  city.  The  council  dispersed  to  assemble  at  the  Exchange  at  a 
later  hour,  where  hacks  would  await  to  convey  the  members  to  the 
outer  works.  As  they  came  out  of  the  Exchange  a  fire  was  observed 
in  the  western  part  of  the  city,  and,  by  request,  Messrs.  Casey, 
O'Byrne,  and  Lachlison  went  to  it  with  a  view  of  taking  measures 
for  its  suppression.  The  fire  was  caused  by  the  burning  of  a 
nearly-completed  ironclad  and  a  lot  of  timber  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Ogeechee  canal  which  had  been  fired  by  the  retreating  troops. 
The  wind  was  blowing  to  the  west,  and  after  observing  that  no 
danger  to  the  city  need  be  apprehended  from  the  flames  these 
gentlemen  returned  to  the  Exchange,  where  the  other  members  of 
the  Council  had  assembled  and  were  in  a  hack  prepared  to  start. 
They  stated  that  other  hacks  had  been  provided,  but  General 
"Wheeler's  cavalry  had  pressed  the  horses  into  service.  Mr.  O'Byrne 
procured  his  horse  and  buggy  and  conveyed  Mr.  Casey  to  the 
junction  of  the  Lewisburg  road  with  the  Augusta  road — about 
half  of  a  mile  beyond  the  Central  Railroad  depot — and  leaving 
him  there  returned  for  Mr.  Lachlison,  who  had  walked  in  that 
direction.  The  party  in  the  hack,  meanwhile,  had  come  up  to  Mr. 
Casey,  and  taking  him  up  drove  up  the  Lewisburg  road.  Mr. 
O'Byrne  met  Mr.  Lachlison,  and  with  him  returned  to  where  Mr. 
Casey  had  been  left,  but  not  finding  any  of  the  party  there,  con 
cluded  they  had  gone  up  the  Augusta  road,  and  proceeded  up  it, 
hoping  to  overtake  them.  They  advanced  biit  a  short  distance 
when  they  heard  the  report  of  a  gun  and  a  minnie  ball  whistled 
between  them.  They  halted,  and  were  then  ordered  by  the  pickets 
to  turn  around  (they  had  unawares  passed  the  enemy's  picket  and 
had  not  heard  the  command  to  halt)  and  come  to  them.  They  did 
as  commanded,  and  after  informing  the  officer  of  the  picket  who 
they  were,  were  conducted  to  Colonel  Barnuni,  to  whom  they 
stated  the  object  of  their  mission.  He  then  conducted  them  to 
General  John  W.  Geary.  They  told  him  that  the  city  had  been 


ENTRANCE  OF  THE  FEDERAL  TROOPS. 


97 


evacuated,  and  that  they,  having  started  with  the  Mayor  and 
Council  to  surrender  it,  but  became  separated  from  them,  would 
assume  the  authority  of  consummating  a  surrender.  General  Geary 
at  first  did  not  believe  them,  and  questioned  them  very  closely. 
After  becoming  satisfied  that  they  were  what  they  assumed  to  be, 
he  consented  to  receive  the  surrender.  The  Aldermen  then  asked 
that  the  lives  and  property  of  the  citizens  should  be  respected 
and  the  ladies  protected  from  insult.  General  Geary  promptly 
replied  that  the  requests  should  be  complied  with,  and  that  any 
soldier  detected  violating  the  orders  which  would  be  given  to 
restrain  them  should  be  punished  with  death.  Messrs.  Lachlison 
and  O'Byrne  then  asked  that  a  detachment  should  be  sent  to  look 
after  the  Mayor  and  other  Aldermen,  which  was  granted.  General 
Geary  then  put  his  troops  in  motion  and,  with  Messrs.  O'Byrne 
and  Lachlison  acting  as  guides,  advanced  toward  the  city.  At  the 
Central  Railroad  bridge  they  were  met  by  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen, 
who  had  been  overtaken  by  the  detachment  sent  for  them  and 
returned  with  it.  They,  on  being  introduced  to  the  General  and 
being  told  of  what  had  been  done  by  Messrs.  O'Byrne  and  Lachli 
son,  confirmed  their  action.  The  line  of  march  was  then  taken  up 
to  West  Broad  street,  down  that  to  the  Bay,  and  thence  to  the 
Exchange,  in  front  of  which  the  troops  were  drawn  up.  The 
officers  and  the  members  of  the  Council  proceeded  to  the  porch, 
from  which  General  Geary  addressed  the  troops,  complimenting 
them  upon  their  past  deeds  and  upon  the  additional  honor  they 
had  conferred  upon  themselves  by  capturing  ' '  this  beautiful  city 
of  the  South."  During  this  speech  Colonel  Barnum  observed  a 
sergeant  step  out  of  the  ranks  to  the  store  at  the  corner  of  Bull 
And  Bay  streets— now  occupied  by  Messrs.  Gazan  &  Bro.— enter 
and  come  out  wearing  a  fireman's  hat.  On  coming  down  from  the 
porch  he  called  the  sergeant  to  him,  and  drawing  his  sword 
ordered  him  to  hold  out  the  hat,  which  he  did,  and  the  Colonel 
with  one  stroke  of  his  sword  cut  it  in  half.  He  then  stripped  the 
chevrons  from  the  sergeant's  arms  and  reduced  him  to  the  ranks. 

After  the  speech  the  troops  were  dispersed  in  squads  throughout 
the  city,  and  notwithstanding  the  strict  orders  they  had  received 
committed  many  depredations;  among  them  the  wanton  destruc 
tion  of  valuable  books  and  papers  in  the  Exchange  and  Courthouse 
belonging  to  the  city  and  county.  General  Geary  established  his 
headquarters  in  the  Central  Railroad  bank  and  his  subordinate 
officers  in  the  various  unoccupied  stores  along  the  Bay.  On  the 
9 


Qg  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

21th  of  December  he  issued  au  order  regarding  the  posts  and 
duties  of  the  provost  guards,  and  instructing  the  civil  authorities 
to  resume  their  official  duties. 

General  W.  T.  Sherman  arrived  in  the  city  on  the  25th,  and 
alter  telegraphing  President  Lincoln  that  he  would  present  him 
Savannah  as  a  "Christmas  gift,"  promulgated  the  following  order 
from  his  headquarters  at  the  Green  mansion,  opposite  Oglethorpe 
Barracks.  The  order  speaks  for  itself: 

HEADQUARTERS  MILITARY  DIVISION  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI,  \ 
In  the  Field,  Savannah,  Georgia,  December  2Cth,  1864.     j 
SPECIAL  FIELD  ORDERS,  ) 
No.  143.  } 

The  City  of  Savannah  and  surrounding  country  will  be  held  as  a  Military  Post 
and  adapted  to  future  military  uses,  but  as  it  contains  a  population  of  some 
20,000  people  who  must  be  provided  for,  and  as  other  citizens  may  come,  it  is 
proper  to  lay  down  certain  general  principles,  that  all  within  its  military  juris 
diction  may  understand  their  relative  duties  and  obligations. 

I.  During  War,  the  Military  is  superior  to  Civil  authority,  and  where  interests 
clash,  the  Civil  must  give  way,  yet  where  there  is  no  conflict,  every  encourage 
ment  should  be  given  to  well-disposed  and  peaceful  inhabitants  to  resume 
their  usual  pursuits.    Families  should  be  disturbed  as  little  as  possible  in 

rtheir  residences,  and  tradesmen  allowed  the  free  use  of  their  shops,  tools,  &c. 
Churches,  schools,  all  places  of  amusement  and  recreation  should  be  encoiiraged, 
and  streets  and  roads  made  perfectly  safe  to  persons  in  their  usual  pursuits. 
Passes  should  not  be  exacted  within  the  line  of  outer  pickets,  but  if  any  person 
shall  abuse  these  privileges  by  communicating  with  the  enemy,  or  doing  any  act 
of  hostility  to  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  he  or  she  will  be  punished 
,with  the  utmost  rigor  of  the  law. 

Commerce  with  the  outer  world  -will  be  resumed  to  an  extent  commensurate 
with  the  wants  of  the  citizens,  governed  by  the  restrictions  and  niles  of  the 
Treasury  Department, 

II.  Tlie  Chief  Quartermaster  and  Commissary  of  the  Army  may  give  suitable 
employment  to  the  people,  white  or  black,  or  transport  them  to  such  points  as 
they  choose,  where  employment  may  be  had,  and  may  extend  temporary  relief 
in  the  way  of  provisions  and  vacant  houses  to  the  worthy  and  needy  until  such 
time  as  they  can  help  themselves.    They  will  select  first,  the  buildings  for  the 
necessary  uses  of  the  army;  next  a  sufficient  number  of  stores  to  be  turned  over 
to  the  Treasury  Agent  for  trade  stores.    All  vacant  store-houses  or  dwellings, 
and  all  buildings  belonging  to  absent  rebels,  will  be  construed  and  used  as 
belonging  to  the  United  States  until  such  times  as  their  titles  can  be  settled  by 
the  Courts  of  the  United  States. 

III.  The  Mayor  and  City  Council  of  Savannah  will  continue  to  exercise  their 
functions  as  such,  and  will,  in  concert  with  the  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Post 
and  the  Chief  Quartermaster,  see  that  the  Fire  Companies  are  kept  in  organiza 
tion,  the  streets  cleaned  and  lighted,  and  keep  up  a  good  understanding  between 
the  citizens  and  soldiers.    They  will  ascertain  and  report  to  the  Chief  C.  S.,  as 
soon  as  possible,  the  names  and  number  of  worthy  families  that  need  assistance 
and  support. 


A  SURPRISE  FOR  A  BLOCKADER.  99 

The  Mayor  will  forthwith  give  public  notice  that  the  time  has  come  when  all 
must  choose  their  courst,  viz :  to  remain  within  our  lines  and  conduct  them 
selves  as  good  citizens  or  depart  in  peace.  He  will  ascertain  the  names  of  all 
who  choose  to  leave  Savannah,  and  report  their  names  and  residences  to  the 
Chief  Quartermaster,  that  measures  may  be  taken  to  transport  them  beyond  the 
lines. 

IV.  Not  more  than  two  Newspapers  will  be  published  in  Savannah,  and  their 
Editors  and  Proprietors  will  be  held  to  the  strictest  accountability,  and  will  bo 
punished  severely  in  person  and  property  for  any  libellous  publication,  mis- 
diievotis  matter,  premature  news,  exaggerated  statements,  or  any  comments 
whatever  upon  the  acts  of  the  constituted  authorities;  they  will  be  held  account 
able  even  for  such  articles  though  copied  from  other  papers. 

By  Order  of  Major-General  W.  T.  SHERMAN. 

L.  M.  DRAYTON,  Aide-de-Camp. 

A  meeting  of  the  citizens  was  held  in  the  Masonic  hall  on  the 
28th  of  December,  to  "take  into  consideration  matters  appertain 
ing  to  the  present  and  future  welfare  of  the  city."  Dr.  K.  D. 
Arnold  presided.  The  following  preamble  and  resolutions  were 
adopted: 

WHEREAS,  By  the  fortunes  of  war  and  the  surrender  of  the  city  by  the  civil 
aiithorities,  the  city  of  Savannah  passes  once  more  under  the  authority  of  the 
United  States ;  and  whereas,  we  believe  that  the  interests  of  the  city  will  be  best 
subserved  and  promoted  by  a  full  and  free  expression  of  our  views  in  relation  to 
our  present  condition;  we,  therefore,  the  People  of  Savannah  in  full  meeting 
assembled  do  hereby  resolve : 

That  we  accept  the  position,  and  in  the  language  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  seek  to  have  "peace  by  laying  down  our  arms  and  submitting  to 
the  National  authority  under  the  Constitution,  leaving  all  questions  which 
remain  to  be  adjusted  by  the  peaceful  means  of  legislation,  conference  and 
votes." 

Resolved,  That  laying  aside  all  dift'erences,  and  burying  by-gones  in  the  grave 
of  the  past,  we  will  use  our  best  endeavors  once  more  to  bring  back  the  pros 
perity  and  commerce  we  once  enjoyed. 

Resolved,  That  we  do  not  put  ourselves  in  the  position  of  a  conquered  city, 
asking  terms  of  a  conqueror,  but  we  claim  the  immunities  and  privileges  con 
tained  in  the  Proclamation  and  Message  of  the  President  of  the  United  States 
and  in  all  the  legislation  of  Congress  in  reference  to  a  people  situated  as  we  are, 
and  while  we  owe  on  our  part  a  strict  obedience  to  the  laws  of  the  United  States, 
we  ask  the  protection  over  our  persons,  lives  and  property  recognized  by  these 
laws. 

On  the  night  of  the  31st  of  December  the  blockade-runner 
Rebecca  Hertz,  Captain  King,  "ran  the  blockade"  (as  the  crew 
thought,  not  knowing  of  the  change  which  had  recently  taken 
place  in  the  government  of  the  city)  and  dropped  anchor  opposite 
the  gas-house.  Daylight  revealed  the  fact  that  the  stars  and 


lOO  HISTOEICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

stripes  were  fluttering  at  the  points  from  which  a  short  time  before 
floated  the  stars  and  bars.  This  somewhat  amazed  the  blockade- 
runners,  but  the  situation  was  taken  in  at  a  glance,  and  Captain 
King  turned  his  vessel  over  to  the  Quartermaster's  Department. 

Shortly  after  this  occurrence  Sherman  started  a  corps  across 
our  pontoon  bridges  into  South  Carolina.  While  a  large  number 
of  the  soldiers  were  delayed  on  Hutchinson's  island  the  river  rose 
very  rapidly.  The  troops  rushed  back  for  the  city,  but  a  number  of 
the  men  and  horses  were  drowned  in  attempting  to  reach  the 
bridge. 

Among  the  first  acts  of  the  Federal  troops  after  their  arrival  in 
Savannah  was  the  throwing  up  of  intreuchments  to  resist  any 
attempt  of  the  Confederates  to  recapture  the  city.  They  also 
threw  up  intrenchments  on  the  Thunderbolt  road,  and  mounted 
guns  to  bear  upon  the  city.  This  was  intended  as  a  rallying  point 
if  they  were  driven  from  the  other  intrenchments.  With  a  heart- 
lessness  for  which  there  is  no  palliation,  not  even  that  of  ' '  military 
necessity,"  they  ran  this  line  of  works  through  the  Catholic  Ceme 
tery,  destroying,  mutilating,  or  covering  up  the  monuments  and 
tablets  which  the  hand  of  affection  had  placed  over  the  graves  of 
the  loved  and  lost,  and  in  numerous  instances  dug  up  the  bones 
and  left  them  scattered  about.  It  was  asserted  by  the  officers, 
when  remonstrated  with  for  their  inhumanity  in  desecrating  the 
graves,  that  the  work  was  necessary,  and  would  not  have  been 
done  had  it  not  been  a  "military  necessity."  There  was  no  more 
necessity  for  it  than  there  was  for  the  breaking  open  of  the  vaults 
in  the  Old  Bury  ing-ground  and  at  Bonaventure,  in  search  of 
valuables  which  the  soldiers  supposed  were  hidden  in  them. 

The  shock  occasioned  by  the  fall  of  Savannah  was  being  rapidly 
recovered  from,  under  what  appeared  to  be  the  rnild  and  just 
administration  of  affairs  by  the  military,  and  all  hoped  for  a  speedy 
restoration  of  quiet  and  prosperity,  even  though  nnder  military 
rule.  But  alas !  these  expectations  were  doomed  to  meet  with 
disappointment.  The  mildness  and  justness  which  had  character 
ized  the  conquerors  upon  their  first  arrival  were  reversed,  and  a 
series  of  unjust  acts  and  petty  persecutions  commenced. 

When  the  city  was  evacuated  there  were  thirty  thousand  five 
hundred  bales  of  upland  and  a  little  over  eight  thousand  bales  of 
sea  island  cotton  stored  in  the  warehouses,  only  one  thousand 
bales  of  which  belonged  to  the  Confederate  States  government. 
Under  the  pretence  that  the  cotton  belonged  to  the  Confederate 


DESTRUCTIVE  FIRE  AND  NOVEL  BOMBARDMENT.  IQJ 

government,  the  United  States  Quartermasters  seized  all  of  it  (and 
a  large  quantity  of  other  property  also)  and  shipped  it  to  New 
York,  where  uplands  commanded  one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents 
and  sea  island  three  dollars  per  pound,  making  the  total  value  of 
the  cotton  seized  about  twenty-eight  millions  of  dollars.  It  was 
stored  in  New  York,  where,  in  the  meaning  of  General  Sherman's 
order,  it  remained,  to  "be  construed  and  used  as  belonging 
to  the  United  States  until  such  times  as  their  titles  can  be 
settled  by  the  Courts  of  the  United  States;"  (i.  e.,  what  time 
has  shown,  after  the  claimants  have  spent  in  court  and  lawyers' 
fees  the  value  of  the  cotton  claimed).  Citizens  were  not  allowed 
to  pass  through  the  streets  in  their  daily  pursuits  without  a  pass 
which  they  had  to  show  at  the  bidding  of  every  insolent  and 
drunken  officer  or  soldier  who,  whether  on  or  off  duty,  felt  dis 
posed  to  exercise  the  power  granted  him  by  the  bayonet.  No 
one,  ladies  not  excepted,  could  receive  a  letter  from  the  postoffice 
unless  he  or  she  had  taken  the  oath.  Added  to  these  petty  tyran 
nies  was  the  unbridled  conduct  of  the  negroes  and  soldiers,  which 
kept  the  timid  in  a  perpetual  state  of  alarm. 

While  thus  harassed  and  depressed  the  people  were  called  upon 
to  bear  another  calamity — the  fire  on  the  night  of  the  27th  of 
January,  1865— which  destroyed  over  a  hundred  buildings,  and 
threatened  the  destruction  of  the  entire  city.  To  the  usual  horrors 
of  an  extensive  fire  was  added  the  dangers  of  a  terrific  bombard 
ment.  The  fire — supposed  to  have  been  the  work  of  the  soldiers  of 
the  20th  United  States  Army  corps,*  and  the  beginning  of  an 
organized  attempt  to  set  fire  to  the  city,  as  during  the  night  fire 
was  discovered  in  St.  Andrews'  hall,  in  the  Exchange,  and  at  other 
places  throughout  the  city — commenced  in  a  stable  in  the  rear  of 
the  old  "Granite  hall"  (located  at  the  corner  of  West  Broad  and 
Zubly  streets),  which  had  been  used  by  the  Confederate  authori 
ties  as  an  arsenal  for  fixed  ammunition,  arJ  in  which  there  were 
stored  thousands  of  rounds.  The  fire  spread  rapidly.  Citizens 
and  soldiers  crowded  to  the  scene,  and  under  orders  of  an  United 
States  officer,  commenced  to  remove  the  ammunition  and  assist  in 

*  The  soldiers  of  this  corps  believed  that  they  would  be  detailed  to  remain 
in  Savannah  when  Sherman's  army  advanced,  which  occurred  on  this  night. 
Another  corps  was  detailed,  and  much  ill  feeling  sprung  up  between  the 
corps,  and  it  was  the  belief  of  the  soldiers  of  the  corps  detailed  to  remain 
that  the  other  corps  attempted  to  destroy  the  city  to  prevent  the  necessity  of 
their  remaining. 
9* 


102  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

working  the  engines.  Before  much  of  the  ammunition  had  been 
removed  the  fire  was  communicated  to  the  powder,  and  explosion 
after  explosion  followed  in  rapid  succession,  the  fragments  of  shell 
flying  in  all  directions,  killing  a  negro  and  wounding  two  or  three 
citizens.  Pieces  of  shell  were  picked  up  near  the  Pulaski  and  also 
the  Greene  monument,  and  in  the  yards  of  citizens  living  in 
remote  parts  of  the  city.  The  first  explosion  scattered  the  crowd 
and  aroused  those  asleep,  many  of  whom,  before  realizing  the  state 
of  affairs,  thought  the  Confederate  troops  had  made  a  night  attack. 
During  this  novel  bombardment,  which  put  a  stop  to  the  working 
of  the  engines  in  the  vicinity  and  allowed  the  fire  full  sway,  a  piece 
of  shell  struck  the  reservoir.  A  jet  of  water  immediately  sprung 
out,  which  for  novelty  and  beauty  surpassed  any  fountain.,  looking 
in  the  fiery  glare  like  a  sheet  of  molten  silver.  Before  the  flames 
were  arrested  over  one  hundred  houses,  situated  on  West  Broad 
between  Pine  and  St.  Gaul  streets,  and  a  few  on  Broughtou  and 
Congress  streets,  were  destroyed. 

The  crowning  act  of  oppression  was  yet  to  come — that  of  remov 
ing  the  families  of  the  officers  of  the  Confederate  army  and  navy 
out  of  the  city.  When  all  the  other  deeds  of  rapine,  murder,  and 
oppression  which  have  been  laid  at  the  door  of  General  Sherman 
have  been  buried  in  the  dust  of  oblivion,  this  will  remain  a 
reproach  and  a  disgrace  to  him  who,  not  many  years  before,  when 
a  lieutenant  at  Oglethorpe  barracks,  was  hospitably  entertained  by 
the  relatives  of  the  ladies  who,  with  their  children,  he  now  had  torn 
away  from  their  friends  and  sent  into  the  Confederate  lines,  know 
ing  full  well  that  they  must  inevitably  suffer  from  want  and  exposure 
before  meeting  again  with  their  lawful  protectors.  What  occa 
sioned  this  action  is  not  known.  Perhaps  General  Sherman*  had 
read  of  the  British  sending  ladies  from  Savannah  during  the  Kevo- 
lutionary  war,  and  did  not  desire  to  be  outdone  by  th^m  in  cruelty 
and  oppression.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  occasion,  he  or  his 
subordinates  never  published  an  order  defining  his  reasons  or  notify 
ing  the  ladies  publicly  that  they  must  leave,  but  sent  word  privately 
by  staff  officers  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  commander  to 
remove  them,  and  that  they  must  register  their  names  by  a  certain 

*  It  is  stated  that  Edward  II.  Stanton,  United  States  Secretary  of  War, 
•who  came  to  Savannah  shortly  after  its  evacuation,  ordered  that  the  wives 
and  children  of  the  Confederate  officers  should  be  sent  out  of  the  city, 
against  which  Sherman  at  first  demurred,  but  afterward  consented,  and  gave 
the  necessary  commands  to  have  the  order  carried  out. 


OFFICERS  FAMILIES  SENT  FROM  THE  CITY.  1Q3 

time.  It  appears  that  all  did  not  register,  or  at  least  not  as  many  as 
Brevet  Major-General  C.  Grover,  then  in  command  of  Savannah, 
thought  should  have  done  so,  and  he  published  the  following  order, 
the  italics  appearing  in  it: 

[CIRCULAR.] 

OFFICE  PBOVOST  MARSHAL,  DISTRICT  SAVANNAH,) 
March  28th,  1865.  ) 

The  wives  and  families  of  Confederate  officers  who  have  not  registered  their 
names  at  this  office  will  do  so  at  once. 
By  order  of  Brevet  Major-General  C.  GROVER,  commanding. 

ROBERT  T.  YORK, 
Trovost  Marshal  District  Savannah,  Ga. 

On  the  31st  of  March  the  ladies  and  children  were  placed  on 
board  of  the  steamer  Hudson,  to  be  carried  under  flag  of  truce  to 
Augusta.  Arriving  at  Sister's  ferry,  about  sixty-four  miles  from 
Savannah,  the  boat  stopped  and  the  captain  refused  to  proceed 
further  up  the  river.  General  Edward  C.  Anderson,  commanding 
at  that  point,  had  the  ladies  and  children  transferred  to  the  shore 
and  transported  them  to  Augusta  in  wagons,  the  only  means  of 
conveyance  at  hand. 

Shortly  after  this  disgraceful  affair  the  armies  of  Generals  Lee  and 
Johnston  surrendered;  the  loved  and  honored  and  saved  returned 
to  cheer  their  old  places  with  their  presence;  the  restrictions  upon 
commerce  and  business*  were  gradually  removed,  a  partial  civil 
government  restored,  and  under  the  blessings  of  a  divine  provi 
dence  peace,  prosperity,  and  plenty  returned.  Four  years  have 
now  elapsed  since  the  capture  of  the  city,  and  Savannah  is  larger 
and  more  prosperous  than  before  the  war. 


JAMES  EDWARD  OGLETHORrE. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  OGLETHORPE. 
JAMES    EDWAKD    OGLETHORPE, 

THE  FOUNDER  OF    SAVANNAH,    GA., 

Was  born  in  London  on  the  21st  of  December,  1688.  At  the  age 
of  sixteen  he  was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Corpus  Christi  college, 
but  did  not  finish  his  studies— the  military  profession  having  more 
charms  for  him  than  literary  pursuits.  His  first  commission  was 
that  of  ensign.  After  the  death  of  Queen  Anne  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  Prince  Eugene.  He  entered  Parliament  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four,  and  continued  a  member  thirty-two  years.  He  estab 
lished  the  colony  at  Savannah  in  1733.  In  1743  he  left  for  England 
to  answer  some  charges  preferred  against  him  by  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Cook  for  alleged  mismanagement  during  the  war  with  the 
Spaniards.  A  court-martial  declared  the  charges  groundless  and 
malicious,  and  Cook  was  dismissed  from  service.  In  1744  Ogle- 
thorpe  was  appointed  one  of  the  field  officers  under  Field  Marshal 
the  Earl  of  Stair,  to  oppose  the  expected  invasion  of  the  French. 
Well  might  a  coteniporaneous  writer  of  him  say  that  he  ' '  doubts 
whether  the  histories  of  Greece  or  Home  can  produce  a  greater 
instance  of  public  spirit  than  this.  To  see  a  gentleman  of  his  rank 
and  fortune  visiting  a  distant  and  uncultivated  land,  with  no  other 
society  but  the  unfortunate  whom  he  goes  to  assist,  exposing  him 
self  freely  to  the  same  hardships  to  which  they  are  subjected,  in 
,  the  prime  of  life,  instead  of  pursuing  his  pleasures  or  ambition, 
on  an  improved  and  well-concerted  plan  from  which  his  country 
must  reap  the  profits ;  at  his  own  expense,  and  without  a  view  or 
even  a  possibility  of  receiving  any  private  advantage  from  it;  this, 
too,  after  having  done  and  expended  for  what  many  generous  men 
would  think  sufficient  to  have  done— to  see  this,  I  say,  must  give 
every  one  who  has  approved  and  contributed  to  the  undertaking 
the  highest  satisfaction;  must  convince  the  world  of  the  disin 
terested  zeal  with  which  the  settlement  is  to  be  made  and  entitle 
him  to  the  highest  honor  he  can  gain— the  perpetual  love  and 
applause  of  mankind."  He  died  in  England  on  the  1st  of  July, 
1785. 


106  HISTORICAL  BECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 


CHAPTEE  VIII. 

Biographical  Sketch  of  General  Francis  S.  Bartow—  Brief  Historical  Records 
of  the  Volunteer  Companies  of  Savannah:  Chatham  Artillery  —  Georgia 
Hussars  (companies  A  and  B)  —  Savannah  Volunteer  Guards  (companies 
A,  B,  and  C)  —  Republican  Blues  —  Phoenix  Riflemen  (companies  A,  B,  and 
C)  —  Irish  Jasper  Greens  (companies  A  and  B)  —  German  Volunteers  — 
Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry  (companies  A  and  B)  —  Irish  Volunteers  (com 
panies  A  and  B)  —  Washington  Volunteers  —  Blue  Cap  Cavalry  —  City 
Light  Guard  —  Savannah  Cadets  —  Montgomery  Guards  — Mitchell  Volun 
teer  Guards  —  DeKalb  Riflemen  —  Emmett  Rifles  —  Oglethorpe  Siege  Ar 
tillery  —  Tatnall  Guards  —  Coast  Rifles. 

It  is  meet  that  the  record  of  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  Savannah, 
whose  deeds  on  the  many  battle-fields  of  the  South  illustrated  the 
prowess  of  Southern  chivalry,  should  commence  with  a  biographical 
sketch  of  the  life  of  General  Francis  S.  Bartow,  whose  heroic  and 
lamented  death  upon  the  plains  of  Manassas  called  for  and  received 
the  admiration  and  encomiums  of  both  friends  and  foes. 

Francis  S.  Bartow,  son  of  Theodosius  Bartow,  was  born  in 
Savannah  on  the  6th  of  September,  1816.  He  graduated  at  Frank 
lin  college,  at  Athens,  Ga.,  in  1835,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his 
class.  He  then  became  a  student  in  the  law  office  of  Messrs. 
Berrien  &  Law,  of  Savannah,  and  afterward  attended  the  Law 
school  at  New  Haven,  Conn.  Here  he  completed  his  studies,  and 
shortly  afterward  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  became  a  member  of 
the  well-known  law  firm  of  Law,  Bartow  &  Lovell,  of  Savannah. 
His  first  forensic  effort  was  in  a  great  bank  case,  in  which  he 
greatly  distinguished  himself  by  the  logical  force  and  clearness  of 
his  argument  and  the  power  of  his  eloquence. 

His  political  career  commenced  with  the  celebrated  Harrison 
campaign  in  1840,  in  which  he  took  an  active  and  influential  part 
in  the  support  of  General  Harrison,  the  Whig  candidate  for  Presi 
dent.  He  was  afterward  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  served 
several  times  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  During  the  later 
political  contests  he  was  not  connected  with  political  life.  In  1860, 
when  the  impending  storm  produced  the  commotion  in  the  political 
atmosphere,  telling  of  the  approaching  revolution,  his  clear-seeing 
intellect  convinced  him  that  it  must  be  resisted  or  his  State  would 
be  crushed,  and  with  that  boldness  and  earnestness  characteristic 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  BARTOW.  ^Qy 

of  him  he  placed  himself  in  the  very  vanguard,  and  there  remained 
until  he  consecrated  his  devotion  to  the  new-born  Confederacy  by  a 
generous  outpouring  of  his  life-blood. 

He  was  the  unanimous  choice  of  the  people  of  Chatham  county 
to  represent  them  in  the  State  convention,  which  carried  Georgia 
out  of  the  Union,  and  among  that  body  of  able  and  patriotic  men 
none  more  than  he  contributed  to  place  his  native  State  in  the 
noble  attitude  of  resistance  to  Federal  thraldom.  He  was  selected 
by  the  convention  to  represent  the  State  in  the  Confederate  Con 
gress,  which  met  in  Montgomery,  Alabama,  and  chosen  chairman 
of  the  Military  committee.  While  there,  when  differences  of 
opinion  arose  regarding  the  course  of  action  necessary  to  keep 
pace  with  the  rapid  march  of  mighty  events,  he  boldly  stood 
forward  for  firm  and  immediate  action — bold  and  undaunted  when 
the  time  came  for  him  to  act;  modest  and  retiring  under  all  other 
circumstances. 

During  the  session  of  Congress  he  announced  his  intention  to 
go  to  Virginia  with  his  company,  the  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry,  of 
which  he  had  been  elected  captain  in  1857.  He  offered  the  com 
pany's  services  for  the  war  to  the  President  through  Governor 
Brown,  who  refused  to  give  his  permission  for  them  to  leave,  and 
Bartow  then  offered  its  services  directly  to  the  President,  who 
accepted  them.  He  returned  to  Savannah,  and  on  the  21st  of 
May,  1861,  with  his  company,  departed  for  the  seat  of  war.  His 
departure  was  made  the  occasion  of  a  most  scurrilous  attack  from 
Governor  Brown  (which  was  published  in  the  papers  throughout 
the  State),  charging  him  with  disobedience  of  orders,  with  unlaw 
fully  carrying  off  the  muskets  belonging  to  the  State,  and  of 
unpatriotic  motives.  Bartow's  reply  (published  in  the  Savannah 
Morning  News),  was  made  in  the  following  frank,  manly,  and  digni 
fied  manner,  triumphantly  vindicating  his  motives  and  conduct: 

CAMP  DEFIANCE,  HARPER'S  FERRV,  ) 
June  14th,  1861.  \ 

To  Governor  JOSEPH  E.  BROWN: 

Sir — I  received  your  letter  of  the  21st  of  May  ult.,  while  at  Richmond. 
Since  the  date  of  its  reception  I  have  been  so  constantly  engaged  in  the  duties 
of  the  service  I  have  undertaken  that  I  have  found  no  time  which  could  be 
devoted  to  an  acknowledgment  of  your  communication.  I  now  write  amidst 
the  hurry  and  confusion  of  the  camp,  being  about  to  march  from  this  point, 
we  trust,  to  meet  the  enemy. 

I  have  little  time  and  less  inclination  to  reply  in  detail  to  the  insolent 
missive  you  thought  proper  to  publish  in  my  absence.  Respect,  however,  for 
the  good  opinion  of  the  people  of  Georgia  induces  me  in  a  few  words  to  set 


10g  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH, 

right  my  conduct,  which  you  have  taken  so  much  pains  to  asperse,  and  to 
correct  the  mis-statements  and  false  imputations  with  which  your  letter 
abounds. 

You  say  that  I  have  "  commenced  my  military  career  by  setting  at  defiance 
the  orders  of  the  officer  upon  whom  the  Constitution  of  my  State  lias  con- 
ierred  the  right  to  command  me."  I  am  not  aware  that  you  have  any  such 
right,  unless  I  were  actually  enlisted  in  the  service  of  the  State  of  Georgia. 
in  a  contingency  which,  under  the  Constitution,  would  give  the  State  the 
right  to  raise  and  maintain  troops. 

I  commenced  my  military  career,  as  you  are  pleased  to  term  it,  under  the 
flag  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  I  recognize  not  you,  but  the  President  of  the 
Confederate  States  as  the  officer  upon  whom  the  Constitution  (to  which  Georgia 
is  a  party)  "has  conferred  the  right  to  command  me."  It  is  true  that  I 
tendered,  under  instructions  from  my  company,  their  services  to  the  Con 
federate  States  through  you,  in  the  first  instance;  this,  however,  was  simply 
because  the  President  had  adopted  that  mode  of  obtaining  troops  as  a  matter 
of  public  convenience  and  not  because  there  ever  was  any  Constitution  or  law 
which  required  him  to  appeal  to  the  State  Executives;  still  less  is  there  any 
ground  for  your  assertion  that  the  rights  of  the  States  are  violated  by  the 
President  receiving  troops  directly,  without  the  intervention  of  the  Governors. 

You  labor,  and  have  constantly  labored,  under  the  impression  that  you  are 
the  STATE  OF  GEORGIA.  I  beg  leave  to  protest  against  this  conclusion,  in 
which  I  assure  you  I  can  never  concur.  By  the  Constitution  of  the  Con 
federate  States,  to  which  Georgia  has  agreed,  the  Confederate  Government  is 
alone  chargeable  with  questions  of  peace  and  war,  and  has  the  exclusive 
right,  except  in  case  of  invasion,  to  raise  and  maintain  armies.  The  Con 
gress,  and  not  the  Governors  of  the  States,  are  empowered  to  raise  these 
armies:  and  as  the  constitution  is  broad  and  unqualified  in  this  grant  of 
power,  the  Congress  is  unrestricted  in  the  mode  in  which  it  shall  be  exer 
cised.  The  President  of  the  Confederate  States  is  the  Commander-in-chief 
of  these  armies,  thus  raised  for  a  common  cause,  and  the  Governors  of  States 
have  not,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  any  jurisdiction  or  power  over  this  subject, 
except  so  far  as  patriotism  may  induce  them  to  co-operate  with  the  General 
Government  in  times  of  great  emergency  and  danger.  Your  conclusion,  there 
fore,  that  "the  act  of  Congress  under  which  I  go  is  a  palpable  encroachment 
upon  the  rights  of  States  "  does  not  in  the  least  disturb  me.  Neither  upon 
reason  nor  authority  do  I  consider  the  opinion  of  much  value.  I  think  most 
people  will  prefer  the  judgment  of  the  Confederate  Congress  and  the  Presi 
dent  of  the  Confederate  States,  who  gave  the  act  their  deliberate  sanction. 

You  have  fallen  into  another  error  upon  this  subject.  You  say  "that  I 
proceeded  to  the  Confederate  Congress,  of  which  I  am  a  member,  and,  that  a 
bill  was  passed,  you  suppose  chiefly  by  my  influence,  which  authorized  the 
President  to  receive  military  forces  over  the  head  and  independent  of  State 
authority."  You  further  say  that  "  under  this  act  I  was  accepted  into  service 
without  your  consent  and  permitted  to  leave  Savannah  and  go  to  Virginia." 
I  assure  you,  in  passing,  that  I  shall  never  think  it  necessary  to  obtain  your 
consent  to  enter  the  service  of  my  country.  God  forbid  that  I  should  ever 
fall  so  low. 

But  to  your  charge.     I  know  not  to  what  act  you  refer  as  the  one  under 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  BARTOW. 

which  I  was  accepted  into  service;  but  I  will  inform  you  that  the  act  under 
which  I  serve  is  entitled  "  An  act  to  raise  additional  forces  to  serve  during  the 
war.'-  This  act,  to  the  best  of  my  remembrance,  contains  no  allusion  to  State 
authority,  nor  does  it  allude  in  any  part  to  the  Governors  of  States.  It  Ls 
simply  an  act  authorizing  the  President  to  accept  the  services  of  volunteers 
for  the  war.  and  to  appoint  their  field  officers,  and  in  these  two  respects  alone, 
it  differs  from  other  acts  under  which  volunteers  have  been  accepted.  This 
bill  was  introduced  into  Congress  by  the  Hon.  Mr.  Wigfall,  of  Texas,  without 
any  consultation  with  me,  referred  to  the  Military  committee,  of  which  I  was 
chairman,  perfected  by  it  and  passed  by  the  Congress.  It  met  the  approval  of 
the  most  distinguished  leaders  of  the  States  llights  school  in  the  Congress,  and 
was  regarded  by  Congress  as  the  best  means  to  raise  an  efficient  army,  so  abso 
lutely  required  by  the  wicked  invasion  set  on  foot  by  the  North.  Mr.  Wright, 
of  Georgia,  introduced  a  bill  which  does  authorize  the  President,  without  call 
ing  upon  the  Governors  of  the  States,  to  accept  the  services  of  volunteers  at 
the  times  he  may  prescribe;  but  with  this  bill  I  had  no  connection,  nor  am  I  in 
service  under  its  terms,  nor  had  I  any  agency  in  procuring  its  introduction  or 
enactment. 

You  go  on  to  say  '•  that  I  must  be  presumed  to  be  the  leading  spirit  in  pro 
curing  the  passage  of  this  bill,  and  that  I  was  the  first  to  avail  myself  of  its 
benefits  by  accepting  a  high  command  under  it.7'  You  remark  "that  it  is 
said  I  am  to  have  a  colonel's  commission."  Now,  sir,  the  facts  are,  that 
under  the  former  bill,  by  which  twelve  months'  volunteers  were  raised  for  the 
war,  the  President  had  as  much  power  to  accept  them  directly  as  lie  had 
under  this  act,  ior  the  war ;  and  it  is  a  mere  matter  of  discretion  with  him 
under  both  acts  whether  he  will  or  will  not  use  the  intervention  of  State 
Executives;  and  yet,  while  stepping  out  of  the  way  to  stab  me  in  the  back, 
you  seem  criminally  ignorant  of  what  you  ought  to  know. 

You  have  also  insinuated  in  this  charge  and  elsewhere  in  your  letter,  that  1 
have  been  misled  by  motives  of  personal  ambition.  The  attribution  of  low 
motives  of  conduct  to  others  is  most  frequently  the  result  of  long  familiarity 
with  such  principles  of  action.  It  is  dangerous  for  any  man  to  attribute 
motives,  lest  he  fall  under  the  condemnation  of  "  bearing  false  witness  against 
his  neighbor/'  In  relation  to  myself  I  desire  to  say  but  little.  I  prefer  to  be 
judged  by  my  actions.  It  is  not  true  that  I  availed  myself  of  the  benefits 
of  the  act  of  Congress  to  which  you  refer  by  seeking  a  high  command 
under  it.  I  offered  service  and  was  accepted  as  captain  of  my  company,  with 
out  any  pledge  or  understanding,  directly  or  indirectly,  that  I  was  to  have 
any  other  commission.  My  present  office  of  Colonel  of  this  regiment  has 
been  conferred  upon  me  through  the  voluntary  confidence  of  the  President, 
and  through  the  wish,  as  I  have  reason  to  believe,  of  every  officer  and  private 
under  my  command.  I  have  desired  no  office,  prefering,  for  many  reasons,  to 
remain  at  the  head  of  my  company,  between  which  and  myself  there  has 
existed  a  deep-seated  attachment,  and  it  was  only  by  their  consent  that  I 
agreed  to  command  the  regiment.  My  reasons  for  entering  the  service  are 
very  simple.  1  had  labored  as  much  as  any  man  in  Georgia  to  effect  the 
secession  of  the  State;  I  had  pledged  myself  to  meet  all  the  consequences  of 
secession.  I  am  bound,  therefore,  in  honor,  and  still  more  strongly  by  duty, 
to  be  among  the  foremost  in  accepting  the  bloody  consequences  which  seem  to 
10 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

threaten  us.  My  life  can  be  as  well  spared  as  any  other  man's,  and  1  am 
willing  and  ready  to  devote  it.  You  taunt  me  with  deserting  my  home  and 
the  defence  of  my  fireside  '-to  serve  the  common  cause  in  a  more  pleasant 
summer  climate."  I  wish  you  were  here  to  witness  the  realities  of  this  service 
v.ju  deem  so  pleasant.  It  would  cure  you,  I  think,  of  some  of  your  malicioin 
propensities.  You  taunt  me  with  having  imposed  upon  others  the  duty  of 
defending  the  post  which  I  have  deserted,  and  yet  when  you  penned  this  you 
knew  that  you  had  steadily  refused  to  call  the  volunteer  troops  of  Savannah 
into  service  of  any  kind,  and  that  you  had  called  "many  of  our  bravest  young 
men  from  other  parts  of  the  State  to  fill  our  places  ;'  and  defend  our  homes, 
while  we  were  permitted  to  rest  in  inglorious  ease.  The  volunteer  troops  of 
Savannah  are  now  in  service,  not  through  you,  but  by  the  direct  order  of  the 
Commander-in-chief  of  the  Confederate  forces.  All  that  you  say  upon  this  sub 
ject  is  Jesuitical,  designed  to  subserve  a  purpose  rather  than  narrate  the  truth. 
I  have  the  same  right  to  judge  that  you  have  as  to  the  probability  of  an  attack 
upon  Savannah.  There  is  scarcely  a  seaboard  city  along  the  Atlantic  coast  that 
has  not  its  representatives  here  in  Virginia.  Why  should  Savannah  be  an 
exception '(  Surely  one  company  could  be  spared,  at  least,  to  show  that  her 
heart  beat  true  to  the  common  cause,  and  that  her  youth  were  ready  to  court 
danger  upon  the  very  frontiers  of  the  war.  Such  a  spirit  is  not  what  you  have 
characterized  it.  It  is  probably  above  your  comprehension,  but  the  generous 
and  noble-hearted  of  my  native  State  will  know  how  to  appreciate  it. 

And  now  as  to  my  arms.  I  did  not  ask  you  to  arm  and  equip  me.  I  had 
already  received  from  the  late  government  of  the  United  States,  through  you. 
arms  and  equipments  which  cost  the  State  of  Georgia  nothing.  They  were 
delivered  to  me  and  you  took  my  bond  for  their  safe  keeping,  unless  destroyed 
in  the  jJwWi'c  service.  You  have  threatened  me  with  the  penalty  of  that  bond. 
Take  it  if  you  can  get  it.  That  is  your  remedy.  If  I  have  been  wrong  in 
taking  the  arms  away  from  Georgia.  I  am  a  trespasser  and  of  course  respon 
sible.  I  think  the  power  you  claim  to  disarm  companies  once  armed  and 
under  bonds,  at  your  will,  is,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  doubtful.  As  I  havt- 
already  said,  in  a  former  letter,  I  would  not  make  this  issue  if  I  could  find 
any  way  to  avoid  it.  I  would  rather  yield  than  have  a  controversy  with  any 
man  where  the  public  interests  are  involved.  But  situated  as  I  was.  I  prefer 
disobedience,  if  you  please,  rather  than  to  jeopard  the  honor  and  safety  of 
one  hundred  men  confided  to  my  care.  You  seem  to  think  I  am  arrogant  in 
claiming  our  humble  share  in  representing  the  State  of  Georgia  on  this  field 
of  action.  You  say  that  you  are  not  aware  of  the  State  authority  by  which  I 
am  called  to  represent  the  State  of  Georgia  in  Virginia.  You  make  here 
again,  your  common  error,  of  supposing  that  you  are  the  State  of  Georgia, — a 
mistake  in  which  I  do  not  participate.  You  will  not  be  permitted  to  alienate 
from  us  the  esteem  and  affection  of  those  we  leave  behind,  and  whom  we  love 
so  dearly.  I  am  sorry  that  you  have  undertaken  so  ungracious  a  task. 

You  say  "that  at  present  I  am  beyond  the  reach  of  State  authority,  and 
State  lines,  so  far  as  I  am  concerned,  are  obliterated.  How  long  this  may 
remain  so/'  you  say,  "depends  upon  the  developments  of  the  future."  1 
trust,  if  God  spares  my  life,  I  shall  set  foot  again  upon  the  soil  of  Georgia, 
and  be  well  assured  that  I  no  more  fear  to  meet  my  enemies  at  home  than  I 
now  do  to  meet  the  enemies  of  my  country  abroad." 
With  due  respect.  I  have  the  honor  to  be.  your  most  obedient 

FRANCIS  S.  BAKTOVT. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  BARTOW.  m 

Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Virginia  he  was  appointed  Colonel  of  the 
8th  Georgia  regiment,  and  at  the  first  battle  of  Manassas  he  was 
commanding  a  brigade  composed  of  .the  7th,  8th,  9th,  and  llth 
Georgia,  and  the  1st  Kentucky  regiments.  During  the  engage 
ment  only  the  7th  and  8th  Georgia  regiments  were  engaged. 
During  the  forepart  of  the  battle  his  command  suffered  heavily, 
and  at  noon,  when  it  became  necessary  for  the  left  of  our  army  to 
fall  back  to  its  original  position,  occupied  early  in  the  morning, 
his  regiments  also  retired.  During  this  movement  General  Bartow 
rode  up  to  General  Bcauregard,  the  general  commanding,  and  said: 
• '  What  shall  now  be  done  ?  Tell  me,  and  if  human  efforts  can 
avail,  I  will  do  it."  General  Beauregard,  pointing  to  a  battery  at 
the  Stone  Bridge,  replied:  "That  battery  should  be  silenced." 
Seizing  the  standard  of  the  7th  Georgia  regiment,  and  calling  upon 
the  remnants  of  his  command  to  follow  him,  he  led  the  van  in  the 
charge.  A  ball  wounded  him  slightly  and  killed  his  horse  under 
him.  Still  grasping  the  standard,  and  rising  again,  he  mounted 
another  horse,  and  waving  his  cap  around  his  head,  cheered  his 
troops  to  come  on.  They  followed.  Another  ball  pierced  his 
heart  and  he  fell  to  the  ground,  exclaiming  to  those  who  gathered 
around  him,  "THEY  HAVE  KILLED  ME,  BUT  NEVER  GIVE  UP  THE 
FIELD,''  and  expired.  His  dying  injunction  was  obeyed.  His 
command  proceeded  011  the  charge  and  silenced  the  battery  under 
the  protection  of  which  the  enemy  had  hurled  the  missile  of  death 
into  the  heart  of  one  whose  fall  plunged  a  struggling  nation  into 
mourning. 

The  deceased  was  as  marked  in  character  as  distinguished  for 
talent.  He  was  ardent  in  friendships—sincere  and  ingenious  in  his 
professions — of  a  lofty  sense  of  honor — chivalric  in  the  tone  of 
his  sentiments — patriotic  in  his  ambition — brave  by  nature  and 
constitution — generous  in  his  impulses — most  zealous  in  his  devo 
tion  to  truth — deeply  imbued  with  the  religious  sentiment  and 
cherished  a  reverential  regard  for  all  of  the  institutions  of  religion. 
His  style  of  oratory  was  bold,  earnest,  and  impassioned.  As  a 
criminal  advocate,  his  eloquence  was  of  a  high,  thrilling  order; 
and  his  efforts  in  important  criminal  trials  established  for  him  a 
fame  which  will  live  with  the  memory  of  his  beloved  and  honored 
name.  He  was  astute  as  a  lawyer  and  profound  in  his  legal  attain 
ments.  His  literary  attainments  were  varied  and  extensive,  while 
his  familiarity  with  the  classics  was  intimate.  His  perception  and 
.ove  for  the  beautiful  in  art  and  nature  were  keen  and  warm— his 


H2  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

imagination  was  rich  and  glowing,  and  his  thoughts  were  always 
fervid. 

In  July,  1861,  Hon.  T.  K.  E.  Cobb,  before  the  Congress  of  the 
Confederate  States  of  America,  in  session  in  Richmond,  Virginia, 
pronounced  an  eloquent  eulogy  upon  General  Bartow,  after  which 
the  following  resolutions  were  offered  and  unanimously  adopted: 

Resolved,  That  Congress  has  heard  with  unfeigned  sorrow  of  the  death  of 
the  Honorable  Francis  S.  Bartow,  one  of  the  delegates  from  the  State  of 
Georgia;  that  the  natural  exultation  for  a  glorious  victory  achieved  by  our 
arms  is  checked  by  the  heavy  loss  sustained  by  the  Confederacy  in  the  death 
of  one  of  her  most  efficient  counsellors;  and  that,  as  his  colleagues,  we  feel  a 
peculiar  loss  to  ourselves,  in  one  who  had  won  our  esteem  and  gained  our 
affection. 

Resolved,  That  with  pleasure  we  record  our  admiration  of  his  heroic  defence 
on  the  field  of  battle  of  the  action  of  Congress  in  which  he  participated  so 
largely,  and  find  some  consolation  for  his  death  in  the  conviction  that  his 
noble  self-sacrifice  will  serve  to  establish  the  work  which  he  so  boldly  aided 
to  begin. 

Resolved,  That  we  appreciate  the  loss  which  Georgia,  his  native  State,  has 
sustained  in  the  death  of  one  of  her  noblest  sons,  and  that  we  tender  to  the 
bereaved  family  the  sympathy  of  hearts,  to  some  extent,  stricken  by  the  same 
blow  which  has  crushed  their  own. 

Resolved,  That  in  testimony  of  our  respect  for  his  memory,  the  Congress  do 
now  adjourn. 

The  Chatham  Artillery  was  organized  on  the  1st  of  May,  1780, 
and  was  included  in  the  surrender  of  the  Confederate  troops  by 
General  Joseph  E.  Johnston.  The  battery  served  at  Fort  Pulaski 
and  other  points  around  Savannah;  at  Olustee;  at  Secessionville, 
Battery  Wagner,  and  other  points  around  Charleston;  and  with  the 
Western  army  until  its  surrender.  The  guns  of  the  battery  were 
surrendered  on  the  seventy-ninth  anniversary  of  the  organization. 
The  battery  at  that  time  consisted  of  four  twelve-pounder  Napoleon 
guns,  two  of  which  were  Federal  guns,  captured  at  the  battle  of 
Olustee  and  given  to  the  battery  by  the  General  commanding  in 
token  of  his  appreciation  of  the  distinguished  services  and  gallant 
conduct  of  its  members  during  that  battle.  The  following  were 
officers  of  the  battery  at  various  periods  from  the  commence 
ment  to  the  close  of  the  war:  Captain  Joseph  S.  Claghorn  (pro 
moted  to  colonel),  Lieutenants  C.  C.  Jones  (promoted  to  lieutenant- 
colonel),  Julian  Hartridge  (elected  member  of  the  Confederate  Con 
gress),  William  M.  Davidson  (promoted  to  captain),  B.  S.  Sanchez, 
T.  A.  Askew,  John  F.  Wheaton  (promoted  to  captain  of  the  battery 
early  in  the  war  and  remained  in  command  until  the  close),  George 
A.  Whitehead,  S.  B.  Palmer  and  George  N.  Hendry. 


VOLUNTEER  COMPANIES  OF  SAVANNAH.  ^3 

The  Georgia  Hussars  were  organized  in  1796,  and  went  into 
service  at  the  commencement  of  the  war,  and  in  September,  1861, 
succeeded  in  obtaining  permission  to  go  to  Virginia,  and  served 
throughout  the  war  with  the  army  of  Northern  Virginia.  Captain 
J.  F.  Waring,  the  captain  at  the  time  of  entering  sendee,  was  pro 
moted  to  colonel  of  the  Jeff  Davis  Legion,  and  Lieutenant  David 
Waldhauer  was  promoted  to  captain;  Lieutenant  W.  W.  Gordon 
was  promoted  to  captain  on  General  Mercer's  staff;  and  A.  McC. 
Duncan  was  promoted  to  1st  lieutenant,  and  J.  L.  McTuruer  and 
Robert  Saussey  elected  lieutenants.  The  second  company  (known 
as  company  B)  was  organized  in  November,  1861,  under  Captain 
W.  H.  Wiltberger  (promoted  to  major  of  the  5th  Georgia  Cavalry), 
Lieutenants  11.  J.  Davaut  (promoted  to  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
same  regimeut\  M.  E.  Williams,  and  F.  Williams.  In  1862  the 
company  was  reorganized  under  Captain  Wiltberger,  Lieutenants 
James  A.  Zittrouer,  E.  P.  Hill,  and  Phillip  Yonge.  Lieutenant 
Hill  resigned,  and  Fred.  H.  Blois  was  elected  lieutenant.  At  the 
promotion  of  Captain  Wiltberger,  Lieutenant  Zittrouer  became 
captain.  The  lieutenants  were  advanced  a  grade  and  John  H. 
Ashe  was  elected  lieutenant.  The  company  was  with  the  5th 
Georgia  Cavalry,  and  served  around  Savannah,  on  the  South  Caro 
lina  coast,  in  Florida,  and  with  the  Western  army. 

The  Savannah  Volunteer  Guards  were  organized  in  1802,  and 
until  the  commencement  of  the  late  war  were  commanded  by  Cap 
tains  John  Cumming,  M.  D.,  J.  Marshall,  F.  Fell,  Edward  F. 
Tattnall,  Joseph  W.  Jackson,  William  Robertson,  Cosmo  P.  Rich- 
ardsone,  M.  D.,  James  P.  Screven,  and  John  Sere ven— the  latter- 
named  officer  being  in  command  of  the  company  when  it  aided  in 
seizing  Fort  Pulaski  011  the  3d  of  January,  1861.  The  lieutenants 
then  were:  A.  C.  Davenport,  W.  S.  Basinger,  and  G.  C.  Rice. 
Early  in  1861,  so  great  was  the  number  of  volunteers  to  the  com 
pany,  it  became  necessary  to  organize  another,  the  two  being 
respectively  known  as  companies  A  and  B.  The  officers  of  com 
pany  A  were :  Captain  John  Screven,  Lieutenants  W.  S.  Basinger, 
G.  C.  Rice,  and  J.  C.  Habersham;  and  Captain  A.  C.  Davenport, 
Lieutenants  G.  W.  Stiles,  M.  H.  Hopkins,  and  Thomas  F.  Screven 
officers  of  company  B.  In  March,  1862,  the  corps,  numbering 
three  companies,  was  mustered  into  service  as  a  battalion  for  the 
war.  Captain  John  Screven  became  Major  of  the  battalion,  the 
companies  being  officered  as  follows:  Company  A,  Captain  W.  S. 
Basinger,  Lieutenants  T.  F.  Screven,  William  H.  King,  and  Fred. 
10* 


H4  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH, 

Tapper.  Company  B,  Captain  George  W.  Stiles,  Lieutenants  E. 
Padelford,  jr.,  E.  A.  Castellaw,  and  George  D.  Smith.  Company  C, 
Captain  G.  C.  Bice,  Lieutenants  G.  M.  Turner,  John  E.  Dillon,  and 
E.  Blois.  Late  in  1862  Major  Screven  resigned  (afterward  appointed 
lieutenant-colonel  of  local  battalion)  and  Captain  Basinger  suc 
ceeded  to  the  command  of  the  battalion.  The  Lieutenants  in  com 
pany  A  were  advanced  a  grade  and  Sergeant  P.  N.  Baynal  elected 
lieutenant.  Lieutenant  Padelford,  of  company  B,  died  in  June, 
1863,  and  Sergeant  W.  E.  Gue  was  elected  a  lieutenant,  the  other 
lieutenants  having  been  advanced  a  grade.  In  December,  1863, 
Lieutenant  Castellaw,  of  company  B,  resigned;  the  other  lieuten 
ants  were  advanced  a  grade  and  Sergeant  W.  D.  Grant  was  elected 
lieutenant.  The  battalion  officers  were:  Major  W.  S.  Basinger, 
Adjutant  E.  P.  Starr,  Captain  B.  H.  Footman,  A.  Q.  M.,  George  W. 
Coxwell,  Surgeon.  The  battalion  was  known  as  the  18th  Georgia 
Battalion,  and  served  around  Savannah  and  around  Charleston, 
participating  in  the  defence  of  Battery  Wagner.  In  May,  1864,  the 
battalion  was  ordered  to  Virginia,  and  participated  in  the  last 
battles  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  being  badly  cut  up  at 
Sailor's  Creek,  a  few  days  before  the  surrender  of  General  Lee. 

The  Republican  Blues  were  organized  in  1808,  and  served  in  the 
late  war  under  Captain  John  W.  Anderson,  who  resigned  and  was 
succeeded  by  George  W.  Anderson  (afterward  promoted  to  Major 
in  the  regular  army),  Lieutenants  George  A.  Nicoll,  W.  D.  Dixon, 
T.  C.  Elkins,  F.  Willis,  and  J.  M.  Theus.  Lieutenant  Nicoll  was 
-promoted  to  Captain  of  the  Enrmett  Eifles  and  Lieutenant  Dixou 
.became  captain  of  the  Blues.  This  company  served  at  Fort  Mc 
Allister  and  other  points  around  Savannah,  and  with  the  Western 
army,  being  connected  with  the  1st  Georgia  regiment. 

The  Phoenix  Eiflemen  were  organized  on  the  1st  of  May,  1830, 
and  went  into  service  at  the  commencement  of  the  war  under 
Captain  George  A.  Gordon  (promoted  to  colonel  of  the  63d  Georgia 
regiment),  Lieutenants  George  E.  Black  (promoted  to  lieuteiiant- 
.colonel  of  the  same  regiment),  George  W.  Laniar  (promoted  to 
ihe  rank  of  captain),  Spaulding  Mcliitosh,  George  E.  Giles  (pro 
moted  to  major  of  the  63d  Georgia  regiment).  The  ranks  of 
the  company  were  constantly  increased,  which  necessitated  the 
forming  of  two  other  companies.  The  three  companies  were 
organized  into  a  battalion,  and  afterward,  with  additional  com 
panies,  organized  into  a  regiment,  known  as  the  63d  Georgia. 
The  three  companies  served  around  Savannah  and  in  the  Western 


VOLUNTEER  COMPANIES  OF  SAVANNAH.  ^5 

army,  uiider  Captain  James  T.  Buckner,  Lieutenants  William 
Lyons,  William  E.  Eeadick,  James  Geary,  and  G.  A.  Bailey,  of  the 
first  company;  Captain  John  II.  Lopez,  Lieutenants  L.  T.  Turner, 
John  Smith,  and  Eldred  Gefckin,  of  the  second  company;  Captain 
William  Dixon,  Lieutenants  Charles  Law  and  Joseph  Keiffer,  of  the 
third  company. 

The  Irish  Jasper  Greens  were  organized  on  the  22d  of  February, 
1843,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  war.  During  the  late  war  they 
were  officered  by  Captain  John  Flannery,  Lieutenants  Thomas 
Mahoney,  John  Greene,  and  Edmund  Flaherty.  The  ranks  of 
the  company  were  increased  above  the  number  allowed,  and  on 
the  4th  of  February,  1862,  company  B  was  organized  under  Captain 
David  O'Connor,  Lieutenants  James  Dooner,  John  Deacy,  Peter 
Eeiley,  Michael  Goodwin,  and  Win.  H.  Dooner.  Captain  O'Connor 
died  during  service  and  Lieutenant  James  Dooner  became  captain. 
Both  companies  were  in  the  1st  Georgia  regiment,  and  shared  its 
fortunes  while  around  Savannah  and  with  the  Western  army. 

The  German  Volunteers  were  organized  on  the  22d  of  February, 
1846,  and  went  into  service  under  Captain  John  H.  Stegiu,  Lieu 
tenants  A.  Easier,  C.  Werner,  and  C.  H.  A.  Umbach.  The  company 
was  captured  at  Fort  Pulaski,  and,  when  exchanged,  reorganized 
under  Captain  C.  Werner,  Lieutenants  C.  H.  A.  Umbach,  I.  Fleck, 
and  I.  Wolber.  Captain  Werner  was  killed  and  Lieutenant  Umbach 
became  captain;  the  other  officers  were  promoted,  and  George 
Murkins  became  a  lieutenant.  This  company  served  around  Savan 
nah,  at  Battery  Wagner,  and  with  the  Western  army,  forming  a  part 
of  the  1st  Georgia  regiment. 

The  DeKalb  Eiflenien  were  organized  in  1850,  and  went  into 
service  under  the  following  officers:  Captain  P.  Wetter,  Lieutenants 
A.  L.  Hartridge,  B.  H.  Hardee,  and  Henry  Herman.  The  company 
was  reorganized  in  1862,  and  Lieutenant  Hartridge  was  promoted 
to  captain.  The  other  lieutenants  were  advanced  a  grade  and  T. 
S.  Wayne  elected  a  lieutenant.  Captain  Hartridge  was  promoted 
to  Major  of  Artillery,  and  Lieutenant  Hardee  became  captain  and 
Eobert  Wayne  was  elected  a  lieutenant.  The  company  served 
along  the  coast,  and  in  1863  was  placed  in  the  Georgia  Sharp 
shooters  battalion,  and  participated  in  the  various  battles  of  the 
army  of  the  West. 

The  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry  were  organized  on  the  8th  of 
January,  185<>,  the  first  captain  being  John  N.  Lewis.  Francis  S. 
Bartow  was  elected  captain  in  1857,  and  was  in  command  when 


H6  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

the  company  assisted  in  seizing  Fort  Pulaski  on  the  3d  of  January, 
1861.  The  company  left  for  Virginia  on  the  21st  of  May,  1861, 
having  been  reorganized  previous  to  starting.  The  lieutenants 
then  were:  J.  J.  West,  Hamilton  Couper,  and  A.  F.  Butler.  Captain 
Bartow  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general  and  killed  at  Manassas. 
Lieutenant  West  became  captain,  but  resigned  shortly  afterward, 
and  Lieutenant  Couper  was  elected  captain.  Captain  Couper  died 
in  1862,  and  Lieutenant  Butler  succeeded  to  the  captaincy,  remain 
ing  in  that  position  until  the  surrender  of  the  company  at  Appo- 
mattox  Courthouse,  Virginia.  The  lieutenants  during  service  were : 
J.  L.  Holcombe  (promoted  to  major  and  killed  at  Jonesboro),  Fred. 
Bliss,  S.  W.  Branch,  P.  B.  Holmes,  E.  Starke  Law.  This  company 
was  the  first  company  in  the  South  to  offer  its  services  for  the 
war,  and  served  in  all  the  battles  of  the  army  of  Northern  Virginia, 
and  was  with  Longstreet's  corps  when  it  made  its  celebrated 
circuit  of  the  Confederacy.  It  formed  part  of  the  8th  Georgia 
regiment,  which  was  so  highly  complimented  by  General  Beaure- 
gard  for  its  bravery  during  the  first  battle  of  Manassas.  Previous 
to  the  company's  departure  for  Virginia,  in  1861,  the  number  of 
volunteers  had  increased  its  ranks  beyond  the  maximum  number, 
and  another  company,  known  as  the  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry, 
cornpanjr  B,  was  organized  under  Captain  F.  W.  Sims,  Lieutenants 
Henry  C.  Freeman,  Benjamin  T.  Cole,  and  James  Lachlison.  The 
company  was  captured  at  Fort  Pulaski,  and,  on  being  exchanged, 
reorganized  and  served  under  Captain  James  Lachlison,  jr.,  Lieu 
tenants  H.  A.  Elkins,  Joshua  C.  Bruyn,  and  James  Simmons. 
Captain  Sims,  shortly  after  his  exchange,  was  promoted  to  lieuten 
ant-colonel  and  assigned  to  duty  in  Richmond,  Va.  This  company 
formed  part  of  the  1st  Georgia  regiment,  and  participated  with  it 
in  the  various  battles  around  Charleston  and  those  fought  by  the 
army  of  the  West. 

The  1st  Georgia  regiment  was  composed  of  the  old  volunteer 
companies  of  Savannah,  but  was  reorganized  after  hostilities  com 
menced,  with  the  following  companies  composing  it:  Republican 
Blues,  Irish  Jasper  Greens  (first  and  second  companies),  German 
Volunteers,  Oglethorpe  Light  Infantry  (company  B),  Washington 
Volunteers,  Tatnall  Guards,  Coast  Rifles,  City  Light  Guard,  and 
Irish  Volunteers.  The  officers  of  the  regiment  were:  Colonel 
Charles  H.  Olmstead,  Lieutenant-Colonel  W.  S.  Rockwell,  who 
resigned  and  Major  Martin  J.  Ford  became  lieutenant-colonel, 
Major  John  Foley,  who  resigned  and  Captain  S.  Yates  Levy  was 


VOLUNTEER  COMPANIES  OF  SAVANNAH.          ;Q7 

appointed  major;  and  Adjutant  M.  H.  Hopkins.  The  regiment,  or 
a  portion  of  it,  was  at  Fort  Pulaski  when  it  was  besieged ;  also  at 
Battery  Wagner,  with  the  army  of  the  West,  and  at  Fort  McAllister. 

The  City  Light  Guards  were  organized  on  the  -ith  of  March,  1861, 
and  served  under  the  following  officers:  Captain  S.  Yates  Levy, 
Lieutenants  Robert  H.  Elliott,  George  C.  Nichols,  C.  M.  Cunning 
ham,  Joseph  P.  White,  John  J.  Tidwell,  and  Robert  H.  Lewis. 
After  the  promotion  of  Captain  Levy  to  major,  Lieutenant  Cun 
ningham  became  captain. 

The  Washingion  Volunteers  were  organized  in  August,  1861,  tinder 
Captain  John  McMahon,  Lieutenants  Francis  P.  Blair,  C.  D.  Rogers, 
J.  C.  Rowland,  and  A.  G.  McArthur.  The  company  was  captured 
at  Fort  Pulaski,  and  when  exchanged,  reorganized  under  Captain 
John  Cooper,  Lieutenants  J.  C.  Rowland,  A.  G.  McArthur,  and  T. 
C.  Bates. 

The  Tattnall  Guards  were  organized,  shortly  after  the  commence 
ment  of  hostilities,  under  Captain  A.  C.  Davenport,  Lieutenants  B. 
H.  Cole,  John  D.  Hopkins,  and  Cyrus  B.  Carter. 

The  Irish  Volunteers  were  organized  early  in  1861  (for  six 
months),  under  Captain  Jacob  B.  Read,  Lieutenants  Henry  Wil 
liams,  and  A.  J.  J.  Blois.  At  the  expiration  of  this  period  the 
company  was  disbanded.  Previous  to  this  another  company,  under 
the  same  name  and  the  following  officers,  was  organized,  and  many 
of  the  members  of  the  old  company  joined  it:  Captain  John  F. 
O'Neal,  Lieutenants  Robert  Denver  and  Henry  O'Neal. 

The  Coast  Rifles  were  organized  early  in  1861,  under  Captain 
Screven  Turner,  Lieutenants  Thaddeus  Fisher,  E.  A.  Castellaw, 
John  Coburn,  and  Charles  Webster.  Captain  Turner  was  killed, 
and  Lieutenant  Fisher  became  captain. 

The  Eminett  Rifles  were  organized  in  August,  1861,  under  the 
following  officers :  Captain  A.  Bonaud  (afterward  organized  a  battal 
ion,  of  which  he  became  major),  Lieutenants  William  E.  Long 
(afterward  promoted  to  captain,  A.  Q.  M. ),  W.  S.  Rockwell,  and 
George  Dickerson.  At  the  reorganization,  in  1862,  George  A. 
Nicoll  was  elected  captain.  Lieutenant  Rockwell  retained  his 
position,  and  Edgar  M.  McDonnell  was  elected  lieutenant.  The 
company  served  along  the  coast,  and  participated  in  the  numerous 
engagements  at  Fort  McAllister,  and  was  there  captured. 

The  Savannah  Cadets  were  organized  on  the  17th  of  May,  1816, 
and  served  along  the  coast  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  until 
April,  1864,  when  they  were  ordered  to  the  Western  army,  and 


U g  HISTORICAL  RECOKD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

shared  the  fortunes  of  that  army  until  its  surrender,  under  Captain 
Walter  S.  Chisholm  (who  resigned  in  1863  to  accept  the  judgeship 
of  the  City  Court),  Lieutenants  John  W.  Anderson  (promoted  to 
captain  after  Captain  Chisholm  resigned),  H.  M.  Branch,  C.  C. 
Hunter  and  P.  K.  Falligant, 

The  Oglethorpe  Siege  Artillery  was  organized  early  in  1862,  and 
served  in  the  batteries  around  Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  in  the 
Western  army  after  the  evacuation  of  Savannah,  under  Captain 
John  Lama,  Lieutenants  Algernon  Hartridge,  Milton  C.  Wade,  11. 
R.  Eichards,  and  Alexander  Campbell. 

The  Blue  Cap  Cavalry  was  organized  in  March,  1861,  and  served 
in  Georgia,  Florida,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
and  Virginia,  under  Captain  Isaac  M.  Marsh,  Lieutenants  W.  F. 
Walton,  Samuel  Lewis,  and  John  K.  Freyer. 

The  Mitchell  Volunteer  Guards  were  organized  on  the  4th  of 
March,  1862,  and  served  around  Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  in 
the  Western  army,  under  Captain  M.  J.  Doyle  (who  resigned  and 
was  succeeded  by  Lieutenant  B.  Connor),  Lieutenants  P.  W.  Doyle, 
and  John  Joseph  Purtell. 

The  Montgomery  Guards  were  organized  on  the  20th  of  August, 
1861,  under  Captain  L.  J.  Guilmartiii,  Lieutenants  John  J.  Syrnons, 
Christopher  Hussey,  and  Christopher  Murphy.  The  company  was 
captured  at  Fort  Pulaski,  and  when  exchanged  reorganized,  electing 
Lieutenant  Christopher  Hussey  captain,  and  Christopher  Murphy, 
J.  J.  Symons,  and  W.  V.  Apperson  lieutenants.  The  company 
served  around  Savannah  and  in  the  Western  army.  Captain  Hus- 
sey  died  just  before  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston's  surrender,  and 
Lieutenant  Murphy  was  promoted  to  captain. 

The  Savannah  Artillery  was  organized  in  1860,  under  Captain 
John  B.  Gallic  (promoted  to  major  and  killed  at  Fort  McAllister). 
George  L.  Cope  became  captain,  and  B.  Whitehead,  E.  Knapp,  and 
C.  W.  Hoist  lieutenants.  The  company  served  around  Savannah 
until  1862,  when  it  wras  disbanded,  and  the  members  volunteered  in 
other  companies. 


SAVANNAH'S  ROLL  OF  HONOR. 


Those  marked  thus  *  were  killed ;  those  marked  t  died  in  service  or  since  the 
war;  arid  those  marked  $  were  wounded. 

MAJOR-GENEBALS 

J.  F.  Gilmer,  Geo.  P.  Harrison,  Commodore  J.  Tatnall. 

BRIGADIER-GENERALS 

11.  H.  Anderson,  Isaac  W.  Avery,  Ed.  C.  Anderson,  Francis  S.  Bartow,*  J.  8. 
Bowen,*  William  R.  Boggs,  Henry  R.  Jackson,  W.  W.  Kirkland,  A.  R.  Lawton.1: 
H.  W.  Mercer,  G.  Moxley  Sorrell. 

COLONELS 

Edward  C.  Anderson,  Joseph  S.  Claghorn,  Winder  P.  Johnson,  George  A.  Gordon, 
Charles  A.  L.  Lamar,*  J.  M.  Millen,*  Charles  H.  Olmstead,  F.  W.  Simms,  W.  R. 
Symons,  W.  T.  Thompson,  J.  F.  Waring,  t  W.  M.  Wadley,  Charlton  H.  Way,  R. 
A.  Wayne,  Aaron  Wilbur. 

LIKUTENANT-COLONELS 

George  R.  Black,  Richard  J.  Uavant,  Jr.,  Martin  J.  Ford,  B.  B.  Ferrill,  C1.  C. 
Jones,  W.  R.  Pritchard,  W.  S.  Rockwell,  John  Screven. 

MAJORS 

George  W.  Anderson,  W.  S.  Basinger.i  P.  H.  Behn,  T.  D.  Bertody,  A.  Bonaud. 
Henry  Bryan,  John  Cunningham,  H.  N.  Davenport,  R.  W.  B.  Elliott,  John  Foley, 
T.  J.  Charlton,  John  M.  Guerard,  Geo.  R.  Giles,}:  Jno.  B.  Gallie,*  E.  L.  Holcombe, 

A.  L.  Hartridfeo,  J.  L.  Holcombe,*  Charles  S.  Hardee,  B.  W.  Hardee,  J.  C.  Haber- 
sham,  J.  M.  Johnston,  W.  S.  Lawton,  S.  Yates  Levy,  J.  C.  Le  Hardy,  McPherson 

B.  Millen,  D.  II.  Morrisson,  J.  T.  McFarland,  J.  B.  Read,  James  T.  Stewart,  W.  F. 
Shellman,  J.  G.  Thomas,  Joseph  C.  Thompson, t  J.  J.  Waring,  W.  D.  Waples,  W. 
H.  Wiltberger,  J.  S.  Williams. 

CAPTAINS 

John  W.  Anderson,!  John  W.  Anderson,  Jr.,  R.  F.  Aiken,  James  T.  Buckner,  A. 
F.  Butler.t  W.  H.  Burroughs,  Jr.,  N.  B.  Brown,  J.  McP.  Berrien,$  A.  Easier, 
George  S.  Barthelmcss,  De  Witt  C.  Bruyn,  George  W.  Coxwell,  T.  M.  Cunningham, 

C.  M.  Cunningham,  S.  M.  Colding,  John  Cooper,  Walter  S.  Chisolm,  B.  Connor, 
George  L.  Cope,  Hamilton  Couper,t  E.  Chevis,*  H.  C.  Cunningham,  J.  S.  Camp- 
field,  William  M.  Davidson,  J.  H.  Demund,  H.  W.  Denslow,  A.  C.  Davenport, 
William  Dixon,  William  D.  Dixon,  James  Dooner,   Archibald  C.   Davenport, 
George  Dickerson,  M.  J.  Doyle,  E.  W.  Drummond,  William  Duncan,  Robert 


120  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Erwin,  W.  H.  Elliott,  R.  H.  Footman,  John  Flannery,  Thaddeus  Fisher,  F.  L.  Gue, 
W.  W.  Gordon,  L.  J.  Guilniartin,  E.  L.  Guerard,  James  B.  Grant, tC.  R.  Goodwin, 
Thomas  B.  Gowen,  B.  H.  Hardee,  Christopher  Hussey,!  W.  F.  Holland,  J.  D. 
Hopkins,  R.  B.  Harris,  W.  D.  Harden,  C.  C.  Hardwicke.  Jno.  Howard.  Jno.  R. 
Johnson,  J.  S.  Kennard,  Geo.  W.  Larnar,  Juo.  H.  Lopez,!  Jas.  Lachlison,  Jr.,  J  Win- 
E.  Long,  W.  F.  Law,  G.  B.  Lamar,  T.  B.  Lamar,  E.  P.  Lawton,*  Juo.  Lama,  R.  E. 
Lester,  J.  M.  B.  Lovell,  Spaulding  Mcliitosh,  John  McMahon,  I.  M.  Marsh,  Chris 
topher  Murphy,  J.  W.  McAlpin,  George  A.  Mercer,  Robert  P.  Myers,  George  A. 
Nicoll,  R.  J.  Nunn,  John  F.  O'Neal,  David  O'Connor.t  D.  G.  Purse,  William  H. 
Patterson,!  G.  C.  Rice,*  A.  Richardson,  A.  M.  Richards,  T.  F.  Screven,  George 
W.  Stiles,  John  H.  Stegin,  C.  A.  Stiles,  H.  H.  Scranton,!  F.  C.  Sollee,  A.  C. 
Sorrell,  Robert  Stiles,  John  W.  Sutlive,  Screven  Turner,*  J.  S.  Turner,*  J.  H. 
Thomas,  H.  A.  Umbach,!  John  F.  Wheaton,  C.  H.  Wylly,  W.  L.  Walthour,  C.  J. 
White,  R.  D.  Walker,  David  Waldhauer,!  C.  Werner,*  P.  Wetter,  J.  J.  West,  R. 
Hubersham  Wylly. 

LIEUTENANTS 

T.  A.  Askew,  John  H.  Ashe,  A.  G.  McArthur,  W.  V.  Apperson,  Ed.  M.  Anderson. 
Frederick  H.  Blois,  E.  Blois,*  G.  A.  Bailey,  A.  Easier,  Joshua  C.  Bruyn,  Francis  P. 
Blair,  T.  C.  Bates,  A.  J.  J.  Blois,  H.  M.  Branch, I  Fred  Bliss,*  S.  M.  Branch,  !  L.  C. 
Berrien,  Jno.  S.  Branch,*  John  Bilbo,  Sam'l  P.  Bell,  Henry  Butler,  Jno.  S.  Butler, 
Edward  A.  Castellaw,!  Benjamin  T.  Cole,  B.  H.  Cole,  Cyrus  B.  Carter,* 
John  Coburn,  H.  A.  Crane,  A.  T.  Cunningham,  C.  M.  Cunningham,  John  R. 
Dillon, $  John  Deacey,  W.  H.  Dooner,  Robert  Denver,  P.  W.  Doyle,  George  W. 
Dickersou,  R.  M.  Demere,  G.  Darling,  T.  C.  Elkins,  H.  A.  Elkins,!  Robert  H. 
Elliott,  Paul  Elkins,  Edmund  Flaherty,  I.  Fleck,  Henry  C.  Freeman, $  P.  R.  Falli 
gant,!  John  R.  Freyer,  J.  M.  Fleming,*  Robert  Falligant,  C.  G.  Falligant. 
W.  E.  Gue,  W.  D.  Grant,!  James  W.  Geary,  Eldred  Gefckin,  John  Greene, 
Michael  Goodwin,  W.  E.  Guerard,  A.  H.  Gordon,  W.  R.  Gignilliatt,  Joseph 
H.  Gnann,*  Robert  Grant,!  William  T.  Gibson,  G.  P.  Goodwin,  Jiilian  Hartridge, 
Algernon  Hartridge,  E.  P.  Hill,  M.  H.  Hopkins,  John  D.  Hopkins,  Henry 
Herman,*  C.  C.  Hunter,!  C.  W.  Hoist,  P.  B.  Holmes,*  F.  A.  Habershani,* 
J.  T.  Howard,  James  Hunter,!  Jr.,  J.  L.  Hammond,  George  N.  Heiidry. 
James  Hunter,  G.  H.  Johnston,  W.  H.  King,*  Joseph  Keift'er,*  E.  Knapp, 
William  Lyons,  Charles  Law,!  Robert  H.  Lewis,!  Samuel  Lewis,  E.  Starke  Law,! 
A.  B.  Luce,  John  A.  Lewis,  A.  McC.  Duncan,  Thomas  Mahoney,  George  Murkins, 
Edgar  N.  McDonnell,  F.  J.  McCall,  Edward  Manes,  M.  Molina,*  John  L.  Martin, 
T.  A.  Maddox,  J.  B.  Mclntosh,  John  Mahoney,  L.  Y.  Mallory,  George  C.  Nichols, 
Henry  O'Neal,*  S.  P.  Norris,  E.  F.  Neufville,  John  Oliver,  S.  B.  Palmer,  E.  Padel- 
i'ord,  Jr.,!  John  J.  Purtell.t  C.  A.  Patillo.t  George  T.  Patten.  Charles  T.  Preston, 
P.  N.  Raynal,  W.  E.  Readick,*  Peter  Reily,  C.  D.  Rogers,  J.  C.  Roland,  W.  S. 
Rockwell,  J.  A.  Rahn,  William  Rogers,  C.  B.  Richardson,  J.  C.  Roland,  W.  A. 
Russell,  R.  R.  Richards,  B.  S.  Sanchez,*  Robert  Saussy,  George  D.  Smith,!  E.  P. 
Starr,!  John  Smith,!  James  Simmons,  H.  B.  Saddler,  W.  P.  Schrom,  G.  P.  Screven. 
H.  R.  Synions,  J.  L.  McTurner,  Fred.  Tupper,!  G.  M.  Turner,*  L.  T.  Turner,!  J. 
M.  Theus,!  J.  J.  Tidwell,  George  A.  Whitehead,  M.  E.  Williams,  F.  Williams,  F. 
Willis,  I.  Wolber,  Joseph  P.  White,  Henry  Williams,  Charles  Webster,  Thomas  S. 
Wayne,  Robert  Wayne,!  W.  F.  Walton,  B.  Whitehead,  A.  A.  Ward,*  Michael 
Walsh,  H.  K.  Washburne,  H.  Way,  Milton  C.  Wade,  Philip  Yonge. 


ROLL  OF  HONOR. 


121 


I.  Ames, t  J.  II.  Austin,  H.  Atkinson,  J.  M.  Abrahams,!  R.  E.  Allen,  W.  C.  Avery , 
B.  Abncy,*  J.  G.  Ardis,  L.  B.  Andrew,  J.  J.  Abrams,  A.  Alleoud,  A.  S.  Achord, 
JamcB  L.  Agncw,  G.  8.  Appleton,  J.  H.  Ashc,  R.  W.  Adams,  J.  T.  Austin,  D.  E. 
Ardis,  James  Aaron,  J.  O.  Andrews,  C.  Y.  Anderson,  George  Atchison,  Robert 
Andrews,  Joseph  Adams,  W.  L.  B.  Aikens,  William  Allen,  J.  Abramscyk,  James 
M.  Ashfield.t  William  Ashfleld,  John  D.  Audas,  George  R.  Anderson,!  William 
Anderson,  D.  O.  Avery,*  R.  Attaway,  D.  R.  Adams,  W.  Adams,  A.  J.  Adams,  I.  T. 
Adams.William  Allison,  George  Archibald,  G.  H.  Angill,  David  A.  Adams,  Georga 
F.  Allen,  L.  Aikens,  W.  Andrew?. 

W.  T:  Borchert,!  J.  A.  Brown,  Samuel  Brown,  i  George  M.  Barnes,!  Robert 
Bren,  L.  Bevill.t  E.  J.  Bourquin,!  Thaddeus  W.  Bennett,  G.  D.  Baker, t  W.  H. 
Bourne,?  Berry  Bradford,  W.  B.  Bradford, t-  W.  H.  Bird,  Wm.  R.  Boyd,  C.  F.  Bor 
chert,  S.  H.  Baldie,*  W.  H.  Bennett,  E.  B.  Barnwell,*  W.  H.  Barton,  Robert  Q. 
Baker,  J  I.  H.  Bogart,  M.  B.  Boston,*  Willis  A.  Burney.i  George  M.  Butler,*  Jno. 
A.  Belviu.i  DeWitt  C.  Bacon,  F.  W.  Baily.t  W.  S."  Bogart,  Lewis  Bliss,  John  Bilbo, 
Alfred  Bliss,!  Osceola  Butler,  R.  F.  Baker,  M.  O'Byrne,  W.  C.  Bishop,  A.  M. 
Boweu,  J.  S.  Bayard,  J.  H.  Bowman,  M.  Burns,  W.  E.  Q.  Baker,  Richard  Broderick, 
Alfred  Bishop,  A.  Bouliueau,  J.  G.  Barnwell,  M.  J.  Bayard,  C.  J.  Barrie,  J.  H. 
Butler,!  W.  J.  Bee,  M.  A.  Barrie,  L.  E.  Barrie,*  J.  C.  Bryan,!  Hugh  Bryan,  Gideon 
Bliss,!  J.  W.  Burroughs.  W.  H.  Bradley,  Thos.  Byrns,  T.  P.  Bond,  M.  T.  Bruner, 
W.  C.  Bennett,*  C.  Barnwell,  H.  Baars,J  James  Bryan,*  J.  J.  Butler,!  James 
Belote,$  Henry  Bennett,  H.  H.  Black,  B.  Brady,  H.  M.  Bryan,  Isaac  Brunner. 
David  Bell.  T.  J.  Bulloch,  A.  O.  Bowie,*  P.  N.  Box,  A.  M.  Barber,  Eugene  Bee,  E. 
H.  Bacon.  H.  G.  Black,  J.  B.  Bennett,  John  Blackie,  C.  W.  Brunner,  H.  F.  Bruen,! 
A.  E.  W.  Barclay,  J.  Borrel,  O.  T.  Bacon.  H.  N.  Bryan,  W.  J.  Bessent,  A.  S.  Bacon. 
J.  H.  Barton.  L.  E.  Baly,  C.  W.  Bruen,  J.  T.  Baker,  R.  J.  R.  Bee,  B.  Brunner, 
Geo.  R.  Black,  S.  J.  M.  Baker,  Henry  Bryan,  A.  M.  Barbee,  C.  J.  Bartlett,  John 
Barrie.  J.  J.  Butler,!  J.  A.  Baker,!  E.  H.  Bacon,  A.  Barrie,  J.  S.  Bryan,W.  H.  Bul 
loch,  T.  R.  Brannon,  F.  Bacchus,  J.  O.  Bryin,  C.  Brukman,*  W.  Brewer,  F.  Bier- 
halter,  W.  Brooks,  J.  W.  Booth, $  D.  Brewer,  D.  Browen,  L.  Brown,  $  C.  Beckton,J 
R.  A.  F.  Blakeley.t  H.  Black,  R.  Barrett, W.  Backley,  J  A.  Beyard,  H.  Bridie,!  T.  A. 
Batton.W.  Baxter,  J.Bryant, t  J.E.  Beasley,W.Beasley,  H.Bogardus,W.  G.Bruce,* 
J.  Brady,  J.  Bessent,  T.  Bennett,  T.  Blessing, W.W.  Bradley,!  F.  S.  Battley,*  J.  R. 
Browne.  J.  M.  Boyd.  A.  M.  Buford,  G.  A.  Bailie,  T.  S.  Bird,  L.  Burroughs,  S.  R. 
Banks.  H.  O.  Best,  J.W.  Bie/e,T.  J.  Bransby,  C.  P.  Burkhalter,W.Best.  L.  A.  Butts, 
James  D.  Bell,  William  H.  Bell,  William  Best,  L.  A.  Butts,,  J.  C.  Browning, f 
J.  W.  Bailey.!  C.  B.  Browning,  J.  Brown,  P.  C.  Brown.  I.  Bell,  Wm.  Burns.  P. 
Burket.  A.  P.  Boggs.  G.  A.  Blount,  G.  Bums,  S.  H.  Bowman,  John  W.  Balcy, 
Charles  H.  Baker,  Stephen  J.  Baker,  J.  J.  Boyd,  R.  E.  Brantly,  David  H.  Bailey. 
John  Barrie.  E.  W.  Brown,  H.  L.  Benning.  George  W.  Blouut,  George  W. 
Brownell,  Thomas  Blitch,  William  C.  Bradley,  J.  J.  Barron,J  Henry  J. 
Byrd.  L.  Bragg,  t  D.  J.  Bryant,  R.  J.  G.  Blake,  William  Bray,  I.  M.  Beck,  John 
Brein.J  B.  Bryant,  (?harles  Berry,  Mark  Breen,  James  Brannou.  James  Bray,  Ed. 
15rady,  John  Blessing,  Michael  Black,  T.  Berryhill.  Patrick  Barrett,  George  W. 
Berry.  H.  F.  Beach.  William  Box.  W.  W.  Brown,  M.  Bozmau,  Henry  C.  Bradley, 
Robert  A.  Beasley,  Ed.  W.  Barnwoll.  William  Burnham,  William  Black,  Joseph 
P.  Bell.  Robert  Barnwell,  I^iwrence  C.  Butler,  William  M.  Butler.  John  Brady, 

11 


122  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

J.  A.  Bessiugcr,  Peter  Burket,  S.  S.  Bessinger, £  J.  E.  Bcasley,  C.  A.  Barren,  J.  R. 

B.  Baker,  Charles  Blaque,!  G.  F.  Bascfield,  H.  Bingham,t  John  Baker,?  John 
Berkley,  M.  Buchanon,  Johu  Brantley,  Win.  Butler,  Henry  Bennar,  Richard 
Burke,  J  Michael  Barrett, t  Thomas  Breunaii,  John  Brasnahan,  James  Brennan, 
James  Bent, i  William  Burns,   Michael  Bryan,   G.  Baukman,  James  Barbour,J 
Charles  F.  Blanche,  Charles  R.  Badger,  Wm.  J.  Baillie.J   Win.   Barbour,t  B.  B. 
Baillie,  M.  Bishop,  James  Bishoi>,  John  A.  Baynes,  Wm.  H.  Bonuer,$  Thos.  H. 
Butler.  Wm.  Bell,  Thos.  B.  Bond,  R.  F.  W.  Burroughs,!  Franklin  Bird,t  Barry 
Byrd.t  Henry  E.   Ball,  J.  W.  Biggs,  Thomas  Ballantyue,  W.  Baynard,*  J.   A. 
Boughan,  John  A.  Britton.J  John  Burnett.  George  W.  Bockley,!  F.  Brodbacker 
(killed  by  negroes,  Dec.  1868,  while  on  patrol  duty),  L.  Bruin,  J.  F.  Butler, $ 
Dominique  Brown, t  John  T.  Blatz,  H.  Bcrgner,  Dennis  Boyle. t 

William  C.  Crawford,  Harry  A.  Carter, t  J.  J.  Crumpler.t  Thomas  Cuddigan,t  Z. 
Castleberry,  W.  H.  Crane,*  I.  E.  Carolan,*  I.  B.  Chisholm,  R.  H.  Cole.i  William 
Combs,*  A.  H.  Charlton,  Charles  Cevor,  W.  B.  Corey,  R.  A.  Crawford,  Charles 
Cannon,!  H.  R.  Christian,  Daniel  Callahan,  James  Coleinan,  James  Cooper,  Wm. 
Craven,  John  Cheisman,  Pat.  Cashin,  W.  J.  Cash,!  J.  M.  Cole,  W.  R.  Cooke,  G.  B. 
Clarke,  N.  Corbin,  J.  Cooner,  A.  H.  Champion,  J.  B.  Crabtree,  R.  M.  Charlton,! 
L.  Connelly  Isaac  Cohen,  George  A.  Cuyler,!  C.  C.  Cushing,  D.  J.  Craft,  J.  M. 
Carrol,!  A.  W.  Clarke,  E.  Copeland,!  John  Chipniau,  C.  Clarke,  H.  Crook,*  J.  J. 
Cornell,  S.  Coalson,  J.  Carmody,!  H.  M.  Conistock,!  P.  Cooney,  J.  Carroll,  B. 
Coldman,  T.  J.  Crotty,  A.  Cowper,  M.  S.  Cohen,  G.  S.  H.  Clarke,  J.  G.  Cornell,  J. 
Conlan,*  John  Cooper,  J.  S.  Caruthers,  James  Chaplin,  Ed.  Cooper,  John  Calder, 
Robert  Cessor,  John  Cooper,  W.  T.  Coleman,  A.  J.  Coleman,  Thomas  Cobb,  Geo. 
Clark,  Barnet  Carr,  Maurice  Crowley,  Thos.  Carlin,  James  Clancey,  Wm.  Condon . 
Patrick  Curran,  Stephen  Clark,  E.  W.  Cribb,  Nathan  Childre,  Richard  Crotty, 
Andrew  Collins,  E.  J.  Council,  George  Cambeff,  F.  B.  Colson,  John  Curren,  John 
G.  Cushing,  John  W.  Counts,  M.  Cohen,  Wm.  H.  Card  well,  James  Coil,  Edward 
F.  Costigan,  Martin  Connor,*  J.  A.  Calloway,  A.  R.  Cullens,  George  Cordes, 
Theodore  Carnis,  Washington  Cole,  Thomas  B.  Clare,  D.  L.  Cole,  Thomas  Carro- 
lan,  F.  B.  Cocke,!  James  C.  Chisolm,  A.  Chisolm,  P.  I.  Creagan,  Mathew  Clancey, 
L.  Callahan,  Nicholas  Cullcn,!  P.  Campbell,!  J.  Crinmoa,  Michael  Cusick,  Garrett 
Coltor,  P.  Connahan,  P.  Condon,!  Michael  Cleary,  Thomas  Conghlin,!  Luke 
Carson,  Cornelius  Cronin,  John  Colemau,  James  Crotty,  Thomas  Carroll,  Richard 
Crotty,  P.  Cullen,  Michael  Cumins,  Michael  Cash,  Jeremiah  Crowley,  John 
Cooney,  Thomas  Cooney,  Michael  Copps,  William  J.  Cook,DeWitt  C.  Cook,  Isaac 
S.  Cohen,  P.  G.  Cope.J  Joseph  J.  Cooper,  Ed.  Clifford,  Morris  Cohen,  Pat.  Carlis, 
L.  J.  Connell,  John  W.  Calloway,!  Jos.  J.  Clarke,  Hardy  Cook,  J.  C.  Connell,  L. 
H.  Clemens,  J  A.  J.  Campbell,!  Robert  Campbell,!  T.  B.  Chisolm,  I.  W.  C.  Clarke, 
Alfred  Cuthbert,  Michael  Clarke,  C.  N.  Clemens,!  Jacob  Clemens,  J.  W.  Crew.i 
L.  Calahan,!  L.  Cason,!  M.  J.  Cox,!  L.  Cox,!  John  Carter,!  R.  Carson,  C.  Christie, % 

C.  Campbell,  David  Carter,  R.  Cercopaly,  W.  Curry,  W.  A.  Conery,  J.  D.  Claherty, 
James  Cauffield,  Allen  Cullen,  T.  H.  Courter,  G.  H.  Cox,  J.  W.  Connor,  G.  W. 
Clarke,  W.  H.  Cooper,  J.  H.  Cullen,  Floyd  Crockett,  G.  Carswell,  E.  Clarke,  Benj. 
Carter,*  Arthur  Connoway,  James  L.  Crosby,  George  Cash,*  John  Crosby,  D. 
Wiley  Carter,  W.  W.  Connor,  John  B.  Connor,!  R.  A.  Crawford,  Milton  Creigh- 
tou.  R.  Carroll,  A.  Cowan,!  L.  M.  Cowan,  W.  W.  Cheever,  F.  B.  Cleary,  F.  A. 
Canuet,  G.  R.  Clarke,  C.  P.  Carey,  W.  G.  Cooper. 

N.  J.  Darrell,  M.  Davis,*  Thomas  Devane,  Alfred  Davis.  B.  Dunovan.1:  S.  M. 


ROLL  OF  HONOR. 


123 


Dasher,*  W.  B.  Dasher, :f  Joseph  O.  Davis, $  Henry  L.  Davis. £  George  Dell,  O. 
Dauvergne, $  J.  H.  Demand,  J.  G.  Deitz,  Jacob  F.  Doe,t  H.  B.  Dumas,  Thomas 
Duiin,  Jolm  Dreesen,  G.  E.  Dixon,  J.  M.  Davis,  t  R.  L.  Dixou,  H.  S.  Drees,  D. 
McDonald,  J.  Darracott,  +  E.  J.  Douglass,*  13.  II.  R.  Davenport,  J.  Donahue,  J. 
D«an,  M.  Dillon,  W.  C.  Daniel,  P.  D.  Davis,  H.  Duparc,  E.  W.  Davis,  C.  F. 
Daniels,  H.  W.  Denslow,  J.  D.  Delaunoi,  J.  M.  Dougherty,  J.  H.  Dews,  T.  H. 
Dunham,  R.  Dinzey,  E.  J.  Doyle,  W.  W.  Doty,  J.  B.  Davis,  Samuel  Douse,  Chas. 
Davis,*  W.  J.  Doggett,  J.  E.  Demrard.i  J.  M.  Doty,  Daniel  McDonald,  Abner 
Doba,  William  Dougherty,  John  Dooner,  Frank  Doyle,  Timothy  Dorney,  James 
Dolau,  Barnard  Dolan,  Patrick  Dignon,  John  J.  Derrick,  J.  B.  Davis,*  Thomas  D. 
Downing,  Daniel  Douahoe,  Robert  K.  Dimoud,t  Philip  J.  DeLorge,  Jas.  Deasy, 
T.  F.  Daniel,  R.  A.  Diehl,  Richard  Dawson,*  JohnDawson,  M.  Drury,  J.  J.  Daly, 
P.  F.  Dillon,  J.  Duiguan,  Patrick  Davis,  P.  Doyle,  W.  B.  Devine,  Thomas  Daily, 
Ed.  Dinnon,!  Michael  Dougherty,  Daniel  Doyle,  John  Duggan,  M.  Dohrman,  C. 
Dreyer,  Jacob  G.  Davis,  H.  DeDuring,  Thomas  H.  Dunham,*  George  W.  Dillon, t 
Raymond  M.  Domere,  M.  J.  Donnelly,  Patrick  Dunn,  Peter  Derst,*  John  Derst, 
George  Dieter,  C.  Drager,  John  Dunn,*  John  Dadwilder,t  William  Daunenfelser 
W.  Dominey,*  James  Daniels. t  E.  B.  Darden,  J.  T.  Daniels.  J.  Danforth,  M.  Dan- 
forth,  J.  B.  Davis,*  R.  A.  Davis,  J  Henry  Duggei*,*  John  Denmark,  Newton  Davie, 
Jasper  Davis,  %  Jolm  J.  Davis!,  P.  Daley,  J.  Dillon,  C.  Dalton,  J.  C.  Duke.t  H. 
Demere,  J.  F.  Davis,  W.  W.  Dixon,  W.  H.  Dean. 

John  Easter,  Lewis  Endres,  H.  A.  Elkins,  Lewis  L.  Eastmead,*  J.  H.  Estill,*  R. 
H.  Elliott,!  Percival  Elliott,t  S.  Elliott,  Jr.,  J.  Eghlen,  R.  Exuni,  J.  M.  Elliott,  J. 
W.  Elliott,  M.  English,  Maurice  Ervvin,  Jefferson  Espotons,  William  Elliott,  J.  S. 
Eden.t  William  Entwistle,  A.  Edmonds,  J.  L.  Edmondson,  A.  Ehrlich,*  George 
Ergil,  F.  Euglehart,  Nicholas  Englehard,  G.  Erkil,  W.  R.  Evans,  Joseph  Elarbee, 
M.  Euuis,  H.  Eady,*  William  Eppingcr,  J.  B.  Ellis,*  J.  J.  Eady,  T.  P.  Elkins,  J. 
W.  Edmondson,*  S.  English. 

John  H.  Forehand,*  James  L.  Foster,  Noah  Folsom,  M.  E.  Flowers,  L.  T. 
Flowers  ,t  A.  J.  Franklin,  M.  H.  Franklin,  J  Julius  A.  Ferrill,*  Joseph  M.  Farr, 
T.  C.  Farr,  L.  A.  Falligaut,  R.  C.  Feagan.t  G.  C.  Freeman,  J.  T.  Freeborn,  E.  N. 
Formsby,  J.  R.  Farr,  J.  H.  Frazier.t  A.  Fairchild,  S.  C.  Freeman,  W.  H.  Farrell, 
W.  H.  Ferguson,  J.  Fender,  A.  Folker,*  M.  L.  Farris.W.  B.  Francis,  R.R.  Forbee,! 
J.  C.  Footman,  J.  A.  Feuger,  C.  J.  Falligant,  John  Fernandez,  J.  G.  Fulton,!  D. 
P.  Freeman,  F.  S.  Ferrill,  James  Freeborn,  F.  J.  Fox,  Patrick  Flannery,  John 
Foster,  G.  C.  Fabm,  M.  F.  Foley,  Geo.  G.  Fathers,!  Robert  C.  Felzer,  R.  Fetzer,* 
Wm.  Foley,  Robt.  C.  Fetzer,  David  Farmer,  P.  H.  Ferguson,  Thos.  Feely,  John 
Frain,  R.  Folliard,!  Daniel  Foley,  Michael  Fleming,*  James  Fleming,  William 
Fowler,  J.  Fitzpatrick,  James  Farrell,  Thomas  H.  Farrell,  L.  Freudenthal,  Thoe. 
Ft-rrill,  L.  Feuslenberg,  J.  S.  Fisher,  Dougald  Ferguson,  Joseph  C.  Faver,  T.  S. 
Flood,  Wm.  Frew,*  John  H.  Fulton, t  Fred.  Ferrier,  Jas.  Ferguison,*F.  Fisher,! 
E.  B.  Forbes,  M.  Floyd,  R.  J.  Frizell,  J.  C.  Fletcher,  B.  B.  Farmer,!  R.  A.  Flem 
ing,  A.  Fitzpatrick,  B.  F.  Fox,  J.  D.  Ferguson,  Robert  C.  Ferrill, J  Lemuel  A. 
Fryer,  Richard  Flinn,  U.  C.  Frazier,*  P.  Fogarty,  Wm.  Fowler,  I.  Follard,  I. 
Finn,!  B.  C.  Ferguson,*  J.  D.  Fra/ier,  W.  B.  Fisher,  W.  J.  Forehand,  F.  W. 
Finch,  A.  J.  Franklin,  W.  H.  Farmer,  W.  C.  Flemister,  J.  M.  Farr. 

C.  Gassman,  J.  Giddins,  L.  L.  Graybill,*  I.  N.  Grimes,*  I.  I.  Griffin,*  F.  G. 
Goodwin,*  R.  J.  Godfrey,*  C.  W.  Godfrey,  C.  G.  Girardeau,!  F.  A.  Garden,  J.  B. 
cuudry.  A.  T.  Gray,  C.  Garrett,  J.  Gammell,  Chas.  A.  Greiner,!  John  Golden,  W. 


124  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

G.  Gray,  E.  J.  Gowdy,  N.  E.  Griffin,  A.  Goodman,  W.  J.  Grubbs,  H.  F.  Gillilancl, 
John  Gross,  A.  Goodman,  S.  P.  Goodwin,  E.  L.  Graves,  B.  J.  Givoncclly,  E.  J. 
Gowdy,  J.  S.  Gans.t  E.  Gordon,  E.  L.  Gordon,t  E.  Griffin,  B.  Green, t  R.  D. 
Guerard,  C.  F.  Grant,  J.  N.  Guerard.t  J.  S.  Griggs  (drowned),  H.  Gallagher,  C. 
W.Gould, tW.  E.  Guerard,  S.  D.  Griffin,  D.  M.  Gugel,  H.  L.  Gilliland.W.  S.  Gowan, 
D.  F.  Goens,  Thos.  A.  Grace,  John  Gribbiii,  Joseph  Gammon,  James  Glenn,  Geo. 
Grimshaw,  Fleming  Goldsby,  John  McGrath,  Sr.,  John  McGrath,  Jr.,  August 
Gerber,  M.  Garritz,  John  J.  Gallagher,  Patrick  Gahau,  Patrick  Gleason, 
James  Golden,  G.  Geiger,  William  Gleeman,  F.  Green,  G.  Giebelhouse,  G. 
Garey,  B.  L.  Goulding,  B.  A.  Grubbs,  J.  W.  Graves.  J.  C.  Gray,  William  Guisin- 
heimer,  Fisher  Gaskins,  James  L.  Griffin,  Benjamin  Green,t  Robert  C.  Guerard,t 
Ed.  Gordon,  A.  W.  Graham,t  F.  R.  Goulding,  W.  J.  Grxibbs,  Frank  Godwin,  R. 
Garrison,  W.  Grimm,  Wm.  Gardner,  John  Geigher,  S.  Green, $  John  Gaskins,  W. 
B.  Gill,  Thos.  Gibbons,  J.  H.  Geffcken,  H.  A.  Gilbert,  James  Ginney.t  J.  V.  Gray, 
J.  N.  Gow,t  G.  T.  Gray,  B.  Gray,  John  T.  Glatigny,  Joshua  Gnann,  M.  M.  Glisson, 
James  Gill,  Wm.  Gill,  Silas  H.  Graves,  R.  Grant,  T.  H.  Gibson,  Wm.  Groover,  E. 
W.  Gifford,  A.  W.  Gresham,  P.  Guerard,  A.  G.  Guerard,  J.  F.  Goweu. 

David  Hutchinson,f  Robert  H.  Hutchinsou,*  Alexander  F.  Holmes ,$  Jesse  C. 
Heidt,  E.  L.  Hacket,  J.  W.  Heidt,  R.  R.  Habersham,  A.  Holt,  James  Heery,  G.  T. 
Hetterick,  A.  T.  Habersham,t  John  L.  Harden,  M.  Haggerty,  F.  E.  Hertz,  H.  P. 
H6rton,t  T.  R.  Hines,  A.  W.  Harmon,  Wm.  Hays,  W.  H.  Hudson,  E.  F.  Hender 
son,  M.  Hamilton,  C.  M.  Hoist,  B.  M.  Hunter,  John  Hughes,  J.  E.  Henderson, 
J.  B.  Hogg,  H.  N.  Heidt,  W.  Higgins,  S.  D.  Hamilton,  C.  Hopkins,  W.  L.  Haupt;  F. 
J.  Hunt,  t  T.  Holcombe,  F.  W.  Harriss,  J.  B.  Harriss,  J.  Hitchcock ,W.  P.  Hunter, 
S.  O.  T.  Harvey,  J.  B.  Hoist,  J.  C.  Holcombe,  S.  H.  Hopkins,  t  T.  Henderson,  J. 
Harig,  Thomas  L.  Henry,  James  H.  Hull,  N.  A.  Hardee,t  J.  F.  Hamilton, 
W.  R.  Holmes,  C.  S.  Harris,  G.  G.  Hendrick,  W.  B.  Hassett,  E.  R.  Hernandez,  B. 
J.  Helny,  Thomas  Hinely.t  W.  N.  Habersham,J  W.  C.  Henges,?  W.  T.  Ham, 
Albert  Hunt,  John  Hodge,  A.  S.  Hutchinson,  E.  B.  Hook,  W.  Hutchinson,t  John 
Hays,  Henry  Hastcdtt,  Wm.  R.  Hutchiuson,  Charles  W.  Harper,  Henry  Hinkins.t 
James  Hourine,*  Richard  Hunt,  W.  O.  Harper,  John  Hammond,  Isaac  Hay,  Wm. 
Hernandez,  F.  A.  Holliday,  John  Healey,  Elijah  J.  Hall,  George  W.  Hall,  John 
Henry,*  Patrick  Hays,  Stephen  Hanlon,t  Thos.  Haley,  J.  Harrington,  Bernard 
Horan,  Patrick  Hayes,  Thos.  Hymes,t  C.  Hartman,  C.  M.  Harden,  B.  W.  Hodgins, 

B.  Hess,  J.  Henniugs,  D.  Harmes,  H.  Harper,  Charles  Hennings,  H.  Hartloge,  I. 
Harmes,  H.  Hartloe,  John  F.  Hunter,  George  W.  Hendrick,  John  Hart,  J.  W. 
Hendley,  Samuel  P.  Hamilton,  R.  L.  Hearu,  T.  W.  Heyward.t  Wm.  H.  Hewlitt, 

C.  C.  Hines,  Jefferson  Hyatt, t  Thos.  G.  Heidt,*  John  Hess,  Frank  Hirt,  C.  Hirt, 
Wm.  Haarer.t  Henry  Heine,  Peter  Hildebrandt,  Wm.  Haskel,  S.  Hernstadt.t  B. 
Ham,  D.  Heusler,  C.  Heuer,  Robt.  Hurst,  $,  John  Howard,  t  Fred.  Heuer,*  H. 
Hicks,  J.  D.  Howard, $  James  Halpine,  L.  Heuriaut,t  John  Hinely,*  Chae.  Herb, 
R.  M.  Harris,  James  Hamlin,  C.  F.  Hughes,  J.  Hanley,  H.  C.  Harden,:}:  W.  J. 
Harris,  W.  J.  Hulm,  C.  Hartman,  J.  E.  Howard,*  J.  M.  Harris,  M.  L.  Harris,  B. 
Horn,  W.  B.  Heath,  J.  Hagerty,t  J.  M.  Hills,  Peter  Hogan,  James  Higgins, t  Jas. 
Hancock,  W.  S.  Hancock,  Alfred  P.  Horton,  J.  T.  Hairgrooves,  John  Harris,!  Jas. 
Hineley,  S.  Haughton.t  A.  Heery,  M.  Henry,  C.  H.  Hamm,  Alexander  Hazzard,t 
Wm.  Harden,  R,  P.  Hoyt,  T.  R.  Holliday,  H.  Humphreys,  W.  B.  Hedleston,  C.  J. 
Hallman,  H.  M.  Heidt,  T.  C.  Harden,  R.  F.  Harrington,  J.  R.  Holtzclaw,*  G. 
Harper,  P.  F.  Hayden,  G.  H.  Henning,  J.  B.  Harrell. 


ROLL  OF  HONOR.  125 

Robt.  Ivey,  W.  H.  Ivey.t  S.  T.  Isler.i  Henry  Iiimcu,  John  Inmen,  C.  F.  Irwin, 
L.  Iiigalls,  I.  Ivcy. 

J.  S.  Jordan,  )•  S.  Jones, t  E.  C.  Johnson,  G.  O.  Johnson,  W.  Johnson,  J.  E. 
Jones,  M.  Joiner,  J.W.  Jaudou,  J.  Joiner,  W.  J.  Jones,  J.  A.  Johnston,  F.  P.  Jones, 
A.Johnson,  Mitchell  Jones,  T.  Jones,  H.  B.  Josephs,  G.  E.  James,*  P.  Jordan, t  R. 
Johnson,  T.  W.  Johnson,  B.  L.  Jones,  J.  B.  Jones,  J.  Johnson  (drowned),  W.  L. 
Jackson,  J  J.  E.  Jarrell,  J.  M.  Jones,  Jacob  A.  Jones,  W.  W.  Jennings,  Thomas 
Jennings,  H.  Jones,  J.  Jennings,  F.  Jackson,  I.  Johnson,  P.  E.  Judine.t  Samuel 
Jeffcoat,*  Mathew  Jones,  Daniel  J.  Jones,  H.  II.  Jones,  Alfred  Jones,  Win.  A. 
JaudoQ,*  Win.  H.  Jackson, $  J.  T.  Jones,  W.  Jones,  H.  T.  Johnson,  T.  G.  Jones, 
J.  H.  Jones, $  B.  F.  Jenkins,  J.  J.  Johnson,  O.  Shelton  Jinks, t  J.  H.  Jackson,  t  M. 
Jackson,  Win.  Johnson,  W.  B.  Jackson,  T.  M.  Jenkins,  G.  W.  Johnson,  C.  Jolly. 

P.  Krciger.i  J.  F.  Krenson,*  J.  H.  King.t  M.  Kelly,  T.  Kenny,  M.  L.  King, 
A.  D.  Krenson,  R.  M.  C.  Kennedy.  R.  B.  King,  W.  A.  Keller,  t  E.  H.  Kent,  R. 
King,  E.  J.  Kirkland,  T.  King,  F.  Kreeger.i  J.  F.  Kollock,  G.  J.  Kollock,  J.  F. 
Kreeger.i  J.  M.  Kreeger,  N.  B.  Knapp,  B.  F.  Keller,  P.  J.  Kirby,  J.  Kirkland, 
J.  A.  M.  King,  L.  Kelly,  T.  Kirby,  R.  H.  Kennedy,  D.  S.  Kellam,  J.  T.  Knight, 
P.  Keuane,  T.  Kearney,  J.  Kennedy, t  J.  Kiuchen,  J.  A.  King,  Thos.  Kelly,  A. 
Rating,  J.  Kerns.  J.  Kavauagh,  T.  Kirby,  Fred.  Koch,  H.  Koch,  F.  Koch,  P. 
Kelley,  F.  Krail,  P.  Koofmau,  J.  Knhlman,  H.  Kuck,  F.  M.  Kinsey,  B.  Kennedy, 

A.  Champion  Knapp,  S.  Kraft.t  Jacob  Klein.  George  Knerr,t  Wylly  Knight,$  John 
Kessell,  Win.  Krauss,  M.  Kilner,  C.  Keller, t  N.  Kittrell,  Wm.  Kellum,  James 
Keyes.t  P.  Kelley,  E.  J.  Kennedy,  T.  Kile. 

D.  P.  Landershine.t  W.  J.  Lineberger,  F.  M.  Lineberger.t  W.  N.  Lineberger,t 

B.  F.  Lineberger.t  B.  F.  Lindsey,  J.  R.  M.  Lindsey,  J.  S.  Lindsey,  Hardy  Lovett.t 
Joshua  Lovett,  T.  J.  Liles.t  J.  R.  Lewis,  L.  W.  Landcrshine,  Lewis  Lippman,t  J. 
Richard  Lewis,*  Samuel  S.  Law  (murdered  by  negroes,  on  the  Ogeechee  road, 
the  3d  of  November,  1868,  while  gallantly  resisting  their  advance  upon  the  city), 
J.  S.  F.  Lancaster,  E.  S.  Lathrop,  W.  H.  Lammon,  W.  W.  Lincoln,  William  Latti- 
more,  H.  H.  Linnville,  J.  W.  Lathrop,  T.  H.  Lyon,  O.  R.  Lewis,  L.  J.  Leconte,  T. 
R.  Lovell,  W.  H.  Lamon,  M.  C.  Lampe,t  L.  J.  Lee,  John  Lee,*  L.  J.  La  Faiicheur, 
G.  W.  Lavender,  W.  B.  Lawton,  D.  F.  Lafils,  E.  L.  Lathrop,  B.  Ledley.t  A.  M. 
Lopez,*  John  Lamb,  L.  D.  Lathrop,  T.  D.  Lany.t  G.  Leonardy,  John  N.  Lewis,  C. 
A.  Long,*  O.  A.  Lavender.t  H.  M.  Luftmrrow,  O.  F.  Lufburrow,  Robt.  Lachlison, 
Jr.,  Thos.  Lyster,  T.  H.  Laird,  John  Lynch,  P.  G.  Lain,  J.  E.  Lanier,  Jesse  Lee, 
T.  H.  Lane,  Thos.  McLane,   [this  soldier,  during  his  imprisonment  in  Forts 
Delaware  and  Columbus,  carried  around  his  waist  the  silk  banner  presented  to  his 
company,  Montgomery  Guards,  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity,  and  brought  it  safely  to 
Savannah  when  exchanged.    He  died  since  the  war],  Joseph  Leonardy,  John 
Laffey,  John  D.  Leigh,  t  J.  Lorch,  James  Larkin,  M.  Lannon.t  Jeremiah  Leary, 
John  Lovitt,  Peter  Lacy,  P.  Lenzer,  J.  Lohson,  John  T.  Lathrop,  I.  Lenzer,  John 
Leyton.t  A.  J.  Lebey.t  J.  L.  Legett,  R.  F.  Lester,  T.  H.  Lake,  J.  W.  Langley 
(drowned  while  attempting  to  escape  from  Fort  Powhatan),  Wm.  P.  Lake,  Daniel 
J.  Lehy,  J.  Leggett.i  James  Leouard,$  Henry  Lindner,?  C.  Larcen,?  Abraham 
Lane,  E.  R.  Law,  John  Lynch,  James  L.  Leonard,  John  Lightburn,  Charles  Lan- 
ning,  James  Lynch,  J.  H.  Lee,  G.  F.Lambach,  L.  L.  Lanier,  James  F.  Lee,  A.  V. 
LaRoche,  Berry  Lane,*  M.  Lacy,  J.  M.  B.  Lesueur,  H.  C.  Lanier,*  J.  J.  Logau, 
W.  W.  Lanier,  G.  C.  Lewis,  A.  B.  LaRoche. 

L.  A.  McCarthy,  W.  Matthis,  J.  M.  Matthis,  M.  O.  Messick,  Wm.  Matthis,*  S. 
11* 


12G  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

D.  Mabry,  John  Morrison,  John  Murphy,  T.  A.  Murphy, $  N.  J.  Money,  George 
McSneed.t  John  M.  Murray,  L.  J.  Mclntosh,  P.  Muller,  W.  J.  Marshall,  C.  H. 
Morell,  T.  D.  Morell,  J.  J.  Meldrin,  W.  H.  McDowell,  L.  J.  Miller,  W.  H.  MrLeod, 
J.  Maddox  (drowned),  J.  E.  Maxwell,  W.  P.  Muller,  M.  McLaughlin.t  C.  R.  Max- 
welU  J.  D.  Munnerlyne,  J.  H.  Mclntosh,*  A.  P.  Malloy,*  J.  P.  Mclutyre,  J.  Mf- 
Cann,  S.  Millette,  S.  H.  Manning,  G.  R.  McRae,  E.  W.  MiUer,  J.  S.  McDonnell,  A. 
W.  Mannell,  C.  M.  Miller,  D.  McDonald,  V.  Martin,  R.  W.  Miller,  J.  McGrath,  A. 
McAlpine,  J.  C.  Munnerlyne,  W.  H.  C.  Mills,  Richard  Millen,*  J.  W.  Myddelton,* 
John  Maker,*  J.  C.  McNulty,  Oscar  McClusky.t  P.  H.  Minis,  S.  L.  Morton,*  E. 
McComack,  S.  E.  Myddelton,  A.  McAlpine,  R.  Mutall,  M.  Mahon,  A.  C.  Miller,  T. 
P.  Miller,  R.  D.  Millen,  B.  L.  Mclntosh,$  M.  McLean,*  Geo.  F.  Mell,  A.  McHale, 
L.  E.  McCarthy,  P.  J.  Mullarky,  T.  A.  Miller,  Daniel  Moses,  Jas.  Maxwell,  John 
Mc.Cormickjt  A.  P.  Moon,  TV.  F.  May,  Charles  Moore,  J.  H.  Morris,t  John  Mason, 
D.  Mason,  Allen  Moody, t  H.  McMillen,  Chas.  Mortimer,  H.  C.  Miller,  Joseph 
Mansfield,  D.  C.  Murphy,  J.  F.  McGrath,  N.  Moore,  A.  Martin,  J.  Meaghin,  T. 
Mulligan,  W.  H.  McLeary,  J.  T.  McDuff,*  A.  McDermott,  F.  McFeeley,  J.  N. 
Moore,  A.  Meyer,  W.  Manning,  J.  Morrison,!  J.  Masterson,  H.  Martin,  H.  Miller, 
J.  R.  Minnis,  T.  H.  McGrath,  B.  McCarthy, t  T.  McElliue,  Francis  McCann,  T. 
McGinnis,  J.  H.  McCann,  T.  McCann,  J.  McColloch,  R.  McKeone,  J.  McDonald, 
Ed.  McNichols,*  Jas.  McGowan.$  Andrew  McGriel,$  Timothy  Murray. 

T.  D.  Xeely,t  "W.  P.  Newman,  B.  Newbern,t  B.  M.  Neely,  W.  R.  Non-i*.  T. 
Neasing,  T.  N.  Newall,  T.  J.  Naylor,  J.  Nicholson,  Patrick  Noon.t  Thomas  ('. 
Nieny,  Frederick  Nohr,  T.  S.  Norton.  J.  H.  Nesmith.t  E.  L.  Nease,  Thomas 
Newton,  Henry  Nelson,  W.  T.  Nash,  John  Nicholson,  J.  R.  Norton,  S.  Newman. 
G.  W.  Osmond,  J.  Osmond.,  jr.,t  W.  H.  Overstreet,t  T.  O'Neal,  H.  H.  O'Farrell, 
T.  A.  Owens,  Jas.  O'Brien,  T.  O'Leary,  P.  O'Leary,  M.  O'Callahan,  Dennis 
O'Quigley,  James  O'Connell,  Michael  O'Connor,  Patrick  O'Reily,  Daniel  O'Sul- 
livan,  Thos.  O'Hara,  O.  Owens,  Robt.  Ornsby,  George  Outten,t  J.H.  O'Byrne,  M. 
C.  O'Grady,  John  Obsen,  H.  D.  Ogletree,  John  W.  Osteen,  Wm.  S.  Owen,  M.  J. 
O'Brien,  Jas.  L.  O'Byrne,  Patrick  O'Brien.t  M.  O'Byrne,  Patrick  O'Brien. 

H.  M.  ParnelU  Thomas  Purse,  Jr.,*  B.  S.  Purse,  W.  M.  Patterson,*  P.  Prenty, 
"T.  G.  Pond,  J.  J.  Prendergast,*  Clavius  Phillips,  J.  A.  Page,  Francis  Patat,  J.  E. 
Page,  W.  C.  Patten,  S.  J.  Perry,  t  James  Partington,  Charles  B.  Patterson,  E.  A. 
Parker,  E.  A.  Pappy ,t  C.  B.  Postell.t  P.  Pardue,t  E.  P.  Postell,*  W.  Pope,  T.  Purse, 
W.  Pearson,  Edward  Paine,  A.  E.  Patterson,  P.  D.  Phelan,*  Ira  Payne,  J.  Peal,  J. 

Pyne,  C.  J.  Pratt,  John  H.  Pacetti,  M.  B.  Pindar,  B.  J.  Pacetti,  John  T.  Pacetti, 
J.  F.  Padrick,  J.  H.  Polk,±  T.  P.  Peck,  C.  J.  Pratt,  J.  C.  Prendergast,  J.  M.  B. 

Pajay,  M.  Peyton,  M.  G.  Prendergast,  R.  A.  Pacetti,  Dennis  Pacetti,  George 
Sweat,  C.  A.  Patello,  F.  G.  Pacetti,  J.  H.  Polk,  N.  T.  Pinder,  J.  B.  Pinder,  T.  P. 

Peck,  James  Postell,  R,  A.  Pollard,  James  G.  Pournelle,  J.  A.  Parrish.t  E.  A. 

Parrish,  H.  T.  Parrish.t  H.  J.  Parrish,  Sion  H.  Pike.t  Jno.  Paulk,*  John  Pierce,! 

Thomas  Peel,  W.  C.  Patten,  A.  Ponce.t  J.  H.  Peck. 
G.  T.  Quantock,  J.  C.  Quinn,  P.  Quinan,  H.  Quinne,*  J.  Quinan,  H.  J.  Quautock.t 

Jasper  N.  Rogers,  Wm.  H.  Rose,*  Bradford  Ray.i  James  L.  Rowntree.t  Hiram 

Kay,*  J.  Robinson,   C.   J.   Ridding,  J.  C.  Reynolds,  R.  W.  Rawlston,   TV.  H. 

Rice,*  R.   S.  Register,  J.  T.  Ray,  G.  B.  Rice,  B.  J.  Rouse,*  M.  Rowe.t  J.  B. 

Roberts,  E.  F.  T.  Roland,  John  Rielly,  J.  A.  Reynolds,  F.  Raves,  A.  M.  Richards. 

J.  B.  Ripley,  G.  Robertson,  R.  R.  Richards,  J.  Rains,  J.  T.  Roland,  J.  Rosse,  E. 

A.  Rohrer.  TV.  R.  Roberts.  Geo.  Rose,  Alex.  Raymur,  George  R.  Robertson.  J.  P. 

Rockley,  John  Robert?.  J.  M.  Roberts,  G.  C.  Roberts.  John  G.  Rice,  Aaron  Rico. 


ROLL  OF  HONOR.  127 

J.  A.  Raxilerson,  E.  T.  Rogers,  F.  Rogers,  Ed.  Rielly.t  Frauds  Roache,  M.  Red 
mond,  H.  Roberts,  M.  Reily,  Jno.  Rcily,  W.  R.  Ross,  O.  Roche.t  Jas.  Reed,!  Jno. 
Robinson,  Danl.  Roily,  Jas.  Reily,  F.  Reily,  Jr.mes  Redmond,  J.  F.  Rotzer,  H.  W. 
Rockner,  A.  L.  Robider,*  C.  R.  Read,  Noah  Roe,  W.  J.  Rickersou,  Z.  B.  Reid, 
Oscar  W.  Reid,  L.  L.  Richardson,  L.  R.  Robey.  J.  W.  Rahn,*  Daniel  Rambo,  Thos. 
Robinson,  Mitchell  Roberts, t  Elisha  Roberta,!  Hiram  Richardson,  David  Roos, 
J.  Red,  I.  Rahn,*  M.  Ryan,  P.  Rourke,!  J.  Robothams.t  H.  A.  Bawling?,  W.  B. 
Riley,  W.  G.  Rye,  J.  Rothwell,t  C.  D.  Rogers,  T.  C.  Reyes,  I.  Rice,  M.  Rodgers,  S. 
P.  Rape.t  S.  W.  Ryan,  R.  W.  Rice,  M.  W.  Rice,  J.  C.  Robbins,  J.  M.  Roberts,  J.  T. 
Kahn,  C.  W.  Rogers,  W.  H.  Roberts,  E.  S.  Remington,  J.  Richardson,  jr.,  J.  H. 
liossignoll,  C.  H.  Reid,  W.  C.  Remshart,  C.  Roberts,!  J.  Rafferty.t  M.  Redmond.t 
W.  C.  Shed  (drowned),  Gilbert  H.  Sneed,  \Vm.  N.  Sneed,  James  Sullivan,  John 
Shellman,  A.  L.  Shellman,  A.  H.  Shaw,J  Ashley  M.  Shaw,*  Charlton  H.  Shaw, 
Peter  U.  Siueath,  Geo.  W.  Sineath,  Joseph  J.  Singuer,*  Fred.  Sheahan,t  W.  D. 
Sullivan,  H.  F.  Symons,  W.  I'.  Symons,*  H.  Scrott,  L.  Salvatere,  Eugene  Stiles, 
S.  S.  Sessions,  J.  Saiitrent,  P.  H.  Santrefit,  J.  T.  Stone,  F.  R.  Sweat, t  C.  J.  Sweat. 
Gco.  Sweat,  F.  Stan  wood,  J.  A.  Santina,*  S.  Sturtevant,  John  Sullivan,  John 
Sheridan,!  W.  S.  Smith,!  John  Smith,*  J.  Taylor  Smith,*  S.  Syntis,i  D.  R. 
Stevens,!  H.  Snyder,  W.  W.  Smith,  L.  H.  Shephard,  W.  E.  Skinner,  C.  Steuart, 
P.  B.  Shay,  B.  Stonin,  J.  T.  Stone,  C.  Schlatter,  G.  P.  Screven,  D.  W.  C.  Spencer, 
C.  A.  Stiles,  W.  Starr,  S.  V.  Stiles,  J.  Shaw,  W.  C.  Stay  ley,  G.  R.  Smith,  W.  L. 
Shaffer,  W.  G.  Solomon,  A.  L.  Sanmions,*  J.  S.  Spear,  J.  Samrnons,!  A.  Sapp,t 
T.  Smith,!  J.  F.  Slade,  C.  Subcraft,  L.  Sheridan,  M.  Shea,  B.  Sneed,  F.  H.  Spence, 

A.  M.  Smith,  J.  Stroud,!  G.  Simpson,  G.  W.  Strous,!  G.  F.  Scagers,  I.  Seagers,* 

F.  F.  Sapp,  Lawrence  Sullivan,  John  A.  Stevenson,  James  Saunders,  J.  Steven 
son,!  B.  Stevenson,  E.  Scudder,  John  Schroeder,  Thomrs  Stone,!  J.  Simpson,  B. 
Starke,  J.  Shine,  R.  Simms,  Cornelius  Sullivan,  John  Sullivan,  J.  T.  Smith,  D. 
Sullivan,  O.  Sullivan,  James  Sullivan,  D.  P.  Sullivan,  Hugh  Smith,  M.  Schine.i 
Mortimer  Shea,  Michael  Scott,  R.  J.  Smith,  E.  G.  Saussy,!  J.  B.  Sibley,  C.  A. 
Sagurs,  S.  Sumner,  A.  C.  Sumner,  A.  Seaman,!  A.  J.  Samnions,  E.  W.  Sanimons,! 
W.  Sumner,  W.  A.  Simpson,!  John  Simpson,  G.  N.  Saussey,*  John  A.  Sullivan, 

E.  A.   Silva,*  J.   V.  Smith,  George  M.   Salfner,  M.  O.  Scott,*  H.  H.  Sharp,  C. 
Schmanch,  W.  Stephen,  C.  Shaler,*  P.  Shafer,  J.  Selzer,!  L.  Snee.  H.  Sheer,  F. 
Schreider,  H.  Schmidt,  J.  Schmidt,  J.  Steppens,  J.  C.  Stephens,  W.  Smith,*  A. 
N.  Smith,  J.  Spell,  A.  Stokes,  T.  V.  Stokes,  A.  W.  Stokes,  J.  Stokes,  P.  Stone,  A. 

B.  Stone,  E.  M.  Stibbs,  Wm.  Skippen,*  H.  E.  Snider,  David  Smith,  N.  H.  Saxon. 
A.  B.  Saxon,  T.  B.  Sullivant,  M.  Sullivan,  —  Speisseger,  J.  D.  Strobhart,  James 
Smith,  W.  H.  Snider,  G.  W.  Shackelford,  I.  Smith,  W.  Smith,  C.  L.  Schreck,  B. 
Sanders,  E.  J.  Stone,  L.  J.  Sturdivant,*  John  W.  Smith,*  Patrick  Sullivan,  Wm. 
Strother,!  Benj.  Stokes,!  W.  Shannon,!  J.  L.  Springs,!  W.  Suedeker,  B.  F.  Syrns, 

G.  Street,!  R.  W.  Skipper,!  W.  F.  Sewell,*  T.  Smith,  C.  S.  Smith,  M.  Smith,  J.  J. 
Smith,  A.  C.  Scott,  jr.,  H.  M.  Stoddard,  S.  H.  Stewart,  R.  B.  Slater,  J.  J.  Shephard, 
H.  M.  Stoddard,  R.  B.  Sandiford,*  B.  J.  Strickland,!  J.  A.  Sweat,  G.  W.  Stevens, 

F.  A.  Sturtevaut,*  W.  B.  Sturtevant, $  George  P.  Snider,  J.  F.  Stone,  S.  A.  Shell, 
Julius  J.  Smith,  Lewis  A.  Sessions,  Jas.  E.  Sweat,*  Henry  Stibbs,  Wesley  Smith, 
J.  R.  Saussy,  M.  Slammon,  C.  Smith,  J.  H.  Silva,  F.  R.  Stone,  W.  G.  Spence,  J. 
L.  Solomons,  R.  W.  Stubbs,  Lewis  Smith,  Wm.  Sumner,  W.  H.  Sykes,  J.  S.  Silva. 
A.  W.  Silva,  J.  M.  Simpson,  C.  H.  Saussy,  H.  Smith,  jr.,  C.  Smith,  P.  Siney. 

George  W.  Tennant,  Chas.  H.  Thiot,!  L.  T.  Theus,  W.  A.  Thomas,  I.  L.  Toole, 
H.  Truchelut,  G.  T.  Theus,  R.  H.  Tatcm,  Josiah  Tattnall.  II.  J.  Thomason,  L.  E. 


^28  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Tebeau,  W.  Taylor,  George  Taylor, t  L.  Thomas,  I.  Tyree,  S.  L.  Templeton,  J.  B. 
Thorutou,  P.  Tippens,  M.  Thornton,t  J.  M.  Thomas,!  Patrick  Tiernay,  Patrick 
Traccy,  Charles  H.  R.  Thorpe,  M.  Tidwell,  H.  Tillman,  John  Triay.  Francis  B. 
Tarvtr,  Wm.  Thompson,  Jno.  Tobin,  Francis  R.  Taylor,  8.  B.  Terrill,  P.  Terry, 
P.  Tigh,  Pat.  Tuberty,  J.  H.  Tamni,  J.  Tyler,  B.  H.  Theus.!  B.  Turner,  Andrew 
Teyn.ac,  Jno.  F.  Teyuac,  J.  M.  Tuten.t  H.  Tut'en.t  W.  Tuten,!  Henry  Turner,* 
Wm.  C.  Thomas,*  S.  B.  Torlay.t  Roland  Terry,  James  Toole,  F.  E.  Tebeau.t  H. 
J.  Templeton,  J.  H.  Theatt,  W.  Taylor,  J.  Tant,  J.  J.  Thompson,  O.  J.  Tooles, 
S.  T.  Thompson,!  J.  H.  Tooles,  T.  B.  Tutle,*  W.  P.  Trutt,*  J.  S.  Turner.*  E.  J. 
Trutt,  W.  A.  Templeton,  G.  J.  Thomas,  R.  Tittle,  J.  R.  Thompson,  J.  C.  Thomp 
son,  R.  B.  Thompson,*  A.  R.  Tinsley,!  C.  H.  Thiot,t  J.  D.  Tenbroeck,  A.  V.  Toole, 
J.  Tiernay,  A.  Tomlinson,  H.  B.  Trist,  T.  N.  Theus,  W.  C.  Tuggle,  L.  W.  Thomp 
son,  J.  C.  Toler,  J.  M.  J.  Thompson,  George  Turner. 

M.  C.  Ulmer,  G.  C.  Ulmer,  J.  D.  Underwood,!  G.  C.  Underwood,!  Sanchez 
Usina,  Charles  Unus,  J.  T.  Ulmer. 

J.  C.  Veitch,  John  Yolber,  J.  Yitchen,  W.  G.  Yaughau,  Henry  YanGieseu,  J;  It. 
Yalleau,  William  Van  Horn,  John  H.  Vincent,  Jesse  Vaugh an,  W.  N.  Valleau.+ 

James  W.  Williams,  William  D.  Williams,t  Griffin  E.  Williams,  James  M. 
Williams,  E.  Berney  Williams,  John  F.  White,  James  H.  White.f  John  C.  Wright, 
James  R.  Wells,!  Lewis  B.  Wells,!  D.  R.  Willis,  J.  C.  Whittington,!  Charles 
Weaver,  J.  T.  Wells,  J.  J.  Ward,  J.  Wilborne,  A.  Watson,  F.  N.  Wilkinson,  C.  X. 
West,  A.  C.  Walsh,  W.  Woodward,  H.  H.  Woodbridge,  R.  AY.  Woodbridge,  I. 
Washburne,  U.  P.  Wade,  O.  D.  Watson,!  G.  C.  Wilson,  E.  C.  Wade.t  D.  Wells, 
A.  C.  Wright,  A.  P.  Wright,  Frank  Willis,  George  Waters,!  J.  T.  Weldon,*  C.  L. 
Whitehurst,  H.  Waddell,  T.  C.  Whitehurst,  J.  P.  Williamson,  A.  M.  Wood,*  Y. 
Walsh,  J.  Wylly,t  J.  M.  Wylly,t  George  Woods,  John  Wallace.  Martin  Wall, 
Thomas  Waters,!  Edward  Wright,  James  Williams,  Lester  Wallack,  John  Welsh. 
Charles  Wood,  Thomas  Waters,!  Alexander  Williams,  H.  White,  W.  B.  Wright, 
Thomas  Walker,  Charles  White,  William  Woods,  A.  Waters,!  P.  Whitty,  P.  Walsh, 
James  Willis,  J.  J.  Walsh,!  William  Walsh,  Maurice  Walsh,  Edward  Walsh, 
Dennis  Walsh,!  Jeremiah  Walsh,  Edward  Wickham,  C.  Wigand,  G.  D.  Wigand, 
Jno.  Welsh,  Jno.  Wiggins,!  K.  C.  Williams,  W.  D.  Weaver,  Berrien  White,  W.  W. 
West,  Frank  White,  E.  G.  Wilson,!  James  Wall,!  W.  W.  Waddell,  R.  K.  Walker. 
J.  L.  Way,  A.  R.  Waller,  R.  Wilkerson,  —Ward,!  L.  Werrn,!  M.Williams,!  W. 
C.  Williams,  John  Waston,  S.  Wilson,  John  Ward,  L.  Watts,!  John  Willis,! 
James  Wiuslow,  H.  Wise,  A.  Watson,  G.  W.  Williams,!  John  Welsh,*  Thomas  A. 
Wilson,*  T.  E.  Waldron,  C.  Whittel,  J.  P.  K.  Walker,  J.  R.  Wray,!  T.  J.  White, 
George  W.  Williams,!  James  Welsh,  P.  Winbern,  Hiram  Waller,!  Thaddeus 
Waller,  William  Waller,  Thomas  Watters,  *  T.Welch,  E.Williams,  G.  C.  Wood, 
A.  Watson,  P.  White,  A.  Williams,  H.  W.  Wise,  I.  Wood,  J.  W.  Weed.  W.  B. 
Woodbridge,  R.  W.  Wall,  F.  M.  Wall,  J.  M.  Waters,  J.  M.  Weatherly,!  J.  S. 
Weatherly,  H.  J.  Wade,  B.  C.  Wagner,!  E.  H.  Williams,  T.  S.  Wilson,  M.  Wiggiuc, 
J.  H.  Watson,  F.  M.  Willis,  E.  P.  Wait,  P.  C.  Wiggins,  J.  P.  Webb,  S.  Walls,  W. 
L.  Wakelee,  John  Webb,!  John  H.  Wright,!  J.  P.  Williamson,  William  E.  White, 
A.  M.  West,  G.  W.  Wilkes,!  G.  P.  Walker,  C.  W.  West,  Joseph  Washburn,  R.  G. 
Williams,  John  Wilkes,  F.  M.  Walker,  J.  N.  Wasden ,  M.  J.  Williams,  Solomon 
Wilkes,  J.  J.  Wilkes,  G.  B.  Willet,  W.  B.  Wylly,  William  Wade,  W.  A.  Walker. 

Henry  Younge,  Frank  Yeager,  I.  Young,  D.  Yates,  William  Yokum,  William 
Yoitng,  J.  P.  Young,*  A.  J.  Young,  James  Yokum. 

D.  Zittrouer,  L.  H.  Zachary,   E.  S.  Zittrouer,  G.  Zehubauer,  G.  A.  Zittrouer. 


SAVANNAH  AS  IT  IS. 


Stretching  along  the  southern  bank  of  the  Savannah  river  stands 
Savannah,  the  Forest  City  of  the  South.  A  sandy  plain,  fifty  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  about  eighteen  ruiles  by  the  course 
of  the  river  from  it,  is  its  site.  This  plateau,  upon  which  the  city 
rests,  is  almost  a  level,  being  forty-eight  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea  at  the  Pulaski  House,  fifty  feet  at  the  intersection  of  Mont 
gomery  and  Gwinnett  streets,  and  forty-six  feet  at  the  Park;  at  this 
point  and  level  commences  a  ridge  or  back-bone  of  dry  pine  land, 
extending  due  south  and  aptly  marked  by  the  White  Bluff  road, 
which  curiously  divides  the  waters  of  the  Ogeechee  from  the  waters 
of  the  Vernon  rivers.  This  ground  was  originally  covered  with 
dense  forests,  which  were  cleared  away  very  soon  after  the  intro 
duction  of  the  Royal  government  in  1752.  The  city  is  open  and 
spacious,  being  divided  by  numerous  and  wide  streets  and  lanes 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles,  with  large  squares  at  regular 
distances,  adding  much  to  the  beauty  and  health  of  the  city.  In 
addition  to  the  squares  there  is  a  large  park  (Forsyth  Place), 
embracing  ten  acres  of  land,  laid  off  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
city.  The  city  is  well  supplied  with  water  and  lighted  with  gas. 

The  Savannah  river,  soon  after  passing  the  city  in  its  course  to 
the  ocean,  is  divided  into  numerous  channels  by  small  islands  of 
marsh,  the  beautiful  and  delicate  green  of  which,  interspersed  in 
the  waters,  affords,  when  viewed  from  the  northeastern  extremity 
of  the  bluff  on  a  summer  afternoon,  one  of  the  softest  scenes 
imaginable. 

There  is  an  area  of  country,  determined  by  two  measurements — a 
north  and  south  line  of  nine  to  ten  miles  in  length  and  an  east  and 
west  line  of  about  the  same  length — which  must  be  of  great  future 
interest  to  the  well-wishers  and  actual  inhabitants  of  the  city  of 
Savannah.  This  area  lies  between  the  Savannah  river  as  a  northern 
limit,  the  Ogeechee  and  Vernon  rivers,  with  their  tributaries,  as  a 
southern  limit,  the  St.  Augustine  creek  and  Vernon  river  as  an 


130  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

eastern  limit,  and  the  great  tide-water  swamp  stretching  due  south 
from  the  Savannah  to  the  Ogeechee  river  as  a  western  limit.  The 
thorough  and  complete  drainage  of  this  Mesopotamia,  now  in 
contemplation,  would  add  untold  wealth  to  its  people  and  render 
their  sanitary  condition  the  most  enviable  in  the  world. 

This  area,  on  the  mid-northern  edge  of  which  Savannah  rests,  is 
bisected  by  an  elevated  piny  ridge,  upon  which  run  the  "\Vhite 
Bluff  and  Middle  Ground  roads.  All  the  waters  of  the  eastern 
slopes  of  this  water-shed  empty  into  the  Vernon  river,  through  a 
swamp  about  seven  miles  long  and  extending  from  the  Catholic 
cemetery,  on  the  Thunderbolt  road,  to  the  tide-water  of  Yeriion 
river  at  Banner's  bridge  ;  and  all  the  waters  of  the  western  slopes 
of  this  water-shed  empty  into  the  Ogeechee  river,  through  a  great 
swamp  extending  from  the  dam  or  back-water  of  the  Springfield 
plantation  to  this  river's  channel.  Thus  this  area  is  drained  by 
two  long  swamps,  whose  waters  belong  severally  to  the  Yernon  and 
Ogeechee  rivers. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  this  western  swamp,  with  all  its  multi 
tudinous  ramifications,  is  a  tide-water  swamp,  subject  to  a  greater 
or  less  influx  and  efflux  of  water  at  each  tido,  and  stretching  from 
the  Savannah  river  to  the  Ogeechee.  Between  these  points  there 
is  a  gradual  rise  of  the  land  to  a  summit  level  three  to  five  feet  above 
mean  high-water  mark,  and  about  the  three-mile  stone  of  the 
Ogeechee  plank  roak,  from  which  summit  level  the  waters  have  a 
natural  tendency  to  flow  north  to  the  Savannah  river  and  south  to 
the  Ogeechee.  This  fact  was  demonstrated  by  the  inundation  of 
the  Springfield  plantation  at  the  time  of  Sherman's  advance  upon 
the  city.  The  swamp  waters  were  backed  up  to  a  level  five  feet 
above  high-water  mark,  and  would  have  escaped  into  the  Ogeechee 
swamp  and  river  but  for  a  dam  three  feet  high  erected  by  the 
engineer  department  in  a  short  narrow  swamp  connecting  the  two 
great  swamps.  This  is  in  striking  contrast  to  the  Veruon.  River 
swanip,  which  has  a  steady  rise  of  fourteen  feet  to  the  Catholic 
cemetery.  This  extensive  tide-water  swamp  is  uncleared  and  uncul 
tivated  in  its  whole  extent,  except  immediately  upon  the  western 
edge  of  the  city  of  Savannah,  where  before  the  year  1820  (the  date 
of  the  dry-culture  contract)  an  extremely  valuable  rice  plantation 
existed,  stretching  from  the  river  front  to  a  back-water  dam,  built 
by  the  original  owner,  Joseph  Stiles,  an  Oglethorpe  colonist.  This 
dam  is  parallel  with  the  most  extended  southern  limit  of  the  city. 
Unhappily  for  Savannah  the  dry-culture  contract  caused  an  entire 


TEMPERATURE  OF  SAVANNAH. 


131 


abandonment  of  these  once  cultivated  swamp-lands,  aud  in  conse 
quence  the  ditches,  canals,  dams,  trunks,  and  gates  have  all  gone 
to  decay,  and  the  last  condition  of  them  is  ten-fold  worse  than  the 
first.  To  increase  the  embarrassment,  the  high  embankments  of 
the  Central  railroad  and  Ogeechee  canal  divide  this  plantation  in 
two  parts,  011  the  line  of  Liberty  street,  and  thus  permanently 
intercept  the  natural  lines  of  drainage.  This  Springfield  planta 
tion  contains  five  hundred  acres,  and  is  a  narrow  belt  of  low  laud 
three  hundred  yards  wide. 

These  obstacles  to  the  drainage  of  these  lands  are,  however, 
formidable  only  because  of  the  cost  of  culvertiiig  the  canal  and  rail 
road  embankments.  The  outlet  of  the  water  has  a  descent,  at  low 
water,  of  six  feet,  and  is,  therefore,  easy  and  not  involving  a  great 
expense.  It  is  a  pleasure  and  encouragement  to  the  despondent 
in  this  matter  to  recall  the  draining  of  the  Alban  lake  by  Camillas 
in  the  early  days  of  Eome  A.  U.  350,  with  its  wonderful  tunnel  or 
Emissary  through  the  living  rock,  two  and  a  half  miles  long,  to 
remember  the  draining  of  Lake  Velinus  into  the  Nar  by  Curius 
Deiitatus,  A.  U.  460,  who  thus  created  the  beautiful  falls  of  Terni, 
one  hundred  and  forty  feet  high,  and  thus  drained  thirty  square 
miles  of  territory;  and  the  draining  of  Lake  Fucinus  into  the  Liris 
by  the  Emperor  Claudius  by  an  Emissary  three  miles  long,  and  part 
of  it  through  carueliaii  rock.  The  outlet  to  the  water  of  Spring 
field  is  six  feet  below  the  level  of  the  land,  and  in  contrast  it  is  well 
to  call  to  mind  the  draining  of  Harlem  lake,  thirty-three  miles  in 
circumference,  covering  forty-five  thoiisand  three  hundred  acres  of 
land,  with  a  water  outlet  to  the  sea  twenty  feet  above  the  lake — a 
work  begun  in  183G  and  completed  in  1852. 

Being  a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  and  no  barrier  intervening, 
the  regular  sea  breezes  easily  penetrate  to  the  city,  and  are  received 
every  day,  unless  an  accidental  counter-current  of  wind  prevents 
it.  They  are  delightful  and  refreshing  at  all  times  during  the 
summer,  and,  in  consequence  of  the  thorough  drainage  of  the  last 
three  years  to  the  east  and  southeast  of  the  city,  can  be  considered 
at  all  times  wholesome.  These  breezes  are  constant  and  almost 
unremitting  during  the  day  time  in  the  mouths  of  August  and 
September. 

Savannah  is  in  32  degrees  and  some  minutes  of  latitude,  with  the 
Gulf  Stream  just  issuing  from  the  tropics  at  no  great  distance  to 
the  eastward.  It  is  near  the  isothermal  line  of  70  degrees  mean 
temperature,  which  marks  the  northern  limit  of  the  tropics.  The 


132  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

mean  temperature  of  Savannah  is  66  degrees,  and  nearly  approaches 
the  temperature  of  Bermuda,  68  degrees;  Gibraltar,  Spain,  64 
degrees;  Palermo,  Sicily,  66  degrees;  Shanghai,  China,  66  degrees; 
Montevideo,  S.  A.,  66  degrees;  Cape  Town,  Africa,  65.8  degrees: 
Sydney,  Australia,  64.6  degrees. 

These  circumstances,  together  with  the  radiating  quality  of  the 
surface  of  the  soil,  rendered  it  in  former  times  very  hot.  At  the 
present  day  the  heats  of  summer  have  fallen  off  to  a  remarkable 
degree.  It  is  seldom  that  the  temperature  exceeds  85  degrees  in 
May,  90  degrees  in  June,  and  92  degrees  in  August  and  September. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remind  the  reader  that  the  heated  term  of 
six  weeks  north  and  northwest  of  the  Potomac  and  Ohio  rivers 
exhibits  a  temperature  from  95  degrees  to  105  degrees.  The  sum 
mer  comprehends  more  than  one  half  of  the  year;  it  usually 
commencences  in  May,  and  may  be  said  not  to  terminate  until 
November.  For  although  some  cool  weather  occurs  in  September 
and  October,  it  is  slight  and  prevails  chiefly  during  the  nights. 
The  cold  of  winter  is  not  steadily  established  before  the  latter 
part  of  December  or  beginning  of  January.  Before  that  time  it 
fluctuates  very  much.  It  does  not  continue  steadily  beyond  the 
month  of  February;  and  even  in  this  month  the  peach  tree  and 
jessamine  have  put  forth  their  blossoms;  so  that  the  duration  of 
winter,  strictly  considering  it,  does  not  exceed  six  weeks. 

The  reproach  of  Savannah  is  a  mild  malarial  poisoning  of  the 
atmosphere  existing  from  April  to  November.  But  the  intense 
malaria  which  formerly  made  July,  August,  and  September  a  terror 
both  to  strangers  and  natives,  and  gave  to  these  months  the 
title  "sickly  months,"  has  almost  totally  ceased.  High  grade 
bilious  fevers  are  almost  unknown,  and  congestive  chills  and  con 
gestive  fevers  have  been  extremely  rare  in  the  last  three  years. 
During  this  period  the  very  slight  mortality  of  the  summer  months 
has  been  truly  remarkable.  With  a  population  of  forty-five  thous 
and  the  average  number  of  deaths,  whites  and  colored,  was  nine 
teen  for  each  week  of  August,  1868,  and  thirty  for  each  week  of  Sep 
tember,  1868.  Measles  and  scarlet  fever  have  been  almost  unknown 
in  the  past  three  years.  Typhoid  fevers  were  unrecognized  in  the 
category  of  diseases  in  Savannah  before  1850.  Since  that  time 
they  have  occasionally  occurred.  During  the  recent  war  this  class 
of  disease  occurred  very  constantly  in  the  experience  of  physicians. 
Immediately  after  the  fall  of  Savannah,  and  for  some  months 
subsequently,  very  violent  cases  of  cerebro-spinal  meniiigetis  oc- 


ATLANTIC  AND  GULF  RAILROAD. 


145 


then  be  the  carriers  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  of  the  travel 
and  trade  from  Europe  to  China,  and  from  China  to  Europe,  which 
now  takes  a  voyage  of  months  to  accomplish. 

The  officers  of  the  Central  road  are :  Colonel  William  M.  Wadley, 
President ;  Colonel  J.  F.  Waring,  Acting  Master  of  Transportation ; 
Colonel  William  M.  Wadley,  Andrew  Low,  John  R.  Wilder,  William 
B.  Johnston,  General  J.  F.  Giliner,  George  W.  Wylly,  John  Cun 
ningham,  Edward  Padelford,  and  George  W.  Anderson,  Directors. 

ATLANTIC    AND    GULF    RAILROAD. 

The  depot  grounds  of  this  road  are  in  the  southeastern  portion 
of  the  city,  fronting  on  Liberty  and  East  Broad  streets,  and  contain 
over  eighty  acres  of  land,  well  situated  for  the  purpose  and  afford 
ing  ample  room  for  the  future  requirements  of  the  company. 

This  road  is  the  main  thoroughfare  connecting  Savannah  with 
Florida,  southern  and  southwestern  Georgia,  and  eastern  Alabama. 
It  extends  to  Bainbridge,  on  the  Flint  river,  a  distance  of  two 
hundred  and  thirty-seven  miles.  Blackshear,  in  Pierce  county, 
Homersville,  in  Clinch  county,  Valdosta,  in  Lowndes  county,  Quit- 
man,  in  Brooks  county,  and  Thomasville,  are  all  thriving  centres 
of  local  trade,  and  are  the  county  seats  of  the  respective  counties 
in  which  they  are  situated.  Bainbridge,  the  present  terminus  of 
the  road,  bids  fair  to  become  a  considerable  town.  A  number  of 
steamers  are  employed  in  the  river  trade,  and  a  large  part  of  the 
business  of  Columbus,  Eufaula,  and  Fort  Gaines,  and  of  the  country 
lying  adjacent  to  the  Flint,  Chattahoochee,  and  Apalachicola  rivers, 
passes  through  this  place  to  Savannah. 

The  system  of  railroads  in  Florida  is  connected  with  Savannah 
by  a  branch  road  forty-eight  miles  in  length,  extending  from  Law- 
ton,  one  hundred  and  thirty-two  miles  from  Savannah,  to  Live  Oak, 
on  the  Pensacola  and  Georgia  railroad.  Over  this  route  the  greater 
part  of  the  produce  of  Florida  is  carried  to  market,  and  the  facili 
ties  of  communication  which  it  affords  have  done  much  to  bring 
into  general  notice  the  remarkable  advantages  of  this  delightful 
region,  which  year  by  year  is  becoming  more  frequented  by  tourists, 
invalids,  and  persons  interested  in  the  culture  of  tropical  fruits. 

Another  branch  road  is  now  being  located  from  Thomasville  to 
Albany,  fifty-seven  miles,  which  will  be  the  connecting  link  between 
the  Southwestern  and  Atlantic  and  Gulf  railroads. 

The  Macon  and   Brunswick   railroad,   now   under  construction, 
crosses  this  road  at  a  point  fifty-six  miles  from  Savannah. 
13 


^j.(j  HISTORICAL  EECOKD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

By  examining  the  accompanying  map  the  reader  will  see  how 
large  an  area  of  country  is  tributary  to  this  enterprise.  A  correct 
estimate  of  its  value  to  Savannah  can  only  be  found  after  a  knowl 
edge  of  the  motives  which  led  to  its  construction. 

The  first  organization  was  effected  in  1853,  under  the  title  of  the 
Savannah  and  Albany  railroad.  Dr.  John  P.  Screven,  who  was 
president,  until  his  death,  of  the  several  corporations  now  merged 
in  the  present  company,  was  a  prime  mover  in  the  project;  to  his 
energy  and  foresight  the  State  of  Georgia  and  the  city  of  Savan 
nah  are  in  a  great  measure  indebted  for  this  enduring  monument 
of  their  public  spirit  and  wisdom.  With  the  name  of  Dr.  Screven 
must  be  joined  that  of  Colonel  Nelson  Tift,  the  earliest  projector  of 
railroads  in  southwestern  Georgia,  and  the  present  representa 
tive  from  that  part  of  the  State  to  the  United  States  Congress. 
Messrs.  John  Stoddard,  Hirarn  Roberts,  William  Duncan,  H.  D. 
Weed,  and  Dr.  R.  D.  Arnold,  who  were  on  the  Board  of  Directors 
as  at  first  organized,  are  still  Directors  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
Railroad  company. 

In  1854  the  name  of  the  company  was  changed  to  the  Savannah, 
Albany,  and  Gulf  Railroad  company.  The  immediate  importance 
to  the  city  of  Savannah  of  securing  the  business  of  southern 
Georgia  and  Florida  was  so  evident  that  it  was  determined  to 
attain  this  object  before  completing  the  grand  project  at  first 
intended,  viz:  the  construction  of  an  air  line  from  Savannah  to 
Pensacola  or  Mobile.  A  subscription  of  one  million  dollars  was 
obtained  from  the  city,  and  from  this  policy  ensued  the  construction 
of  the  present  line  to  Bainbridge.  Many  difficulties  were  experi 
enced  in  consequence  of  the  existence  of  a  scheme  to  build  a  road 
from  Brunswick  through  the  same  country.  These  difficulties  were 
at  length  adjusted  by  leaving  the  construction  of  the  line  west  of 
Screven  station,  sixty-eight  miles  from  Savannah,  to  a  company 
organized  for  the  purpose,  under  the  name  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
Railroad  company,  for  which  State  aid  was  obtained,  amounting  to 
one  million  dollars  (the  city  of  Savannah  also  subscribing  two  hun 
dred  thousand  dollars).  The  Savannah,  Albany,  and  Gulf  Railroad 
company  was  consolidated  with  this  company  in  1863. 

The  beginning  of  the  late  war  found  the  road  completed  to 
Thornasville,  two  hundred  miles  from  Savannah,  where  further 
progress  was  arrested  until  the  summer  of  1867.  The  work  was 
then  resumed  and  the  road  opened  to  Baiubridge  in  December  of 
that  year. 


SAVANNAH,  SKID  AWAY,  AND  SEABOARD  RAILROAD.  ^47 

In  these  seven  years  the  enterprise  passed  through  many  trials. 
The  existence  of  war  prevented  the  company  from  deriving  any 
profit  from  their  property,  which  at  the  collapse  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy  was  almost  a  ruin.  For  nearly  one  third  of  the 
length  of  the  road  the  track  was  torn  up  and  the  depots  and 
bridges  burned.  The  resources  of  the  company  thus  destroyed, 
it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  work  of  reconstruction  was  com 
menced  in  October,  1865,  and  the  road  reopened  for  business  in 
March,  I860.  In  18GG  the  construction  of  the  Florida  branch  was 
resumed  and  completed  in  October  of  that  year. 

From  this  brief  statement  the  reader  may  judge  of  the  future 
prospect  of  this  great  project — originated  by  a  few  thoughtful  and 
public-spirited  men,  solely  for  the  aggrandizement  of  the  State 
of  Georgia  and  of  its  metropolis,  carried  forward  through  political 
and  financial  difficulties  that  threatened  its  very  existence,  its 
property  rendered  useless,  and  its  business  disorganized  by  war 
and  its  attendant  calamities,  yet  reviving  with  the  return  of  peace, 
to  be  pressed  forward  with  renewed  vigor  as  the  opportunity 
offered,  never  failing  to  serve  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  origi 
nally  intended. 

Extending,  as  this  road  does,  directly  west  from  the  most  western 
Atlantic  seaport,  its  advantages  in  connection  with  that  great 
Southern  Pacific  road,  which  must  be  one  day  built,  •  are  obvious 
at  the  first  glance  upon  the  map. 

From  its  Florida  terminus  a  line  through  southern  Florida  to 
Tampa  will  furnish  a  practicable  route  to  Cuba  and  South  America, 
terminating  as  it  will  upon  what  Colonel  Screveu  has  so  aptly 
designated  as  ' '  the  great  wharf-head  which  nature  has  constructed 
between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico." 

The  officers  of  this  road  are :  John  Screven,  President ;  Henry  S. 
Haines,  General  Superintendent;  D,  Macdonald,  Treasurer. 

The  Board  of  Directors  are:  John  Screven,  Jno.  Stoddard,  Henry 
D.  Weed,  W.  H.  Wiltberger,  Hiram  Koberts,  William  Duncan,  K.  D. 
Arnold,  Charles  Green,  E.  C.  Anderson,  Octavus  Cohen,  J.  L.  Villa- 
longa,  J.  W.  Spain,  A.  T.  Mclntyre,  B.  F.  Bruton,  C.  J.  Munnerlyn. 

THE   SAVANNAH,    feKIDAWAY,    AND   SEABOARD    EAILEOAD. 

On  the  20th  of  December,  18G6,  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
State  of  Georgia  granted  a  charter  to  William  K.  Synions  and  James 
•T.  Waring,  for  Skidaway  island;  George  W.  Wylly  and  Joseph  S. 
c  iaghorn,  for  the  Isle  of  Hope;  George  M.  Willett  and  Lemuel 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Hover,  for  Montgomery;  Alvin  N.  Miller  and  William  Neyle  Haber- 
sham,  for  White  Bluff;  Edward  J.  Purse  and  Herbert  A.  Palmer, 
for  the  city  of  Savannah,  and  such  other  individuals  as  the  above- 
named  persons  shall  associate  with  them,  to  incorporate  the  Savan 
nah,  Skidaway,  and  Seaboard  Railroad  company,  for  the  purpose 
of  opening  a  railroad  communication  from  the  city  of  Savannah  to 
the  adjacent  sea  islands.  In  July,  1868,  the  Council  of  Savannah 
passed  an  ordinance  granting  the  company  the  privilege  of  con 
structing  a  railway  through  West  Broad  from  Liberty  to  Bay, 
through  Bay  to  East  Broad,  through  East  Broad  to  Gaston,  and 
through  Whitaker  from  Bay  to  Anderson,  and  through  Drayton 
from  Bay  to  Anderson  streets. 

The  work  of  constructing  the  road  to  the  islands  was  commenced 
in  the  summer  of  1868.  In  a  very  short  period  the  entire  road, 
including  the  street  railway,  will  be  completed.  In  the  language 
of  the  company's  circular:  "It  may  with  truth  be  said,  that  no 
enterprise,  involving  so  small  an  amount  of  capital,  promises  more 
beneficial  results  or  pecuniary  benefits  than  the  Savannah,  Skida 
way,  and  Seaboard  railroad. 

"In  the  present  state  of  the  finances  of  our  people,  and  especi 
ally  'those  who  can't  get  away,'  a  railroad  to  the  'salts'  will 
afford  an  opportunity  of  reinvigorating  their  systems  by  breathing 
a  salt  atmosphere  and  bathing  in  the  salt  water — which  luxuries 
can  only  be  indulged  in  now  by  the  few  who  are  able  to  own 
vehicles  or  pay  ten  dollars  per  day  for  a  hack.  But  when  the  cost 
is  reduced  to  twenty-five  or  fifty  cents  a  ride,  the  luxury  is  placed 
in  the  reach  of  every  one.  Our  oldest  and  best  physicians  will 
bear  us  out  in  the  opinion  that  there  is  nothing  more  invigorating 
and  healthful  to  the  human  system  than  occasional  relaxation  from 
business  and  change  of  air,  and,  consequently,  it  is  a  blessing  to 
place  the  means  in  the  possession  of  every  one  to  enjoy. 

' '  All  railroads  develop  the  country  through  which  they  pass,  and 
none  more  so  than  those  like  the  one  projected,  near  a  city,  afford 
ing  the  advantages  to  the  business  portion  of  a  city  and  country 
residence  combined,  lessening  the  expense  of  living  while  increas 
ing  the  comforts  of  life.  It  will  place  within  the  means  of  the 
most  humble  a  home,  and  the  facilities  of  getting  to  and  from  his 
business  with  ease  and  cheapness,  whilst  at  the  same  time  health 
is  subserved  and  thrift  and  economy  cultivated. 

"This  road  will  place  within  the  means  of  our  people  the  oppor 
tunity  of  successfully  competing,  in  all  branches  of  small  mami- 


STEAMSHIP  LINES. 


149 


faeturiug,  with  other  sections  of  our  country,  by  lessening  the  cost 
of  production,  which  will  react  in  favor  of  the  city  and  its  citizens 
in  many  ways,  by  affording  them  the  productions  at  less  cost,  by 
affording  more  employment  for  labor,  and  by  ease  of  access  and 
less  cost  of  transportation. 

"Many  persons  from  the  interior  of  Georgia  have  been  long 
accustomed  to  resort  to  our  seacoast,  during  a  portion  of  the  sum 
mer  months,  for  health  and  recreation.  When  proper  establish 
ments  are  erected  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  it  is  not 
unreasonable  to  suppose  that  the  number  of  health  and  pleasure- 
seekers  will  be  largely  increased.  Why  should  we  not  have  a 
Nahant,  a  Cape  Fear,  or  a  Cape  May  near  our  city,  in  our  Skid- 
away,  our  White  Bluff,  our  Warsaw,  or  our  Green  Island  ? 

"It  is  justly  claimed  for  this  road  that  it  will  be  the  beginning 
of  a  development  which,  in  years  to  come,  will  spread  over  all  the 
neighboring  islands,  making  pleasant  and  happy  homes  for  thous 
ands;  exempting  our  citizens  from  the  so-called  necessity,  year 
after  year,  of  paying  tribute  to  other  portions  of  the  country." 

The  depot  of  the  company  will  be  located  in  Dillon  Town.  The 
officers  of  the  company  are :  Colonel  Joseph  S.  Claghorn,  President ; 
Colonel  William  11.  Syinons,  Superintendent;  George  W.  Wylly, 
Treasurer.  The  Board  of  Directors  consists  of  the  above-named 
officers,  Octavus  Cohen,  J.  W.  Lathrop,  Thomas  Holcombe,  M.  Y. 
Henderson,  A,  N.  Miller,  and  W.  N.  Habersham. 

THE   SAVANNAH   AND   CHARLESTON   KALLRO.VD, 

Which  was  destroyed  during  the  late  war,  is  now  in  course  of 
reconstruction,  and  when  completed  will  afford  daily  communica 
tion  with  Charleston  and  secure  to  Savannah  a  fair  proportion  of 
the  products  of  the  country  through  which  it  passes. 

CANAL. 

The  Savannah  and  Ogeechee  Canal  company  was  organized  as 
the  Savannah,  Ogeechee,  and  Altaniaha  Canal  company  about  thirty 
years  ago.  The  canal  extends  from  the  Savannah  river  to  the 
Ogeechee  river.  Large  quantaties  of  lumber  and  rice  are  annually 
brought  to  Savannah  through  this  canal.  Mr.  F.  Blair  is  president 
of  the  company. 

STEAMSHIP   LINES. 

The  blockade  of  the  port  of  Savannah  during  the  late  war  broke 
13* 


150  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

up  the  lines  of  steamship  and  steamboat  communication  from 
Savannah  to  other  ports.  Since  the  war  the  old  lines  have  been 
re-established  and  new  ones  organized,  all  of  which  are  now  in 
successful  operation. 

The  Macgregor  line,  establishing  direct  communication  between 
Savannah  and  Liverpool,  will  employ  ten  steamships  (with  an  aver 
age  capacity  each  of  three  thousand  bales  of  cotton),  the  Sarasota, 
Saluda,  Selma,  Savannah,  Satilla,  Waverly,  Leith,  Stirling,  Riga, 
and  Don.  The  steamships  will  ply  regularly  between  Savannah 
and  Liverpool,  and  will  also  employ  a  number  of  barks  if  sufficient 
inducements  are  offered.  Messrs.  W.  M.  Tunno  &  Co.  are  agents. 

The  Black  Star  line,  of  which  Messrs.  Octavus  Cohen  &  Co. 
are  agents,  has  three  steamships,  the  Thames,  Montgomery,  and 
Huntsville,  each  of  about  twelve  hundred  tons  burthen,  which 
make  semi-weekly  trips  from  Savannah  to  New  York. 

The  Empire  line,  of  which  Messrs.  John  W.  Anderson's  Sons  & 
Co.  are  agents,  has  two  steamships,  the  San  Jacinto,  thirteen  hun 
dred  tons,  and  the  San  Salvador,  nine  hundred  tons,  which  inaky 
weekly  trips  between  Savannah  and  New  York. 

The  Murray  Steamship  Line,  of  which  Messrs.  Hunter  &:  Gaiu- 
rnell  are  agents,  has  two  steamships,  the  Leo,  eight  hundred  and 
ninety  tons,  and  the  Cleopatra,  one  thousand  and  forty-five  tons, 
which  make  weekly  trips  between  Savannah  and  New  York. 

The  Atlantic  Mail  Coast  Steamship  company,  of  which  Messrs. 
Wilder  and  Fullarton  are  agents,  has  two  steamships,  the  Herman 
Livingston  and  the  General  Barnes,  about  two  thousand  tons  each, 
which  make  weekly  trips  from  Savannah  to  New  York. 

The  Philadelphia  and  Southern  Mail  Steamship  company,  of 
which  Messrs.  Hunter  &  Gammell  are  agents,  has  two  steamships, 
the  Wyoming,  seven  hundred  and  seventy-nine  tons,  and  the  Tona- 
wanda,  eight  hundred  and  forty-four  tons,  which  make  weekly  trips 
between  Savannah  and  Philadelphia. 

The  Baltimore  and  Savannah  Steamship  company,  of  which 
Messrs.  J.  B.  West  &  Co.  are  agents,  has  four  steamships,  the 
America,  eight  hundred  tons,  the  North  Point,  five  hundred  tons, 
the  General  Custar,  five  hundred  tons,  and  the  Famiie,  four  hun 
dred  tons,  which  make  regular  trips  between  Savannah  and  Balti 
more. 

STEAMBOAT   LINES. 

The  steamboat  Nick  King,  Messrs.  John  W.  Anderson's  Sons  & 


CITY  GOVERNMENT.  151 

Co.  agents,  makes  weekly  trips  from  Savannah  to  Palatka,  touching 
at  Brunswick,  Feniandiua,  Jacksonville,  and  all  intermediate  points 
on  the  const  of  Georgia  and  Florida. 

The  Florida  and  Savannah  line,  Messrs.  Claghorn  &  Cunningham 
agents,  employs  one  steamer,  the  Lizzie  Baker,  which  makes  weekly 
trips  to  Palatka,  Florida,  touching  at  all  intermediate  points. 

The  Charleston  and  Savannah  Steam  Packet  line,  of  which  Messrs. 
Claghorn  «fe  Cunningham  are  agents,  employ  one  steamer,  the 
Pilot  Boy,  which  makes  semi-weekly  trips  between  Savannah  and 
Charleston. 

The  Charleston,  Savannah,  and  Florida  line,  of  which  Messrs.  L. 
J.  Guilmartin  &  Co.  are  agents,  has  two  steamboats,  the  Dictator 
und  the  City  Point,  which  make  semi-weekly  trips  from  Charles 
ton,  via  Savannah,  to  Palatka.  These  steamers  also  touch  at  all 
intermediate  points. 

The  Erwin  &  Hardee  line,  of  which  Messrs.  Erwin  &  Hardee  are 
agents,  employs  the  iron  steamer  Charles  S.  Hardee,  which  makes 
regular  trips  to  Hawkinsville  and  all  intermediate  landings,  touch 
ing  at  Darien. 

The  Savannah  and  Augusta  line,  of  which  Mr.  M.  A.  Cohen  is 
agent,  employs  two  steamers,  the  Katie  and  the  Swan,  which  run 
regularly 'between  Savannah  and  Augusta. 

The  steamer  H.  M.  Cool,  for  which  Mr.  M.  A.  Cohen  is  agent, 
plys  regularly  between  Savannah  and  Darien,  touching  at  all  inter 
mediate  points. 

CITY    GOVERNMENT. 

Savannah  is  governed  by  a  Mayor  and  twelve  Aldermen,  who, 
together,  are  denominated  the  City  Council,  and  are  chosen  annu 
ally.  '  Savannah  is  more  fortunate  than  many  other  cities  of  the 
South,  in  having  for  her  rulers  men  who  are  identified  with  her 
interests  and  are  the  choice  of  her  citizens.  The  present  officers 
are : 

Mayor. — Edward  C.  Anderson. 

Ohairman  of  Council. — Martin  J.  Ford. 

Aldermen. — Martin  J.  Ford,  Henry  Brigham,  John  L.  Villalonga, 
Frederick  W.  Sims,  William  Hunter,  Francis  L.  Gue,  Alvin  N. 
Miller,  George  W.  Wylly,  William  H.  Burroughs,  James  J.  Waring, 
Mathias  H.  Meyer,  Charles  C.  Millar. 

Clerk  of  Council. — James  Stewart. 

City  Treasurer. — John  Williamson. 


152  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Assistant  City  Treasurer. — Magnus  Lowenthal. 

City  Marshal. — Thomas  S.  Wayne. 

City  Surveyor. — John  B.  Hogg: 

Cleric  of  City  Market.  — Isaac  Brunner. 

City  Printer.— J.  Holbrook  Estill. 

Messenger  of  Council. — F.  J.  Cercopely. 

Judge  of  City  Court. — Walter  S.  Chisholm. 

Clerk  of  City  Court.—  Phillip  M.  Russell,  Sr. 

City  Sheriff.—  Charles  J.  White. 

Corporation  Attorney. — Edward  J.  Harden. 

Jailor. — Waring  Russell. 

Keeper  of  Laurel  Grove  Cemetery. — A.  F.  Torlay. 

Keeper  of  City  Dispensary. — James  Stoney. 

Keeper  of  Forsyth  Place. — Patrick  Scaulau. 

Keeper  of  Pest  House. — J.  J.  Stokes. 

Keeper  of  Powder  Magazine. — Henry  L.  Davis. 

Pump  Contractor. — Alfred  Kent. 

Measurers  and  Inspectors  of  Lumber  and  Timber. — D.  C.  Bacon,  A. 
McAlpin,  John  R.  Tebeau,  T.  B.  Wylly,  John  T.  Lineberger,  C.  H. 
Weber,  William  H.  Lyon,  Z.  N.  Winkler,  John  J.  Backley,  A.  F. 
Bennett,  S.  B.  Dasher,  A.  B.  LaRoche,  J.  F.  O'Byrne. 

Port  Wardens.—  Robert  D.  Walker,  Richard  T.  Turner,  William 
H.  Patterson,  W.  W.  Wash,  William  R.  Symons. 

Weighers  of  Hay. — J.  P.  Williamson,  A.  Goeble;  Lawrence  Con- 
iiell,  William  E.  Gue. 

Keeper  of  City  Clock. — F.  Brown. 

Chimney  Contractors. — Patrick  Naughton,  eastern  division;  Theo 
dore  Meves,  western  division. 

POLICE   DEPARTMENT. 

This  department  numbers  about  one  hundred  men,  who  are 
well  disciplined  and  equipped.  Their  gallant  conduct  on  the  3d 
of  November,  1868,  in  preserving  the  peace,  increased,  if  possi 
ble,  the  respect  they  had  previously  won.  The  quiet  of  the  ci*y 
tells  more  powerfully  than  words  of  the  efficiency  of  the  fore*. 
The  officers  are: 

Chief. — General  Robert  H.  Anderson. 

1st  Lieutenant  and  Chief  of  Detective  Force. — William  Wray. 

1st  Lieutenant. — J.  T.  Howard. 

2d  Lieutenant.—  Charles  H.  Bell. 

Sergeants. — James  Foley,  Martin  Houlihan,  John  Green,  James 
Leonard,  William  M.  Moran,  Henry  Ling. 


FIKE  DEPARTMENT. 


FIRE   DEPARTMENT. 

This  department  is  complete  and  efficient  in  organization  and 
well  supplied  with  apparatus.  Previous  to  1824  there  was  no  regu 
larly  organized  department.  The  first  fire  in  Savannah  occurred  in 
1737,  after  which  the  townsmen  preferred  charges  against  one  Mr. 
Jones  for  "standing  with  his  hands  in  his  pockets  looking  on 
while  his  townsmen  were  working  passing  buckets  of  water  and 
using  other  methods  for  putting  out  the  fire."  Whether  this  primi 
tive  method  of  extinguishing  fires  was  in  vogue  until  1824  cannot 
be  accurately  stated.  In  that  year  the  Savannah  Fire  company  was 
organized.  It  had  several  hand  engines  under  its  control,  which 
were  worked  by  negroes.  Other  companies  were  formed  and 
worked  by  the  young  men  of  Savannah,  but  were  subject  to  the 
control  of  the  Savannah  Fire  company  until  the  29th  of  January, 
1867,  when  the  present  department  was  organized.  The  first  and 
second  officers  of  each  company  of  the  department,  and  the  fol 
lowing  officers,  transact  all  business  connected  with  the  depart 
ment: 

Chief. — James  F.  Waring. 

1st  Assistant  Engineer.—  Charles  Gordon. 

2d  Assistant  Engineer.— J.  A.  Roberts. 

Secretary. — Charles  J.  White. 

Treasurer. — Thomas  F.  Butler. 

The  following  companies  are  connected  with  the  department: 

The  Washington  Fire  company  was  organized  on  the  22d  of 
February,  1847.  The  company  has  a  first-class  steamer,  the  Wash 
ington,  and  numbers  about  seventy  members.  The  officers  are: 
James  A.  Barron,  Foreman;  James  Kearney,  2d  Foreman;  S.  Harri- 
gan,  3d  Foreman;  John  H.  Straus,  4th  Foreman;  C.  C.  Wakefield, 
Secretary;  H.  J.  McDonnell,  Treasurer. 

The  Oglethorpe  Fire  company  was  incorporated  in  December, 
1847.  The  company  has  a  third-class  steamer,  the  John  W.  Ander 
son,  and  numbers  one  hundred  and  sixty  members.  The  officers 
are:  Philip  M.  Russell,  President;  N.  Hess,  1st  Foreman;  Chas.  F. 
O'Neal,  2d  Foreman;  J.  .B.  Sibley,  3d  Foreman;  R.  Wayne  Russell, 
Secretary;  C.  L.  Lopez,  Treasurer;  and  Dr.  R.  J.  Nunn,  Surgeon. 

The  Mechanics  Hook  and  Ladder  company  was  organized  as  the 
Young  America  Fire  company  on  the  5th  of  December,  1848,  and 
under  its  present  name  since  the  war.  The  apparatus  of  the  com 
pany  is  elegant  and  admirably  adapted  for  its  purpose.  The  com- 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

pany  numbers  forty  members,  with  the  following  officers:  Wm.  I). 
Dixoii,  President;  J.  J.  McKeuzie,  1st  Foreman;  C.  C.  Blanche, 
2d  Foreman;  H.  Bogardus,  Secretary;  D.  Ferguson,  Treasurer. 

The  Germania  Fire  company  was  organized  on  the  7th  of  Decem 
ber,  1853.  The  company  has  a  second-class  steamer,  the  J.  J. 
Waver,  and  a  full  roll.  The  officers  are :  John  Schwarz,  Foreman ; 
C.  Hirt,  2d  Foreman;  K.  B.  Borchert,  3d  Foreman;  P.  Sohaffer,  4th 
Foreman;  Alfred  Kolp,  Secretary;  M.  H.  Myers,  Treasurer. 

The  Metropolitan  Fire  company  was  organized  on  the  21st  of 
July,  1865.  The  company  has  a  third-class  steamer,  the  F.  S.  Bar- 
tow,  and  fifty  active  members.  The  officers  are:  Thomas  F.  Butler, 
President;  Thomas  A.  Maddox,  1st  Vice-President;  H.  M.  Branch, 
2d  Vice-President;  J.  J.  Abrams.  Secretary;  George  C.  Lewis.  Assis 
tant  Secretary;  John  Fernandez,  Treasurer. 

The  Marshall  Hose  company  was  organized  on  the  19th  of  June, 

1867,  and  has  a  full  roll  and  a  full  supply  of  hose  and  apparatus. 
The  officers  are:  Charles  J.  White,  President;  William  0.  Godfrey, 
1st  Foreman;  Alfred  Robider,  2d  Foreman;  W.  J.  Tomlinson.  Secre 
tary  ;  and  Joseph  Fernandez,  Treasurer. 

The  Screven  Hose  company  was  organized  on  the  1st  of  June, 

1868,  and,  having  a  full  supply  of  hose  and  apparatus,  is  attached 
to  the  Oglethorpe  company.     The  officers  are :  Isaac  Russell,  Presi 
dent;  F.  M.  Tidwell,  1st  Foreman;  A.  Mickler,  2d  Foreman:  O.  B. 
Johnson,  3d  Forman ;  G.  E.  Bevans,  Secretary ;  W.  A.  Sercy,  Treas 
urer;  and  Dr.  T.  C.  Harden,  Surgeon. 

There  are  six  fire  companies  under  the  control  of  the  department 
worked  by  colored  men.  Four  of  the  companies,  the  Pulasld, 
Franklin.  Columbus,  and  Tomichichi,  have  hand  engines,  and  the 
other  two  are  axe  companies. 

The  department  has  a  neat  and  capacious  building,  located  on  the 
corner  of  South  Broad  and  Abercorn  streets,  in  which  the  depart 
mental  meetings  are  held  and  all  business  connected  with  the 
department  transacted. 

The  Savannah  Fire  company  is  still  an  organized  body,  but  has 
no  apparatus.  C.  C.  Casey,  Chief  Fireman;  F.  Blair,  2d  Fireman; 
and  James  L.  Haupt,  3d  Fireman. 

POPULATION. 

The  population  of  Savannah  is  estimated  to  be  about  forty-five 
thousand  persons.  The  first  regular  census  of  the  city  was  taken 
in  1810,  when  the  population  was  5,195;  in  1820,  7,523;  in  1830, 


EDUCATION.  155 

7,773;  iu  1840,  11,214;  ill  1850,  14,000;  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
(1865),  24,000;  making  the  increase,  within  the  past  three  years, 
21,000. 

EDUCATION. 

The  subject  of  education  has  always  been  of  interest  to  the 
citizens  of  Savannah,  and  all  measures  for  this  purpose  have  met 
with  favor.  The  first  academy  in  Savannah  was  incorporated  as 
the  Chatham  County  Academy  in  1788,  and  nourished  for  many 
years.  A  portion  of  its  spacious  brick  building,  on  South  Broad 
street,  is  still  used  for  educational  purposes.  The  first  free  school, 
known  as  the  Savannah  Free  School,  was  established  in  1816. 
There  are  at  present  a  number  of  denominational  and  private 
schools. 

The  public  school  system  of  Savannah  is  equal  to  any,  and 
superior  to  many  others,  in  the  United  States.  About  one  thousand 
pupils  are  instructed  in  the  public  schools.  The  Board  of  Educa 
tion  controlling  these  schools  consists  of  R.  D.  Arnold,  M.  D., 
John  Stoddard,  Edward  C.  Anderson,  Henry  Williams,  Solomon 
Cohen,  John  C.  Ferrill,  John  L.  Villalonga,  John  Williamson,  Rev. 
D.  H.  Porter,  James  B.  Read,  M.  D.,  Rev.  S.  Landrum,  and  Barnard 
Mallon.  R.  D.  Arnold,  M.  D.,  President;  John  Stoddard,  Vice- 
President;  W.  H.  Baker,  Secretary;  John  L.  Villalonga,  Treasurer. 

The  following  schools,  of  which  Mr.  W.  H.  Baker  is  superin 
tendent,  are  under  the  charge  of  the  Board  of  Education.  The 
houses  are  large  and  well  located,  and  the  school-rooms  well  fur 
nished  and  comfortable : 

Soys'  High  School,  corner  of  Barnard  and  Taylor  streets.  W.  H. 
Baker,  Principal;  B.  M.  Zettler  and  Miss  V.  Miller,  Assistants. 

Boys'  Grammar  School,  corner  of  Barnard  and  Taylor  streets.  H. 
F.  Train,  Principal;  Miss  E.  Frew,  Assistant. 

Girls'  High  School,  corner  of  Abercorn  and  Gordon  streets.  B. 
Mallon,  Principal;  Miss  Fannie  A.  Dorsett  and  MissSelina  J.  Jones, 
Assistants. 

Girls'  Grammar  School,  corner  of  Abercorn  and  Gordon  streets. 
Miss  M.  A.  McCarter,  Principal;  Miss  Lizzie  Miller  and  Miss  M.  L. 
Harris,  Assistants. 

Intermediate  School,  Armory  Hall,  Wright  square.  Jos.  E.  Way, 
Principal;  Miss  A.  M.  Gould  and  Miss  E.  F.  Bourquiu,  Assistants. 

Primary  School,  Armory  Hall,  Wright  square.  Miss  M.  E.  Daven 
port,  Principal :  Miss  A.  N.  Harden  and  M.  W.  Mallard,  Assistants. 


15(j  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Boys'  Intermediate  School,  in  the  Chatham  Academy  building. 
Miss  Eunice  Mallery,  Principal. 

Girls'  Grammar  School,  in  the  Chatham  Academy  building.  Miss 
E.  W.  Carter,  Principal;  Professor  H.  Elliott,  Teacher  of  French; 
Professor  J.  Newman,  Teacher  of  Music. 

The  Catholics  have  two  free  schools,  one  in  St.  John's  parish 
and  the  other  in  St.  Patrick's  parish.  The  school  building  of  the 
former  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Perry  and  Abercorn  streets. 
About  two  hundred  and  fifty  pupils  attend  this  school,  of  which 
Mr.  O'Brien  is  Principal ;  Miss  A.  Robinson  and  Miss  K.  McCluskey, 
Assistants. 

The  school  of  St.  Patrick's  parish  is  located  in  the  rear  of  St. 
Patrick's  church,  near  the  Central  Railroad  depot.  There  are 
about  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  scholars  attending  this  school, 
of  which  Mr.  Edward  McCort  is  Principal;  Mr.  Luke  Logan  and 
Miss  B.  Kirk,  Assistants. 

Savannah  Hebrew  Collegiate  Institute.  Of  all  the  educational  estab 
lishments  which  grace  our  "Forest  City,"  none  stands  higher  or 
claims  more  admiration  than  this  noble  institution.  Although  it  is 
in  its  infancy,  it  has  already  given  the  most  unmistakable  proofs 
of  the  immense  advantages  it  is  destined  to  confer  upon  the 
citizens  of  Savannah,  if  not  indeed  upon  the  people  of  Georgia. 
Claiming  to  be  of  Hebrew  origin,  and  therefore  bearing  its  present 
name,  it  has,  notwithstanding,  thrown  its  doors  open  to  every  sect 
and  creed,  and,  knowing  no  distinction  of  faith,  it  receives  children 
of  every  denomination  within  its  walls,  and,  regarding  them  only 
as  children  of  the  Universal  Father,  it  labors  to  inculcate  in  their 
minds  those  sublime  principles  of  general  religion  in  which  all 
mankind  agree,  while  at  the  same  time  it  confers  upon  them  the 
greatest  of  all  earthly  treasures — a  thorough  and  practical  educa 
tion.  Organized  for  the  purpose  of  advancing  the  interests  of 
Savannah  and  enlarging  her  educational  facilities,  it  very  praise- 
worthily  knows  no  difference  between  the  rich  and  the  poor,  but, 
making  respectability  its  only  condition,  it  admits  children  of 
the  humbler  class  and  educates  them  free  of  charge.  The  history 
of  the  institute,  although  brief,  is  very  interesting.  On  the  22d  of 
May,  1867,  a  meeting  of  Israelites,  convened  by  the  Rev.  R.  D'C. 
Lewin,  and  presided  over  by  Octavus  Cohen,  Esq.,  took  place 
in  the  synagogue  of  the  "Mickva  Israel"  congregation.  At  this 
meeting  the  Rev.  R.  D'C.  Lewin  submitted  his  plans  and  enlisted  the 
full  co-operation  of  the  majority  of  his  coreligionists  in  Savannah. 


EDUCATION. 

The  project  being  cordially  approved  of,  Messrs.  B.  Phillips,  A. 
J.  Brady,  S.  Gertsman,  A.  Epstein,  P.  Dzialynski,  W.  Barnett, 
and  Rev.  11.  D'C.  Lewiii,  were  elected  a  provisional  council  for  the 
purpose  of  preparing  the  constitution  and  by-laws,  to  be  submit 
ted  at  a  subsequent  meeting.  This  council,  having  chosen  as  its 
president  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lewin,  entered  with  spirit  into  the  work, 
and  on  the  28th  of  Ma)T  presented  to  the  adjourned  meeting  the 
constitution  and  by-laws,  which  met  with  general  approval.  The 
preliminary  steps  having  thus  been  taken,  the  provisional  council 
received  authority  "  to  take  charge  of  all  further  business  con 
nected  with  the  institute  until  such  time  as  the  permanent  council 
was  elected." 

The  labors  of  the  provisional  council  now  commenced.  As  yet 
everything  was  but  in  embryo,  while  the  institute  itself  could 
hardly  be  said  to  be  more  than  an  idea.  The  idea,  however,  had 
to  become  a  reality,  and  no  pains  were  spared  by  the  council 
to  effect  this  happy  consummation  of  the  hopes  of  the  founder. 
By  dint  of  untiring  perseverance  and  unwearied  exertions,  all 
the  many  difficulties  which  at  first  impeded  the  progress  of  the 
enterprise  were  overcome.  To  understand  fully  the  difficulties 
of  the  enterprise  would  require  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  plans 
of  the  founder,  which  were  laid  out  on  a  gigantic  scale.  For, 
while  it  was  hoped  to  establish  the  institute  upon  the  system 
pursued  by  European  colleges,  a  very  heavy  outlay  for  profes 
sors  became  inevitable.  To  meet  this  expenditure  a  large  num 
ber  of  children  was  needed,  but  as  one  of  the  essential  objects 
in  the  very  formation  of  the  institute  was  to  give  gratuitous  edu 
cation  to  children  whose  parents  were  unable  to  pay  the  regular 
tuition  fees,  and  as  a  very  large  number  of  paying  pupils  could 
hardly  be  expected  at  the  commencement,  the  council  was  com 
pelled  to  have  recourse  to  private  aid  and  to  solicit  donations 
from  the  Jewish  public  of  Savannah.  The  appeal  was  readily  res 
ponded  to,  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lewiii,  in  order  to  facilitate  the 
enterprise,  offered  his  services  as  the  gratuitous  superintendent, 
thereby  releasing  the  institute  from  the  payment  of  a  large  salary. 
Thus,  at  a  general  meeting  of  the  members,  held  on  the  27th 
of  October,  the  provisional  council  had  the  gratification  of  report 
ing  that  everything  was  in  readiness  to  open  the  institute  on  the 
1st  of  November.  The  first  permanent  council  was  then  elected, 
consisting  of  Messrs.  Octavus  Cohen,  B.  Phillips,  A.  B.  Weslow, 
H.  Meinhard,  M.  Selig,  P.  Dzialynski,  and  S.  H.  Eckmaii,  the  officer* 
14 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

being  Octavus  Cohen,  Esq.,  president;  A.  B.  Weslow,  Treasurer; 
and  B.  Phillips,  Secretary.  On  the  1st  of  November,  the  institute 
was  opened  with  a  professorial  staff  of  the  highest  rank,  and  a 
goodty  number  of  pupils  to  receive  its  numerous  benefits. 

Among  the  advantages  offered  by  the  institute  was  the  delivery  of 
public  lectures,  for  the  amusement  and  instruction  of  the  public. 
The  first  course,  however,  through  unavoidable  circumstances, 
consisted  of  only  two  lectures;  but  the  pleasant  evenings  passed  in 
listening  to  the  eloquent  addresses  of  the  Hon.  Henry  R.  Jackson 
and  the  Hon.  Henry  S.  Fitch,  will  not  be  easily  forgotten. 

Thus,  while  .engaged  in  the  most  noble  of  human  employments — 
the  culture  of  the  mind— the  first  scholastic  year  passed  pleasantly 
away  and  the  summer  vacation  brought  the  labors  of  the  professors 
to  a  close. 

For  the  second  year  ample  preparations  were  made  to  render 
the  institute  still  more  useful  to  the  public.  The  fees  for  tuition 
were  reduced,  additional  privileges  bestowed  upon  members,  and 
higher  studies  introduced,  so  that  on  the  1st  of  October,  1808,  the 
institute  again  set  forward  on  its  mission  of  education,  with  bright 
hopes  for  its  future  success.  On  the  27th  of  October,  18G8,  the 
annual  meeting  of  members  took  place,  and  the  new  council  was 
elected,  as  follows:  Hon.  Solomon  Cohen,  Octavus  Cohen,  Barnet 
Phillips,  Simon  Gertsman,  Marcus  Selig,  Henry  Meinhard,  and  S. 
H.  Eckmau,  the  officers  being  Hon.  Solomon  Cohen,  President; 
Barnet  Phillips,  Secretary;  and  Simon  Gertsman,  Treasurer.  By 
resolution  of  the  general  meeting,  the  Rev.  R.  D!C.  Lewiu,  who 
during  the  previous  year  had  occupied  an  ex-qfficio  seat  at  the 
council,  was  declared  to  be  a  life  member  of  that  body,  with  light 
to  vote  on  all  matters  appertaining  to  the  institute. 

The  institute  embraces:  1st,  a  high  school  for  boys;  2d,  an  acad 
emy  for  girls.  In  both  departments  there  are  classes  and  divisions 
according  to  the  abilities  of  the  pupils,  the  studies  pursued  in 
these  classes  being  regulated  according  to  the  respective  grades. 

The  branches  taught,  in  addition  to  the  general  branches  pursued 
in  schools,  are  geometry,  algebra,  book-keeping,  natural  philosophy, 
together  with  the  French,  German,  Hebrew,  and  Latin  languages. 

The  faculty  comprises  the  following:  Rev.  R,  D'C.  Lewin,  Super 
intendent  and  Principal  of  the  Theological  department :  Charles  N. 
West,  Teacher  of  Belles-Lettres  and  Mathematics;  Prof.  Adolph 
Eiswald,  Teacher  of  Languages;  Rev.  E.  Fischer,  Teacher  of  He 
brew  and  Theology;  Edwin  Knapp,  Teacher  of  Book-keeping. 


AMUSEMENTS. 


159 


AMUSEMENTS. 

The  love  of  amusement  is  strong  among  the  eitizens  of  Savan 
nah,  which  is  evinced  by  the  numerous  rifle,  boat,  and  other  clubs, 
in  the  sports  of  which  old  and  young  engage  witli  the  keenest  zest. 

The  THEATRE,  situated  on  the  east  side  of  Chippewa  square,  is 
the  first  and  most  prominent  among  the  places  of  amusement.  It 
enjoys  the  reputation  of  being  the  best  adapted  for  its  purpose 
of  any  between  Baltimore  and  New  Orleans. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  HAIX  is  a  large  brick  building,  situated  on  the 
side  of  Broughton  at  the  corner  of  Jefferson  street.  The 


hall  was  erected  and  owned  by  the  St.  Andrew's  society  of  Savan 
nah,  but  was  sold  to  Mr.  David  R.  Dillon  during  the  late  war.  It 
is  capacious,  and  complete  in  its  arrangements  for  the  comfort  and 
convenience  of  audiences. 

The  MUSEUM,  situated  on  the  northeast  corner  of  Bull  and  Taylor 
streets,  is  well  kept,  and  an  hour  or  two  can  be  delightfully  spent 
among  the  rare  curiosities  there  on  exhibition. 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANKAH. 


PUBLIC   AND   SOCIETY   BUILDINGS. 

There  are  a  large  number  of  fine  public  and  society  buildings  in 
Savannah,  among  them  the  Exchange,  Central  Railroad  Bank,  State 
Bank,  Custom  House,  Hall  of  the  Georgia  Historical  Society,  Medi 
cal  College,  Abrahm's  Home,  Female  Asylum,  Masonic  Hall,  and 
the  three  prominent  hotels,  the  Pulaski  House,  Screven  House,  and 
Marshall  House. 

The  EXCHANGE  was  built  in  1799  by  a  joint-stock  company,  in 
which  the  city  was  a  stockholder  to  the  amount  of  twenty  -five 
shares.  The  ground  was  leased  to  the  company  for  ninety-nine 
years.  The  cost  of  erection  was  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The 
city  purchased  stock  from  the  inception  of  the  company  until  1812, 
when  the  building  came  into  the  possession  of  the  city,  and  has 
since  been  used  as  a  City  Hall.  A  few  years  since  it  was  enlarged 
to  its  present  dimensions.  The  Mayor's  court-room  —  in  which  the 
City  Council  also  meets  —  the  offices  of  the  Mayor,  Clerk  of  Council, 
City  Treasurer,  Surveyor,  and  Marshall,  are  in  the  upper  portion 
of  the  building.  The  lower  stories,  one  on  a  line  with  the  top  ot 
the  bluff  and  two  beneath,  are  used  as  offices  by  private  parties. 

The  GEORGIA  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY,  upon  the  petition  of  Hon.  J.  M. 
Berrien,  Hon.  James  M.  Wayne,  Hon.  M.  H.  McAUister,  I.  K.  Tift, 
Bight  Rev.  William  Bacon  Stevens,  George  W.  Hunter,  Henry  K. 
Preston,  Colonel  William  Thorne  Williams,  Judge  Chas.  S.  Henry, 
Judge  John  C.  Nicoll,  Judge  William  Law,  Judge  Eobert  M.  Charl- 
ton,  Dr.  Richard  D.  Arnold,  and  A.  A.  Smets,  was  chartered  by  the 
legislature  in  1839,  "  for  the  purpose  of  collecting,  preserving,  and 
diffusing  information  relating  to  the  State  of  Georgia  in  particular, 
and  of  American  history  generally."  The  society  was  formed  and 
a  building  erected  on  Bryan  street.  It  is  a  beautiful  edifice,  and 
admirably  adapted  for  the  purpose.  The  society  has  published 
several  valuable  works.  There  are  at  present  in  the  library  seven 
thousand  five  hundred  volumes,  among  them  many  rare  books. 
There  are  also  a  large  number  of  valuable  manuscripts.  There  is, 
in  connection  with  the  society,  a  Scientific  section,  the  object  of 
which  is  to  investigate  and  discuss  practical  questions  and  subjects 
in  chemistry,  mechanics,  and  kindred  branches.  The  society  num 
bers  two  hundred  members,  with  the  following  officers:  Hon.  E.  J. 
Harden,  President;  Dr.  W.  M.  Charters,  1st  Vice-President  ;  Gen. 
A.  R  Lawton,  2d  Vice-President;  Dr.  R.  D.  Arnold,  Corresponding 
Secretary;  Dr.  Easton  Yonge,  Recording  Secretary;  W.  S.  Bogart, 


PUBLIC  AND  SOCIETY  BUILDINGS. 


161 


GEORGIA   HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 


Treasurer;  J.  S.  F.  Lancaster,  Librarian;  W.  T.  Williams,  W.  B. 
Hodgson,  H.  R.  Jackson,  William  Duncan,  B.  Phillips,  Juriah 
Harris,  T.  M.  Norwood,  Curators. 

The  Presidents  of  the  society,  since  its  organization,  are:  Hon. 
J.  M.  Berrien,  Hon.  James  M.  Wayne,  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Stephen 
Elliott,  John  Stoddard,  and  Hon.  E.  J.  Harden. 

The  WATER  WORKS  are  located  in  the  outer  portion  of  the  city, 
on  the  western  side  of  the  Ogeechee  canal,  close  to  the  river, 
and  were  erected  in  1853,  but  were  not  in  full  operation  until  1854. 
The  receiving  reservoir  is  divided  into  four  compartments,  each 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  square  and  eight  feet  deep,  so 
that  while  the  clarified  water  from  one  compartment  is  being 
pumped  into  the  city  the  water  in  the  other  basins  is  in  a  state 
14* 


162  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

of  repose  and  becoming  clear.  These  basins,  which  are  capable  of 
containing  six  hundred  tons  of  water,  and  can  be  kept  full,  no 
matter  how  great  the  demand  may  be,  are  filled  from  the  river 
by  means  of  a  canal  with  gateways  into  each  basin.  The  forcing 
pumps  are  three  in  number,  of  Worthington  &  Baker's  direct-action 
patent.  From  these  the  water  is  forced  through  two  separate 
lines  of  pipes  to  the  distributing  reservoir.  Each  of  the  three 
engines  is  capable  of  delivering  into  the  distributing  reservoir  one 
million  gallons  of  water  in  twelve  hours.  The  engines,  pumps, 
boilers,  and  lines  of  pipe  are  duplicated,  and  a  failure  of  a  full 
suPPlv  of  water  at  all  times  is  almost  impossible. 

The  distributing  reservoir  is  located  in  Franklin  square,  about  a 
half-mile  distant  from  the  receiving  reservoir.  It  is  a  circular  iron 
tank,  thirty  feet  in  diameter  and  twenty-five  feet  high,  placed  upon 
ft  massive  structure  of  brick,  thirty-five  feet  in  diameter  at  the 
bottom  and  thirty  feet  at  the  top.  A  hollow  shaft  of  brick  work  is 
carried  up  in  the  centre  to  the  full  height.  Besting  upon  the  inner 
and  outer  walls  are  east-iron  girders  forming  the  floor  upon  which 
the  wrought-iron  tank  rests.  The  bottom  is  on  an  elevation  of  fii'ty 
feet  above  the  grade  of  the  city  at  the  Exchange.  The  whole 
height  to  which  the  water  is  raised  by  the  pumps  is  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet. 

Mr.  R  H.  Guerard  is  the  Superintendent  of  the  works,  and 
Messrs.  James  Holland  and  William  A.  Luddingtou  Engineers. 

The  Co CJET- HOUSE,  an  edifice  of  brick  and  stucco,  tvo  stories  iu 
height,  was  erected  in  1833.  It  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
Wright  (formerly  Percival)  square,  more  generally  known  as  Court- 
House  square,  on  which  all  public  out-door  demonstrations  are 
held.  The  first  court-house  was  erected  at  the  northeast  corner 
of  Bull  street  and  Bay  lane.  A  short  time  previous  to  the  Revo 
lutionary  war  a  large  brick  court-house  was  built  on  the  site  of 
the  present  building,  and  was  considerably  injured  by  the  British 
troops  quartered  therein,  and  also  by  the  shells  thrown  from  the 
American  and  French  batteries  during  the  siege  in  1779.  After 
the  war  it  was  repaired  and  devoted  to  its  legitimate  uses  until 
1831,  when  it  was  torn  down. 

The  Superior  court,  Judge  Sehley,  and  the  City  court,  Judge 
Walter  S.  Chisholm,  hold  their  regular  sessions  in  the  upper  story. 
The  lower  story  is  used  for  the  offices  of  the  Judges,  Clerks,  Ordi 
nary,  Sheriffs  of  the  city  and  county,  and  the  Receivers  and  Col 
lectors  of  Taxes. 


PUBLIC  AND  SOCIETY  BUILDINGS. 


163 


The  POOR-HOUSE  AND  HOSPITAL  was  incorporated  iu  1835,  upon 
the  application  of  Joseph  dimming,  S.  C.  Dunning,  R.  King,  John 
Gardner,  Mathew  Hopkins,  William  R.  Waring,  Charles  S.  Henry, 
S.  D.  Corbett,  Samuel  Philbrick,  N.  G.  Beard,  Francis  Sorrell,  R. 
D.  Arnold,  and  P.  M.  Kollock.  The  present  commodious  struc 
ture,  located  on  Gaston,  between  Drayton  and  Abercom  streets,  was 
erected  by  private  subscription  in  1819,  and  used  for  several  years 
altogether  as  a  hospital  for  sailors.  In  1830  818,000  was  left  to  the 


institution  by  Messrs.  James  Wallace  and  Thomas  Young.  The 
institution  is  well  supported  by  the  hospital  fund,  the  donations  of 
fees  by  the  attending  physicians,  and  the  State  tax  upon  auction 
eers.  The  officers  are:  Dr.  William  Duncan,  President;  Dr.  R.  D. 
Arnold,  Attending  Physician;  Dr.  W.  G.  Bulloch,  Surgeon;  Dr.  Win. 
Duncan,  medical  officer  to  female  ward. 

The  ABRAHM'S  HOME.  On  the  8th  of  April,  1822,  a  society  was 
organized  by  a  number  of  ladies  of  Savannah  for  the  relief  of  poor 
widows  with  or  without  children,  and  destitute  families  generally 
in  the  city.  A  number  of  frame  tenements,  on  South  Broad  street, 
were  and  are  used  by  the  society  as  houses  for  the  destitute 
families.  A  few  years  since  Mrs.  Theodora  Abrahms  bequeathed  a 
sum  of  money  to  be  used  in  building  an  edifice  to  be  made  a 
home  for  destitute  families.  With  the  money  thus  contributed, 
the  present  Abrahm's  Home,  situated  on  the  northwest  corner  of 


164 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 


Broughton  and  East  Broad  streets,  was  erected.  It  is  a  large  and 
elegant  edifice,  admirably  adapted  for  its  purpose,  and  is  under  the 
control  of  the  society  organized  in  1822.  A  number  of  aged  and 
indigent  females  find  shelter  and  comfort  in  this  building. 

The  officers  of  the  society  are:  Mrs.  J.  J.  Jackson,  1st  Directress; 
Mrs.  J.  H.  Burroughs,  2d  Directress;  Mrs.  Wallace  dimming, 
Secretary;  Miss  S.  C.  Tuffts,  Treasurer. 

The  BANK  or  THE  STATE  OF  GEOKGIA  is  an  imposing  building.  It 
is  located  on  the  eastern  side  of  Johnson  square.  This  bank, 


BANK   OF  THE   STATE   OF   GEOBGIA. 

with  the  Merchants  and  Planters,  Farmers  and  Mechanics,  Plant 
ers,  Marine,  Bank  of  Commerce,  and  the  Bank  of  Savannah,  all 
in  successful  operation  previous  to  and  during  the  war,  was  com 
pelled  to  suspend  operations  after  the  collapse  of  the  Confederacy. 

The  banks  in  Savannah  now  are:  The  Central  Railroad  bank,  the 
Savannah  National  bank,  and  the  Merchants'  National  bank. 

The  MEDICAL  COLLEGE,  located  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Taylor 
and  Habersham  streets,  is  a  fine  edifice,  which,  for  solidity,  com- 
modiousness,  and  perfect  adaptability  for  all  the  purposes  of  a 
medical  college,  challenges  a  comparison  with  the  best  buildings  of 
the  kind  in  the  country,  and  surpasses  a  large  majority  of  them. 

A  charter  to  establish  a  medical  college  in  Savannah  was  granted 
in  1838,  but  no  active  measures  were  taken  to  erect  a  building 


PUBLIC  AND  SOCIETY  BUILDINGS. 


1G7 


Much  more  of  the  same  language  did  the  citizen  pour  into  the 
willing  ears  of  the  northerner,  relating  it  with  a  minuteness  of 
detail  and  a  gravity  of  countenance  which  completely  deceived  the 
descendant  of  the  Pilgrim  fathers.  On  his  return  home  he  pub 
lished  in  the  village  newspaper  most  wonderful  accounts  of  the 
habits,  manners,  and  customs  of  the  people  of  the  "Forest  City." 

The  CUSTOM  HOUSE,  a  noble  fire-proof  structure,  is  built  of 
Quincy  granite,  and  is  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  in  length  and 
fifty-two  feet  deep.  It  is  of  three  stories,  the  first  used  as  the  post 
office,  the  second  devoted  to  custom  house  purposes,  and  the  third 
or  upper  story  for  United  States  Court  room,  with  the  usual  offices. 


Vs? 


CUSTOM   HOUSE. 


No  record  remains  to  point  out  to  the  curious  the  location  of 
the  first  house  of  customs,  although  there  was  such  a  one  here  in 
1763.  In  1789  Commerce  row,  west  of  the  exchange,  was  built 
and  the  custom  house  established  therein,  wherein  its  duties  were 
transacted.  The  customs  were  then  removed  to  a  building  on  the 
site  now  occupied  by  the  Georgia  Historical  society,  and  afterward 
to  the  Exchange.  In  1850  the  present  building  was  erected,  and 
the  customs  wrere  finally  firmly  loca'ted. 

The  FEMALE  ASYLUM  of  Savannah  had  a  common  origin  with  the 
Union  Society  (which  was  formed  in  the  year  1750)  for  the  care 
and  education  of  orphan  and  destitute  children  in  general,  who, 
without  distinction  of  sex,  enjoyed  the  benefits  of  its  charitable 
appropriations  until  the  17th  of  December,  1801,  at  which  period, 
for  the  greater  benefit  of  both  classes  of  children,  and  with  a  view 
to  those  more  extensive  results  wrhich  true  charity  ever  aims  to 


168 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 


secure,  it  was  suggested  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Holcombe,  then  resi 
dent  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  of  Savannah,  to  several  ladies  of 
piety  and  benevolence  the  propriety  of  a  separation.  The  sugges 
tion  was  approved  and  actively  carried  into  effect,  and  the  female 
asylum,  in  the  year  1801,  commenced  a  distinct  and  separate 
existence,  under  a  Board  of  Directors  composed  of  fourteen  ladies, 
whose  names  are  subjoined:  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Smith,  Mrs.  Ann  Clay, 
Mrs.  Jane  Smith;  Mrs.  Sarah  Lamb,  Secretary;  Mrs.  Margaret 
Hunter,  Treasurer:  Lady  Ann  Houston,  Mrs.  Holcombe,  Mrs.  Han 
nah  McAllister,  Mrs.  Susannah  Jenkins,  Mrs.  Ann  Moore,  Mrs. 
Moore,  Mrs.  Eebecca  Newel,  Mrs.  Mary  Wall,  Miss  Martha  Ste 
phens,  Trustees,  or  Managers;  Mrs.  Lydia  Myers,  Matron.  In 


FEMALE    OKPHAN 


1810  the  legislature  of  Georgia  granted  an  act  of  incorporation, 
founded  on  a  system  of  rules  for  the  better  government  of  the 
institute.  In  1838  (past  experience  having  proved  the  necessity  for 
a  larger  building  and  more  desirable  location  than  the  one  occu 
pied  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city;  but  the  limited  funds  of 
the  society,  at  the  time,  prevented  so  desirable  a  change),  Mrs.  M. 
Marshall  and  Mrs.  M.  Richardsone  volunteered  to  assist  the  endeav 
ors  of  the  Board  of  Managers  to  increase,  by  a  public  collection, 
the  available  means  of  the  society  in  the  accomplishment  of  so 
laudable  an  object.  Their  combined  efforts  happily  proved  suc 
cessful,  and  the  erection  of  the  present  handsome  and  commodious 
edifice  on  the  corner  of  Bull  and  Charlton  streets  was  the  result. 

The  officers  of  the  society  are:  Mrs.  E.  C.  Anderson,  1st  Direct 
ress;  Mrs.  Landruin,  2d  Directress;  Miss  Welman,  Secretary;  Mrs. 
C.  A.  Lamar,  Treasurer. 


MONUMENTS. 


MONUMENTS. 

The  visit  of  General  Lafayette  to  Savaunah  iu  1825  was  made 
the  occasion  of  laying  the  corner-stones  of  two  monuments  to  be 
erected,  one  to  the  memory  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Greene  and  the  other 
to  the  memory  of  Brigadier-General  Count  Pulaski.  A  committee 
was  appointed,  and  under  their  arrangements  the  corner-stone  of  a 
monument  to  Greene  was  laid  in  Johnson  square,  and  one  to 
Pulaski  in  Chippewa  square,  on  the  21st  of  March,  1825,  by  General 
Lafayette  and  the  Masonic  lodges. 

Subsequently,  donations  were  received  from  the  citizens  and 
others  by  the  committee,  for  their  erection,  and  in  November,  1826, 
a  lottery  was  granted  by  the  legislature,  for  the  purpose  of  raising 
the  sum  of  $35,000,  to  be  appropriated  to  the  object.  After  a  few 
years,  the  funds  not  having  reached  an  amount  adequate  for  the 
erection  of  both,  it  was  determined  to  erect  one  only  for  the  pres 
ent;  that  was  placed  in  Johnson  square  in  1829,  and  was  called  the 
"  Greene  and  Pulaski  Monument."  The  monument,  as  seen  by  the 
accompanying  lithograph,  is  plain  and  without  inscription.  It  is 
about  fifty  feet  high.  The  lottery  continued  its  operations  and 
produced  an  amount  sufficient,  with  other  contributions,  to  erect 

The  PULASKI  MONUMENT.  This  marble  memorial  to  Count  Casi- 
mir  Pulaski,  who  sealed  his  devotion  to  the  cause  of  American 
liberty  with  his  blood,  is  situated  in  Monterey  square.  The  corner 
stone  was  laid  on  the  llth  of  October,  1853.  The  military,  under 
command  of  Colonel  A.  R.  Lawton,  the  various  Masonic  lodges,  and 
a  large  concourse  of  citizens,  were  present  during  the  ceremonies. 

The  monument  is  about  fifty  feet  in  height,  surmounted  by  a 
statue  of  Liberty  holding  the  banner  of  the  "stars  and  stripes." 
It  is  perceived,  at  a  glance,  that  the  monument  is  intended  for  a 
soldier  who  is  losing  his  life  while  fighting;  wounded,  he  falls  from 
his  horse,  still  grasping  his  sword.  The  date  of  the  event,  October 
9th,  1779,  is  recorded  above  the  subject.  The  coat  of  arms  of 
Poland  and  Georgia,  surrounded  by  branches  of  laurel,  ornament 
the  cornice  on  two  sides,  or  fronts;  while  the  eagle,  emblem  of 
liberty,  courage,  and  independence,  and  the  symbolic  bird  of  Poland 
and  America,  rests  upon  both.  The  cannon  reversed  on  the  corners 
of  the  die  are  emblematical  of  military  loss  and  mourning,  and 
give  the  monument  a  strong  military  character.  The  corner-stone 
laid  in  Chippewa  square  in  1825  was  removed  in  1853  and  placed 
alongside  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  present  monument. 
15 


170  HTfiJ'OKICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

CRUBCHEK. 

The  number  and  beauty  of  the  churches  of  Savannah  elicit  the 
•admiration  of  all  who  visit  the  city. 

The  Episcopal  church  was  established  in  Savannah  by  Reverend 
Heuvy  Herbert,  D.  D.,  in  1733,  he  having  come  over  with  the  first 
settlers.  Services  were  held  in  Oglethorpe's  tent,  or  in  open  air, 
as  the  weather  permitted,  until  late  in  that  year,  when  a  court 
house  was  erected  on  Bull  street  at  what  is  now  the  northeast 
corner  of  Bay  lane,  in  which  services  were  held  until  1750. 

CHRIST  CHURCH.  The  lot  upon  which  this  church  now  stands 
was  laid  out  for  an  Episcopal  church  on  the  7th  of  July,  1733,  but 
110  attempt  was  made  to  build  upon  it  until  the  llth  of  June  17-10, 
when  a  frame  building  was  commenced.  Six  years  afterward  the 
shingles  were  placed  upon  it,  and  it  was  finally  completed  in  1750, 
on  the  7th  of  July  of  which  year  it  was  dedicated  to  the  worship 
of  God.  The  fire  of  1796  reduced  it  to  ashes.  It  was  rebuilt,  and 
was  very  much  damaged  by  the  gale  in  1804.  The  present  church, 
constructed  after  the  Grecian  Ionic  order  of  architecture,  is  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  churches  in  the  city.  It  was  completed  in 
1838.  The  church  records  show  that  the  following  named  minis 
ters  have  been  in  charge  at  this  church:  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Herbert 
was  the  first.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  S.  Quincy,  who  remained 
until  1735,  when  Rev.  John  Wesley  became  rector.  The  latter  was 
followed  by  the  Rev.  William  Norris,  who  resided  alternately  in 
Savannah  and  at  Frederica.  Rev.  Win.  Metcalf,  who  was  appointed 
next,  died  before  he  entered  upon  his  duties,  and  his  place  was 
filled  by  Rev.  Mr.  Ortou,  who  died  in  1742.  About  this  period 
Rev.  George  Whitfield  was  in  charge.  Rev.  T.  Bosomworth,  his 
.successor,  was  displaced,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Zoiiberbuhler  was  appointed. 
He  remained  in  charge  until  1763.  In  1768,  1771,  and  1772,  Rev. 
Mi'i  Frink  was  in  charge.  There  is  no  record  to  show  who  were  the 
rectors  in  charge  from  1763  to  1768  and  from  1773  to  1810,  and  from 
1814  to  1820.  From  1810  to  1814,  when  the  church  was  rebuilt, 
Rev.  John  Y.  Bartow  was  in  charge.  Rev.  Mr.  Cranston  became 
rector  in  1820,  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  A.  Carter,  who  died  in 
1827.  He  was  followed  by  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  Neufville,  who  died  in 
1851,  having  filled  his  responsible  position  for  nearly  a  quarter  of 
a  century.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  A.  B.  Carter,  who  remained 
only  a  short  time,  and  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Stephen  Elliott,  Bishop 
of  the  Diocese,"  became  pastor.  He.  resigned  the  charge  of  tho 


CHURCHES.  171 

church,  temporarily,  in  November,  1859,  and  Rev.  Dr.  J.  Easter  was 
temporarily  in  charge,  until  the  arrival  of  Rev.  Dr.  Batch,  in 
February,  1860.  In  1861  Bishop  Elliott  resumed  rectorship,  and 
Rev.  Chas.  H.  Coley  was  called  to  assist  him.  Bishop  Elliott  died 
on  the  21st  of  December,  1860.  Rev.  Mr.  Coley  remained  in 
charge  until  the  fall  of  1868,  when  he  received  a  call  to  the  West. 
The  church  was  temporarily  supplied  for  several  months  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Easter,  when  the  present  rector,  Rev.  J.  M.  Mitchell,  was 
called  to  the  rectorship.  The  membership  of  the  church  is  about 
three  hundred  and  seventy.  The  Sunday-school  of  this  church  has 
about  two  hundred  scholars — Dr.  W.  H.  Elliott,  Superintendent. 

ST.  JOHN'S  CHURCH.  St.  John's  parish  was  organized  in  18-40, 
and  services  were  held  in  a  building  on  South  Broad  west  of 
Barnard  street.  The  present  building,  built  in  the  English  style 
of  Gothic,  which  prevailed  in  England  from  the  year  1200  to  the 
year  1300  of  the  Christian  era,  is  located  on  the  west  side  of 
Madison  square,  and  was  completed  in  1853  and  dedicated  by  the 
Right  Rev.  Bishop  Elliott,  There  are  about  two  hundred  and 
thirty  communicants  in  this  church.  The  Sunday-school,  with 
aboiit  one  hundred  and  sixty  pupils  and  twenty  teachers,  is  under 
the  superintendence  of  J.  S.  F.  Lancaster. 

The  Church  Wardens  and  Vestry  are:  W.  S.  Bogart  and  J.  R. 
Johnson,  Wardens;  William  Battersby,  Dr.  J.  A.  Wragg,  Henry 
Brigham,  Levi  DeWitt,  John  M.  Guerard,  Edward  J.  Purse,  John 
L.  Villalonga,  and  William  Tison. 

The  following  Rectors  have  been  in  charge  of  the  parish  since 
its  organization:  Revs.  Rufus  M.  White,  George  H.  Clarke,  C.  F. 
McRae,  and  Samuel  Benedict,  the  present  rector. 

CONGREGATION  "MICKVA  ISRAEL."  The  early  history  of  this  con 
gregation  is  so  involved  in  doubt  that,  after  the  greatest  possible 
labor  and  research  on  the  part  of  the  writer  of  this  sketch,  the 
task  of  ascertaining  the  exact  date  of  organization  was  compelled 
to  be  abandoned.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  several  Jews  arrived 
from  England  in  the  year  1733,  and  that  these  broiight  with  them 
two  scrolls  of  the  Law  and  the  Ark,  or  receptacle  for  the  same. 

From  this  fact,  it  is  reasonable  to  conclude  that  a  congregation 
was  established  shortly  afterward.  Tradition  honors  a  room  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Bay  Street  lane  as  the  place  in  which  the 
Hebrews  first  assembled  for  the  purpose  of  divine  worship.  Then, 
:.t  a  later  date,  this  temporary  Synagogue  was  changed  to  a  one- 
s.iory  wooden  building  on  Broughton  Street  lane.  Tradition  also 


HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

states  that  after  some  years  a  schism  took  place  among  the  mem 
bers  of  this  small  congregation,  and  doubtless  this  must  have 
occurred,  since  the  earliest  manuscript  extant,  bearing  date  Sep 
tember  7th,  1762,  is  a  deed  of  gift  of  a  parcel  of  land  by  Mr. 
Sheftall  to  all  persons  professing  to  be  Jews,  to  be  used  by  them 
either  as  a  burying-ground  or  as  the  site  of  a  synagogue.  Now 
this  deed  does  not  allude  at  all  to  a  congregation.  If,  therefore, 
the  "Mickva  Israel"  existed  prior  to  this  date,  the  tradition  of  a 
schism  must  be  correct,  and  the  donor  of  this  piece  of  land  must 
have  purposely  omitted  the  name  of  the  congregation.  Again,  tra 
dition  asserts  that  this  schism  was  subsequently  healed,  and  the 
congregation  reunited.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  real  occur 
rences  which  marked  the  early  history  of  the  congregation,  it  is 
quite  certain  that  it  existed  under  its  present  name  in  the  year 
1790,  for  the  old  minute  book,  now  in  the  possession  of  the  con 
gregation,  contains  entries  as  far  back  as  that  year,  and  the  charter 
of  the  congregation  bears  date  November  30th,  1790,  during  the 
administration  of  Governor  Edward  Telfair. 

The  congregation,  although  organized  and  chartered,  had  as  yet 
no  regular  edifice  for  public  worship,  and  it  was  not  until  1815  that 
the  first  Synagogue  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the  present  building, 
at  the  northeast  corner  of  Liberty  and  Whitaker  streets.  The  lot 
was  granted  by  the  City  Council  for  the  purpose,  and  the  building 
itself  was  only  constructed  of  wood,  and  was  of  small  dimensions. 
In  1832-3  this  building  was  destroyed  by  fire,  but  fortunately,  it 
having  been  insured  to  the  amount  of  $1500,  the  congregation  was 
enabled  to  erect  the  present  building,  the  difference  of  outlay 
between  the  amount  received  from  the  insurance  and  the  actual 
cost  of  the  new  building  being  obtained  by  contributions.  With 
all  this,  however,  the  congregation  continued  to  remain  small  in 
numbers,  which  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  fact  that  no  clergyman 
was  engaged  to  perform  divine  worship,  and  the  severe  laws  of 
the  congregation  prevented  foreign  Jews  from  becoming  members. 
Time,  however,  cured  all  evils,  and  as  soon  as  these  restrictions, 
which  impeded  the  progress  of  the  congregation,  were  removed,  a 
new  life  was  infused  into  it.  Thus,  in  the  year  1852,  the  names  of 
several  foreigners  were  to  be  found  on  the  list  of  members,  and  the 
first  regular  minister  was  appointed,  after  the  "Mickva  Israels" 
had  been  in  existence  over  one  hundred  and  twenty  years.  The 
Rev.  Jacob  Kosenfeld  was  the  first  incumbent,  but  in  1861  he 
resigned,  and  the  congregation  again  continued  to  be  without  the 


CHURCHES.  17$ 

services  of  a  minister.  This  state  of  things  continued  during  the 
war,  services,  however,  being  performed  by  a  lay-reader. 

In  January,  1867,  Abraham  Einstein,  Esq.,  was  called  to  the 
presidential  chair,  and  upon  assuming  the  duties  of  his  office  he 
brought  into  the  congregation  about  thirty  new  members.  The 
want  of  a  minister  was  then  for  the  first  time  severely  felt,  and 
steps  were  at  once  taken  to  secure  one.  A  correspondence  was 
opened  with  the  Rev.  R.  D'C.  Lewin,  minister  of  a  congregation  in 
Shreveport,  La.,  and  the  position  in  the  "Mickva  Israel"  was  ten 
dered  to  him  by  the  Adjunta  of  that  body.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Lewin 
accepted,  and  arrived  in  Savannah  in  March,  1867.  Since  that 
time  many  changes  have  taken  place  in  the  congregation,  foremost 
among  which  have  been  the  changes  produced  in  synagogue  wor 
ship  and  in  the  forms  of  the  Jewish  religion — the  Rev.  Mr.  Lewin 
being  a  liberalist,  and  a  progressionist,  and  belonging  to  that  school 
of  Judaism  popularly  denominated  the  reform  school. 

The  "  Mi ckva  Israel  "  numbers  about  fifty  members,  and  if  the 
government  of  the  congregation  continues  to  be  conducted  in  the 
same  spirit  as  it  is  at  present,  it  must  undoubtedly  be  among  the 
most  prosperous  in  the  country. 

CONGREGATION  "B'NAi  BEEITH  JACOB."  This  congregation  was 
founded  in  September,  1860,  after  the  departure  of  the  Rev.  J. 
Rosenfeld  from  the  "Mickva  Israel"  congregation.  It  owes  its 
origin  to  a  society  bearing  the  name  of  B'nai  Borith,  which  existed 
prior  to  the  formation  of  the  congregation,  but  which  resolved 
itself  into  the  congregation,  retaining  the  original  name  with  the 
addition  of  the  title  "Jacob."  In  1861  it  was  chartered,  and  com 
menced  from  that  time  worshipping  in  Armory  Hall.  The  first 
president  was  Mr.  Rosenfeld,  who  also  officiated  gratuitously  as 
minister  until  August,  1865,  when,  leaving  Savannah  to  do  busi 
ness  in  Tallahassee,  Florida,  Mr.  Simon  Gertsnian  commenced  offi 
ciating  as  lay  reader  gratuitously.  In  January,  1867,  this  gentle 
man  was  elected  president,  from  which  date  he  commenced  active 
measures  to  encourage  the  congregation  by  endeavoring  to  have  a 
permanent  building  erected  as  a  place  of  worship.  By  dint  of 
great  energy  and  perseverance,  and  after  many  trials  and  obstacles, 
he  succeeded  in  his  praiseworthy  designs,  and  on  the  16th  of 
July  of  the  same  year  the  corner-stone  of  the  building  was  laid 
by  the  Rev.  R.  D'C.  Lewin  with  all  the  ceremonies  and  pomp 
attendant  on  such  occasions.  The  work  of  building  progressed  so 
rapidly,  under  the  management  of  the  architects,  Messrs.  Muller  & 
15* 


174  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Bruyii,  that  iu  the  third  month  after  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone, 
on  the  27th  of  September,  1867,  the  Synagogue  was  solemnly  dedi 
cated  to  the  God  of  Israel  by  Kev.  E.  D'C.  Lewin,  and  the  congre 
gation  commenced  regular  worship  in  the  new  edifice.  In  January, 
1868,  Mr.  Gertsman  resigned  the  office  of  president  and  ceased 
officiating  as  lay  reader.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  presidential 
chair  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Weslow,  and  Mr.  Rosenfeld,  having  given  up  his 
business  in  Florida  and  returned  to  Savannah,  was  elected  the 
paid  minister  of  the  congregation.  The  congregation  consists  of 
about  thirty  members,  nearly  all  of  whom  are  natives  of  Poland. 
The  "Minhag"*  of  the  congregation  is  Polish,  according  to  the 
•orthodox  form,  although  some  few  changes  have  been  introduced. 
The  congregation,  though  still  young,  promises  to  do  well,  and 
will  doubtless  progress  as  it  grows  older. 

LTJTHEKAN  CHUBCH.  There  is  little  if  any  record  remaining  of 
the  establishment  of  the  Lutheran  religion  by  the  Salzburgers  in 
Savannah.  From  the  best  information  that  can  be  gained,  it 
appears  that  many  members  of  the  various  colonies  of  Salzburger- 
who,  during  the  period  between  1736  and  1744,  fled  to  Georgia  to 
avoid  persecution  in  their  own  land  on  account  of  their  religion, 
remained  in  Savannah  and  formed  the  nucleus  of  a  church  organi 
zation  about  the  year  1744.  It  was,  however,  for  several  years, 
regarded  as  a  missionary  ground,  and  the  members  were  preached 
to  at  intervals  by  Bevs.  John  Martin  Bolzius  and  Israel  Christian 
Gronau,  of  Ebenezer,  and  Kev.  U.  Driesler,  of  Frederica.  A  small 
church  was  built  upon  the  site  occupied  by  the  present  church,  on 
the  eastern  side  of  Wright  square.  Revs,  llabenhorst  and  Wattman 
officiated  in  1759.  Kev.  Mr.  Bergman  took  charge  of  the  church  a 
short  time  before  the  Revolutionary  war,  during  which  the  congre 
gation,  though  much  scattered,  kept  up  its  organization,  and  in 
1787  the  church  was  fully  organized  with  a  full  board  of  elders 
and  wardens.  The  services  were  conducted  in  the  German  lan 
guage,  of  which  the  younger  portion  of  the  congregation  were 
ignorant,  a  want  of  interest  was  manifested,  the  congregation 
decreased,  and  finally  the  church  was  closed.  In  1824  Dr.  Bach- 
man,  of  Charleston,  came  over,  and  finding  the  families  of  Mr. 
Frederick  Herb,  Mr.  Snider,  Mr.  Haupt,  Mr.  Spanu,  Mr.  Gougle, 
Mr.  Felt,  Mrs.  S.  Cooper,  Mrs.  N.  Werirnan,  and  Mrs.  L.  Cooper, 
still  attached  to  the  faith,  endeavored  to  resuscitate  the  congrega- 


*  Meaning  custom— as  in  the  form  of  ritual  and  pronunciation  of  the  He 
brew. 


CHURCHES.  175 

tion,  in  which  eftbrt  he  was  successful.  Rev.  Stephen  A.  Mealy 
came  from  Charleston  in  this  year  and  took  charge  of  the  congre 
gation,  conducting  the  services  in  English.  He  remained  until 
1839,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to  Philadelphia.  Rev.  N.  Aldrich,  of 
Charleston,  became  pastor  in  1840.  In  1843  the  present  building 
was  erected,  and  was  dedicated  in  the  fall  by  the  pastor,  aided  by 
Rev.  Dr.  Bachman.  In  1850  Mr.  Aldrich  was  succeeded  by  Rev. 
A.  J.  Karri,  who  remained  until  1859.  The  church  was  closed  until 
1861,  when  Rev.  J.  Hawkins  took  charge,  but  he  remained  only 
eight  or  nine  months.  On  his  departure  the  church  was  again 
dosed  until  the  1st  of  June,  1863,  at  which  time  the  present  pastor, 
Rev.  D.  M.  Gilbert,  took  charge. 

The  church  has  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  communicants,  a 
line  Sunday-school  numbering  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  pupils 
under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  J.  T.  Thomas,  and  is  in  a  nour 
ishing  condition.  During  the  later  periods,  when  the  church  was 
closed,  the  Sunday-school  was  in  full  operation,  and  devotional 
exercises  were  occasionally  held. 

PRESBYTERIAN.  The  first  Presbyterian  society  in  Savannah  was 
organized  about  the  year  1755,  Rev.  J.  J.  Zubly,  D.  D.,  pastor. 
The  exact  location  of  the  first  church  is  not  known,  but  it  was  in 
Decker  ward,  and  was  destroyed  by  the  fire  of  1796.  Another 
church  was  erected  on  the  corner  of  York,  President,  and  Whitaker 
streets,  where  a  large  livery  stable  now  stands.  The  steeple  of 
this  church  was  blown  down  and  the  building  injured  during  the 
gale  of  1804.  It  was  repaired  and  used  until  1819,  when  it  was 
token  down,  and  the  congregation  removed  to  the  Independent 
Presbyterian  church  on  Bull  street,  which  is  one  of  the  most  ele 
gant  and  spacious  houses  of  worship  in.  the  country.  It  was  com 
menced  in  1815  and  completed  in  1819,  when  it  was  dedicated  by 
Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Kollock,  who  died  the  following  December.  Rev. 
Dr.  I.  S.  K.  Axson  is  the  present  pastor  of  the  church. 

The  elders  since  1800  are:  Thomas  Young,  John  Gibbons,  John 
Bolton,  Jno.  Hunter,  Edward  Stebbins,  Geo.  Harrell,  Jno.  Millen, 
John  Cumming,  Benjamin  Burroughs,  Moses  Cleland,  George  W. 
Coe,  John  Lewis,  George  W.  Anderson,  James  Smith,  William  Law, 
William  Bee,  G.  B.  Cumming,  John  Stoddard,  G.  B.  Lamar,  B.  B. 
Hopkins. 

The  pastors  who  have  had  charge  of  the  church  since  its  organi 
zation  are:  Revs.  John  J.  Zubly,  D.  D.,  Walter  Monteith,  Robert 
Smith,  Samuel  Clarkson,  D.  D.,  Henry  Kollock,  D.  D.,  William  D- 


176  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

Snodgrass,  D.  D.,  Samuel  B.  How,  D.  D.,  Daniel  Baker,  Willard 
Preston,  D.  D.,  and  I.  S.  K.  Axson,  D.  D.,  the  present  pastor,  who 
has  been  in  charge  since  1856. 

Messrs.  George  W.  Anderson,  William  Law,  George  B.  Cunmring, 
William  H.  Baker,  John  D.  Hopkins,  and  Charles  H.  Olmstead  are 
Elders,  and  Francis  Sorrel,  Anthony  Porter,  William  Duncan,  Chas. 
Green,  and  Charles  F.  Miller,  Trustees. 

There  are  three  hundred  and  thirty-five  communicants  in  this 
church,  which  has  attached  to  it  a  fine  Sunday-school,  numbering 
one  hundred  and  eighty-five  scholars  and  teachers,  under  the 
superintendence  of  John  D.  Hopkins,  Chas.  H.  Olmstead,  Assistant 
Superintendent. 

The  FIKST  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  of  Savannah  was  formally  organ 
ized  by  the  Presbytery  of  Georgia  at  a  called  meeting  held  in  the 
old  Baptist  church  on  the  6th  of  June,  1827 — the  opening  sermon 
being  preached  by  the  moderator,  Rev.  N.  A.  Pratt,  of  Darien. 
The  number  of  members  constituting  the  church  then  organized 
was  about  fifteen,  the  names  of  the  following  only  being  now 
known:  James  Cumming,  Lowell  Mason,  Mrs.  Gardiner,  Miss  Clif 
ton,  George  G.  Faries,  W.  King,  Mrs.  Coppee,  Miss  Burns,  Edward 
Coppee,  Miss  M.  Lavender,  and  Mrs.  Faries.* 

The  elders  of  the  church,  chosen  immediately  after  its  organiza 
tion,  were:  James  Gumming.  George  G.  Faries,  E.  Coppee,  and  L. 
Mason.  Subsequent  elders  have  been :  W.  Crabtree,  J.  J.  Maxwell, 
B.  E.  Hand,  John  Ingersoll,  E.  J.  Harden,  Charles  West,  H.  A. 
Crane,  and  J.  F.  Cann. 

The  first  church  was  built  upon  the  north  side  of  Broughton, 
between  Jefferson  and  Barnard  streets,  in  1833.  Some  time  after 
the  congregation  left  it,  it  was  purchased  by  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  association  and  removed  to  the  northwest  corner  of  Ann 
and  Orange  streets,  where  it  was  used  for  some  time  by  the  associa 
tion,  and  was  lately  destroyed  by  fire.  The  present  church  edifice, 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  Monterey  square,  was  commenced  in 
1856,  but,  owing  to  the  loss  of  money  and  other  circumstances 
beyond  the  control  of  the  congregation,  has  not  been  completed. 
The  work  upon  it,  which  was  stopped  at  the  commencement  of 
the  late  war,  will,  it  is  thought,  be  soon  recommenced,  and  u 
spacious  and  elegant  building  be  erected.  There  are  at  present 
about  eighty-five  communicants.  Judge  E.  J.  Harden  is  superin- 

*  All  of  the  original  members,  excepting  Mr.  King  and  Mrs.  Coppee,  are 
dead. 


CHURCHES.  177 

tendeut  of  the  Sunday-school,  which  numbers  some  sixty  pupils, 
Rev.  David  H.  Porter  is  pastor,  and  H.  A.  Crane,  E.  J.  Harden, 
and  A.  M.  Sloan,  elders. 

The  pastors  of  the  church,  with  an  approximation  of  the  dates 
of  their  ministry,  are  named  as  follows:  Revs.  Mr.  Boggs,  1828; 
James  C.  Stiles,  1829;  C.  C.  Jones,  1830;  Mr.  Holt,  1832;  C.  Blodget, 
1832;  J.  L.  Merrick,  1834;  T.  F.  Scott,  1835;  J.  L.  Jones,  1840— 
vacancy  one  year;  B.  M.  Palmex,  1843 — vacancy  one  year;  J.  B. 
Ross,  1853;  John  Jones,  1854;  C.  B.  King,  1855;  David  H.  Porter 
(the  present  pastor),  1855. 

METHODISM.  The  first  preacher  sent  to  Savannah  to  propagate 
the  doctrines  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  was  Rev.  Beverly 
Allen,  who  came  in  1785.  He  was  followed  by  Revs.  Hope  Hull, 
Thomas  Humphries,  John  Major,  John  Crawford,  Phillip  Mathews, 
Hezekiah  Arnold,  Wheeler  Grisson,  John  Bonner,  Jonathan  Jack 
son,  John  Garvin,  and  Samuel  Dunwoody,  the  latter  of  whom,  in 
1806,  succeeded  in  organizing  a  Methodist  society,  and  services 
were  conducted  in  the  houses  of  the  Methodists.  Rev.  Hope  Hull, 
for  several  years,  preached  in  a  cabinet-maker's  shop  belonging  to 
Mr.  Lowry.  The  society,  in  1813,  while  under  the  pastoral  charge 
of  Rev.  James  Russell,  commenced  building  a  house  of  worship  at 
the  northeast  corner  of  Lincoln  and  South  Broad  streets.  It  was 
completed  in  1816,  and  dedicated  by  Rev.  Lewis  Myers.  This 
edifice  was  called 

The  WESLEY  CHAPEL.  After  being  enlarged,  remodeled,  and 
repaired  several  times,  the  chapel  was  sold  to  Mr.  W.  B.  Adams,  in 
1866,  who  converted  it  into  private  residences.  A  Sunday-school 
and  lecture  room  was  erected  next  to  the  church,  but  was  destroyed 
by  fire  several  years  since.  The  congregation  then  purchased  the 
building  at  the  corner  of  Wayne  and  Drayton  streets,  formerly 
belonging  to  the  German  Lutheran  congregation.  The  congre 
gation  is  under  the  pastoral  charge  of  Rev.  D.  D.  Cox,  and  has 
one  hundred  and  forty  members.  There  is  also  a  good  Sunday- 
Bchool,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  J.  H.  Newman.  The 
official  members  are:  John  Clements,  A.  C.  Miller,  W.  H.  Hubbard, 
W.  H.  Burrell,  A.  G.  Bass;  I.  S.  Anderson,  Secretary  of  church 
meeting.  The  parsonage  is  located  on  the  northeast  comer  of 
State  and  Habersham  streets. 

TEINITY  CHURCH,  a  large  and  commodious  brick  edifice,  and  one 
of  the  handsomest  churches  in  the  city,  is  located  on  the  west 
side  of  St.  James  square.  It  was  commenced  in  1848,  during  the 


178  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

pastorate  of  Rev.  Dr.  Alfred  T.  Maun,  and  completed  in  J8«>07 
under  the  pastorate  of  Rev.  J.  E.  Evans,  and  the  following  year 
was  dedicated  by  Rev.  Dr.  Mann.  The  present  membership  num 
bers  four  hundred  and  twenty-six,  Rev.  G.  G.  N.  McDonell  pastor. 

The  stewards  of  the  church  are:  R.  D.  Walker,  John  Houston. 
C.  D.  Rogers,  James  Lachlison,  William  M.  Weaver,  R.  Mclntire, 
C.  A.  Magill,  J.  R.  Saussy,  J.  H.  Newman,  Benjamin  Gammon. 
Rev.  E.  Heidt,  elder,  and  George,  Allen,  deacon,  are  local  preachers: 
R.  II.  Tatem,  Secretary  of  church  meeting.  The  parsonage  is 
located  on  the  east  side  of  Orleans  square,  and  was  bequeathed  to 
the  church  by  Mrs.  Mary  Ann  Stafford  in  1800,  who  also  left  about 
$20,000  in  negro  property  for  the  poor  of  the  church.  The  Sunday- 
school,  with  about  three  hundred  and  fifty  scholars,  is  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  C.  D.  Rogers. 

The  ANDEEW  CHAPEL  was  built  for  the  colored  people  in  1 846. 
through  the  energetic  and  persevering  efforts  of  G.  F.  Pearce.  For 
twenty  years  it  was  supplied  with  pastors  bjr  the  Georgia  Annual 
Conference,  and  had  a  large  and  nourishing  membership.  After  the 
occupation  of  Savannah  by  General  Sherman's  army  the  great  mass 
of  the  members  united  with  the  African  M.  E.  Church,  and  have 
been  supplied  with  pastors  from  that  body  ever  since.  The  property 
is  still  held,  however,  by  the  trustees  of  the  M.  E.  Church  South, 
and  a  few  of  the  old  members  continue  faithful  to  their  former 
church  relations. 

The  trustees,  who  hold  all  property  belonging  to  the  M.  E.  Church 
South  in  Savannah,  are :  Robert  D.  Walker,  E.  Heidt,  C.  A.  Magill, 
J.  R.  Saussy,  Robert  Mclntire,  Benjamin  Gammon,  C.  D.  Rogers. 
John  Houston. 

The  names  of  all  of  the  Methodist  ministers  ever  stationed  in 
Savannah  are  appended,  many  having  been  appointed  here  two  or 
more  times :  Revs.  Beverly  Allen,  Thomas  Humphries,  John  Major, 
John  CrawTford,  Phillip  Mathews,  Hope  Hull,  Hezekiali  Arnold. 
Wheeler  Grisson,  John  Bonner,  Jonathan  Jackson,  John  Qarvin, 
Samuel  Dunwoody,  Jones  H.  Mallard,  John  McVean,  Irving 
Cooper,  James  H.  Kogler,  Whitman  C.  Hill,  James  Russell,  Henry 
Ross,  Solomon  Bryan,  AVm.  Capers  (afterward  Bishop),  John  How 
ard,  James  O.  Andrew  (afterward  Bishop),  George  White,  E.  J. 
Fitzgerald,  Thomas  L.  Wynn,  George  Hill,  Charles  Hardy,  Elijah 
Sinclair,  Benjamin  Pope,  Ignatius  A.  Few,  George  F.  Pierce  (after 
ward  Bishop),  Alexander  Speer,  James  R.  Evans.  James  Sewell. 
Miller  II.  White,  James  B.  Jackson,  Daniel  Currie,  Joseph  Lewis. 


CHURCHES. 


179 


Caleb  W.  Key,  A.  T.  Mann,  W.  R.  Branlmin,  Robert  Connor, 
Lovick  Pierce,  Wm.  M.  Crumley,  Joshua  S.  Payne,  Charles  F, 
Cooper,  Thomas  H.  Jordan,  G.  G.  N.  Macdonnell,  Joseph  S.  Key, 
James  M.  Dickie,  D.  T.  Holmes,  Lewis  B.  Payne,  W.  H.  Potter, 
L.  G.  R.  Wiggings,  W.  P.  Pledger,  II.  James,  R.  F.  Breedlove,  E. 
W.  Speer,  J.  T.  Norris,  J.  R.  Caldwell,  W.  S.  Baker,  Walter  Knox, 
Alexander  M.  Wynn,  John  W.  Turner,  John  F.  Ellerson,  A.  J. 
Oorley,  and  D.  D.  Cox. 

The  BAPTIST  CHURCH.  About  the  year  1 71)5  a  Baptist  house  of 
worship  was  erected  on  Franklin  square  in  this  city,  by  different 
denominations  both  here  and  in  South  Carolina.  The  house,  in  an 
unfinished  state,  was  rented  for  several  years  to  the  Presbyterian 
congregation,  theirs  having  been  destroyed  by  fire.  In  1799,  before 
the  expiration  of  the  lease,  the  Rev.  Henry  Holcombe,  of  Beaufort, 
S.  C.,  was  chosen  pastor  of  the  congregation,  then  consisting  of 
different  denominations.  His  salary  was  $2,000  per  annum.  The 
house  of  worship  was  dedicated  on  the  17th  of  April,  1800,  and  the 
church  was  dedicated  on  the  2Gth  of  November,  in  the  same  year. 
The  Rev.  Henry  Holcombe  was  the  pastor.  A  baptistery  was 
placed  in  the  church  in  1  soo,  and  the  first  person  baptised  was  a 
Mrs.  Jones. 

In  the  year  1 795  the  corporation  of  Savannah  conveyed  to  the 
church,  in  fee  simple,  the  lot  (No.  19)  on  Franklin  square,  now  oc 
cupied  by  the  First  African  Baptist  church.  The  following  person* 
petitioned  the  legislature  of  Georgia  for  the  charter  of  incorporation : 
Rev.  Plenry  Holcombe,  pastor;  George  Mosse,  W.  II  Matthers, 
John  Rose,  Elias  Robert,  Joseph  Wiseman,  Theodore  Carlton, 
Joseph  Davis,  Isaac  Sibley,  and  Wm.  Parker. 

Worship  was  continued  on  Franklin  square  until  the  year  1 838, 
about  which  time  the  brick  building  on  Chippewa  square  in  Brown 
ward  was  finished.  The  building  was  enlarged  in  1 8:59,  during  the 
ministry  of  Rev.  J.  G.  Binney.  This  building  cost,  in  the  aggregate, 
about  f  40,000,  and  is  the  one  in  which  the  church  is  now  worship 
ing. 

The  following  are  the  pastors  of  the  church  from  its  organization 
to  the  present  time:  Henry  Holcombe,  D.  D.,  from  1799  to  1811  ; 
W.  B.  Johnson,  D.  D.,  1811  to  1815;  Benj.  Scriven,  1815  to  1819; 
Jas.  Sweat,  1819  to  1822;  Thomas  Meredith,  1822  to  1824;  Henry 
O.  Wyer,  1825  to  1834;  Josiah  S.  Law,  1834  to  1835;  Charles  B. 
Jones,  1835  to  1830  ;  J.  G.  Binney,  1836  to  1843  ;  Henry  O.  Wyer, 
1843  to  1845;  Albert  Williams,  1815  to  1847. 


180  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

On  the  ith  of  February,  1847,  the  church  divided,  Rev.  Albert 
Williams,  pastor.  Thenceforward  the  two  branches  were  popularly 
known  as  the  First  and  Second  Baptist  churches,  though  the  former 
never  changed  its  corporate  name.  Those  who  constituted  the  Sec 
ond  Baptist  church  purchased  the  building  then  owned  by  the  Uni 
tarians  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Bull  and  York  streets,  where 
they  continued  to  worship  until  the  6th  of  February,  1850,  when  they 
dissolved,  and  the  reunion  of  the  Baptists  of  Savannah  occurred 
(after  a  separation  of  twelve  years  almost  to  a  dajr)  on  the  Cth  of 
February,  1859. 

Pastors  of  the  First  Church :  Rev.  Albert  Williams,  a  part  of 
1847;  Rev.  Jos.  T.  Roberts,  from  1847  to  1849;  Rev.  Thomas 
Rambaut,  1849  to  1855  ;  Rev.  J.  B.  Stiteler,  1855  to  1856 ;  Rev.  8. 
G.  Daniel,  1856  to  1859. 

Pastors  of  the  Second  Church:  Rev.  Henry  O.  Wyer,  from  1847 
to  1849;  Rev.  J.  P.  Tustm,  1849  to  1854;  Rev.  Henry  O.  Wyer, 
1854  to  1855;  Rev.  M.  Winston,  1855  to  1859. 

Rev.  Sylvanus  Landrum  (the  present  pastor)  was  called  to  Savan 
nah  in  November,  1859,  and  settled  with  the  church  on  the  first  day 
of  the  following  month. 

The  deacons  chosen  on  the  3d  of  March,  1859,  wrere  George  W. 
Davis,  James  E.  Hogg,  O.  M.  Lillibridge,  John  W.  Rabun,  William 
F.  Chaplin,  and  Isaac  Brmmer,  four  of  whom  are  still  living  and  in 
office. 

In  1861  the  church  constructed  the  lecture  and  Sunday-school 
room  in  the  basement  of  their  building,  and  in  1862  purchased  the 
Pastor's  Home,  on  the  corner  of  Jones  and  Drayton  streets.  During 
the  year  1868,  they  purchased  a  lot  (No.  19)  in  Loyd  ward,  corner 
of  Barnard  and  Gwinnett  streets,  on  which  a  mission  church  is  to  be 
built.  The  number  of  communicants  is  four  hundred  and  fifteen. 

The  Sunday-school  was  organized  on  the  29th  of  April,  1827,  and 
is  finely  arranged  and  admirably  conducted.  Mr.  B.  M.  Zettler  is 
superintendent  and  C.  W.  West  secretary.  The  number  of  teachers 
is  thirty-four ;  scholars,  one  hundred  and  eighty. 

This  church  has  no  colored  members.  There  are,  however,  three 
colored  Baptist  churches  in  the  city.  The  first  and  second  own  good 
buildings  and  have  a  very  large  membership. 

The  government  of  the  Savannah  Baptist  church,  according  to  the 
practice  of  the  denomination,  is  congregational,  or  independent. 
The  church  transacts  her  own  business,  executes  her  own  discipline, 
and  her  decisions  are  final.  She,  however,  holds  an  associated  cou- 


CHURCHES.  Igl 

ncction,  for  benevolent  purposes,  with  the  New  Suubury  Association 
and  with  the  Georgia  Baptist  Convention. 

The  CATHOLIC  CHUKCH.  The  Catholic  religion  was  established 
in  Savannah  during  the  latter  part  of  the  last  century.  The  first 
building  was  erected  in  Liberty  square,  and  was  taken  down  in  1838. 
There  arc  about  eight  thousand  five  hundred  members  of  this  church 
in  Savannah,  which  is  divided  into  two  parishes,  St.  John's  and  St. 
Patrick's.  The  former  parish  has  about  flve  thousand  persons  in  it, 
who  worship  at  the  St.  John's  cathedral,  a  magnificent  and  capacious 
edifice,  located  on  the  east  side  of  Drayton,  at  the  comer  of  Perry 
street.  Right  Rev.  Bishop  A.  Verot,  and  Rev.  Fathers  W.  J.  Ham 
ilton  and  P.  AYhelan  officiate  in  this  parish.  St.  Patrick's  parish 
was  organized  on  the  Oth  of  November,  18G5.  St.  Patrick's  church, 
in  which  the  members  of  this  parish,  three  thousand  five  hundred 
in  number,  worship  has  been  used  as  a  church  edifice  since  the  8th 
of  November,  18G3.  Very  Rev.  Peter  Dufau,  Vicar-General  of 
the  diocese,  and  Rev.  Father  C.  C.  Prendergast  are  in  charge  of  this 
parish.  The  Sisters  of  Our  Lady  of  Mercy  have  an  extensive  build 
ing  situated  on  Liberty  street,  in  which  about  two  hundred  females 
are  instructed.  A  large  number  of  them  are  orphans,  under  the 
care  of  the  sisters,  and  a  considerable  number  besides  receive  gra 
tuitous  instruction. 

The  PENFIELD  MARINERS'  CHURCH,  located  on  Bay,  near  Lincoln 
street,  was  erected  in  1831  with  the  money  bequeathed  for  the  pur 
pose  by  Rev.  Josiah  Penfield. 

The  church  is  now  under  the  management  of  the  Savannah  Port 
Society,  which  was  organized  on  the  21st  of  November,  1843,  "for 
the  purpose  of  furnishing  seamen  with  regular  evangelical  minislra- 
tration  of  the  Gospel,  and  such  other  religious  instruction  as  may  be 
found  practicable."  Messrs.  John  Lewis,  W.  W.  Wash,  Asa  Holt. 
Robert  M.  Goodwin,  John  Ingersoll,  Win.  Duncan,  Robt.  A.  Lewis, 
Samuel  Philbrick,  S.  Goodall,  Benjamin  Snider,  J.  R.  Wilder,  Thos. 
Clark,  Michael  Dillon,  Charles  Green,  Rev.  P.  A.  Strobel,  Rev.  E. 
F.  Neufville,  D.  D.,  Rev.  W.  Preston,  D.  D.,  Captain  William 
Crabtree,  Joseph  Felt,  John  Stoddard,  Joseph  George,  Edward 
Wiley,  Green  Fleetwood,  Edward  Padelford,  Joseph  Gumming, 
John  J.  Maxwell.  Mathew  Hopkins,  J.  C.  Dunning,  and  D.  B.  Will 
iams,  were  among  the  founders. 

The  officers  of  the  Society  are:  J.  T.  Thomas,  President :  John 
1).  Hopkins.  1  st  Vice-President :  C1.  D.  Rogers,  2d  Vice-President ; 
Hi 


182  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

D.  G.  Purse,  Treasurer:  C'.  H.  Olmstead,  Recording  Secretary;  J. 
R.  Saussy,  Corresponding  Secretary ;  Rev.  Richard  Webb,  Chaplain. 

BENEVOLENT  SOCIETIES. 

The  societies  in  Savannah  for  the  amelioration  of  the  wants  of  the 
poor  and  distressed,  and  for  the  puipose  of  fostering  fraternal  rela 
tions,  are  numerous  and  flourishing.  The  records  of  the  more 
prominent  ones  will  be  found  below. 

MASONIC.  There  is  little  else  but  tradition  left  regarding  the  ori 
gin  of  the  first  Lodge  of  the  brethren  of  the  "  mystic  tie  "  in  Georgia. 
It  is  asserted  that,  early  in  1733.  a  number  of  Masons  under  the 
leadership  of  General  Oglethorpe,  while  at  Sunbury,  then  a  small 
settlement,  organized,  under  a  large  oak  tree,*  a  Lodge  known  after 
ward  as  the  Savannah  Lodge.  This  Lodge  was  chartered,  in  1 735, 
as  Solomon's  Lodge.  After  1800,  the  Union,  L'Esperance,  Hiram, 
and  Oglethorpe  Lodges  were  organized.  During  the  Morgan 
excitement  all  the  Lodges,  excepting  Solomon's,  were  broken  up. 
The  first  hall  erected  for  the  meetings  of  the  Lodges  is  situated  on 
President  street,  near  St.  James  square.  It  is  a  long  two-story 
frame  building,  now  used  as  a  private  residence.  The  present  hall, 
in  which  both  the  Masonic  and  Odd  Fellows'  Lodges  meet,  is  an  ele 
gant  brick  structure  situated  on  Bronghton,  at  the  northeast  corner 
of  Bull  street. 

The  Solomon's  Lodge,  No.  1.  A.  F.  M.  (first  known  as  the  Savan 
nah  Lodge),  was  organized  in  1  733  and  chartered  in  1 735.  It  is  the 
oldest  chartered  Lodge  in  the  United  States.  From  1776  to  1785, 
owing  to  the  Revolutionary  war,  no  meetings  were  held,  and  the 
records  were  lost.  The  officers  are  :  P.  M.  John  Nicolson,  W.  M.; 
Bros.  J.  Lachlison,  S.  W.;  Bernard  Brady,  J.  W.;  J.  C.  Bruyn, 
Treas.;  J.  H.  Estill,  Sec.;  John  Oliver,  S.  D.;  R.  H.  Lewis,  J.  D.; 
A.  G.  McArthur,  Harmon  A.  Elkins.  Stewards;  De  Witt  Bnryn, 
Organist ;  John  F.  Herb,  Tyler. 

Georgia  Chapter,  No.  3,  R.  A.  M.,  was  established  in  1818.  The 
following  are  the  officers :  P.  H.  P.  Richard  T.  Turner,  M.  E.  H.  P.; 
Companions  R.  J.  Nunn,  E.  K.;  Thomas  Balentyne,  E.  S.;  Rev. 
Sylvanus  Landrum,  Chaplain;  S.  P.  Hamilton,  C.  H.;  E.  W. 
Marsh,  P.  S.;  C.  Heinsius,  R.  A.  C.;  J.  H.  Dews,  M.  3d  V.;  Chas. 


*  A  chair  was  made  of  a  portion  of  this  tree,  and  now  ornaments  the  Masonic 
Lodge  room  in  the  Masonic  Hall. 


BENEVOLENT  SOCIETIES. 


183 


Pratt,  M.  2d  V.;  J.  C.  McNulty,  M.  1st  V.;  J.  T.  Thomas,  Treas.; 
.1.  H.  Estill,  Sec.;  M.  M.  Belisario,  Sentinel. 

Zerabbabel  Lodge,  No.  15,  A.  F.  M.,  was  chartered  on  the  5th 
of  November,  1 840.  The  officers  are :  P.  M.  L.  M.  Shafer, 
W.  M.;  Rev.  Bro.  R.  D'C.  Lewin,  S.  W.;  Bro.  Simon  Hexter,  J.  W.; 
P.  M.  Alfred  Hay  wood,  Treas.;  J.  A.  Sullivan,  Sec.;  Jas.  Manning, 
S.  D.;  William  D.  Sullivan,  J.  D.;  Jacob  Belsinger,  Moritz  Kohl, 
J.  Vetsburg,  Stewards;  I.  H.  Hollem,  Organist;  J.  F.  Herb,  Tyler. 

Clinton  Lodge,  No.  54,  F.  A.  M.,  was  chartered  on  the  27th  of 
October,  1847.  The  officers  are:  P.  M.  C.  F.  Blanche,  W.  M.;  P. 
M.  M.  M.  Belisario,  S.  W.;  Bros.  John  G.  Blitch,  J.  W.;  Wm.  M. 
Davidson,  Treas.;  Levy  E.  Byck,  Sec.;  Lewis  Kayton,  S.  D.;  David 
Cockslmtt,  J.  D.;  John  F.  Herb,  Tyler. 

Ancient  Landmark  Lodge,  No.  231,  was  chartered  on  the  15th  of 
November,  1 850.  The  following  are  the  officers :  Bros.  Rufns  E. 
Lester,  W.  M.;  C.  Heinsius,  S.  W.;  E.  W.  Marsh,  J.  W.;  C.  M. 
Cunningham,  Treas.;  F.  R.  Sweat,  Sec.;  A.  A.  E.  W.  Barclay,  S. 
D.;  E.  W.  Marsh,  J.  D.;  John  F.  Herb,  Tyler. 

Palestine  Commandery,  No.  7,  K.  T.,  was  instituted  on  the  15th 
of  April,  1867.  The  officers  are:  Theodore  B.  Marshall,  E.  C.; 
R  J.  Nunn,  G.;  J.  H.  Gould,  C.  G.;  E.  W.  S.  Neff,  Treas.;  J.  A. 
Roberts,  P.;  Rufus  E.  Lester,  S.  W.;  S.  P.  Hamilton,  J.  W.;  L.  M. 
Shafer,  R.;  J.  H.  Estill,  John  H.  Dew,  Standard  Bearers;  John 
Nicolsou,  Warden ;  W.  F.  Parker,  Sentinel. 

The  UNION  SOCIETY,  whose  achievements,  to  use  the  language  of 
that  gifted  divine,  Rev.  Willard  Preston,  consist  in  rescuing  the 
mind  from  the  worst  of  despotisms — the  cruel,  degrading,  withering 
grasp  of  ignorance ;  in  training  it  to  effort  and  to  useful  enterprise  ; 
in  rescuing  the  child  of  misfortune  from  the  deep  and  overwhelming, 
and  but  too  often  demoralizing  and  ruinous,  depressions  of  poverty, 
and  consequently  relieving  the  widow  from  those  burdens  which 
often  sink  her  into  an  untimely  grave,  was  organized  in  1 750  by  five 
gentlemen  of  five  distinct  religious  denominations,  having  for  their 
leading  object  the  education  of  orphan  children  in  indigent  circum 
stances.  Tradition  has  rescued  from  oblivion  only  three  of  the 
founders,  viz:  Benjamin  Shefftall,  Peter  Tondee,  and  Richard  Mil- 
ledge.  They  called  themselves  the  St.  George's  Society,  and  held 
their  anniversaries  on  the  23d  day  of  April,  the  calendar  day  of  the 
canonization  of  the  tutelar  saint  of  England.  The  records  were  de- 
•stroyed  by  the  British  when  they  evacuated  the  city  in  1 782,  and 


184  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

very  little  is  known  of  its  early  history.  Among  the  rules  was  one 
requiring  each  member  to  contribute  two  pence  weekly  to  carry  out 
the  object  of  the  society ;  another,  that  any  three  of  its  members 
should  hold  regular  meetings  and  celebrate  its  anniversaries.  Twen 
ty-eight  years  after  its  organization  this  rule  saved  the  society  from 
extinction.  When  Savannah  was  captured  by  the  British  in  De 
cember,  1778,  a  large  number  of  citizens  (among  them  a  number  of 
members  of  the  Union  Society)  and  soldiers  was  placed  on  board  of 
the  prison-ships.  A  few  days  after,  those  of  the  prisoners  who  held 
office  in  the  American  army  were  sent,  under  parole,  to  Sunbury,  a 
town  forty  miles  distant,  on  the  seacoast,  Among  these  were  four 
members  of  the  society,  Mordecai  Shefftall,  John  Martin,  John 
Stirk,  and  Josiah  Powell,  who  were  kept  there  three  years,  during 
which  time  they  observed  the  meetings  and  kept  the  anniversaries 
of  the  society,  at  the  first  of  which,  held  on  the  23d  of  April,  1 779, 
under  a  large  oak  tree,*  the  following  resolution  was  adopted : 

By  the  unhappy  fate  of  war,  the  members  of  the  Union  Society  are  some 
made  captives  and  others  drove  from  the  State,  and  by  one  of  the  rules  of  said 
society  it  is  ordered  and  resolved  that  so  long  as  three  members  shall  be  to 
gether  the  Union  Society  shall  exist;  and  there  being  now  four  members 
present  who,  being  desirous  as  much  as  in  them  lies,  notwithstanding  they  are 
CATTIYES,  to  continue  so  laudable  an  institution,  have  come  to  the  following 
resolve,  to  wit:  To  nominate  and  appoint  officers  for  said  society  for  the  en 
suing  year  as  near  and  as  agreeable  to  the  rules  of  the  society  as  they  can 
recollect,  the  rules  being  lost  or  mislaid. 

Josiah  Powell  was  then  elected  president,  Mordecai  Shefftall  vice- 
president,  and  John  Martin  secretary.  An  entertainment  was  then 
partaken  of,  a  number  of  British  officers  who  had  furnished  it  par 
ticipating.  The  sentiments  given  on  the  occasion  equally  express 
the  noble  and  honorable  feelings  of  both  parties.  The  first,  by  a 
member  of  the  society,  was  "  The  Union  Society ;"  the  second,  by 
a  British  officer,  "  General  George  Washington,"  which  was  respon 
ded  to  with  equal  magnanimity  by  an  American  officer,  "  The  King 
of  Great  Britain." 

These  gentlemen  preserved  the  existence  of  the  society,  which  in 


*  This  tree  was  cut  down  some  years  after  the  meeting,  and  a  beautiful  box 
made  of  a  portion  of  it.  On  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  (1850)  of  the  society 
the  box  was  presented  to  it  by  Mrs.  Perla  Sheftall  Solomons,  a  descendant  of 
one  of  the  founders.  The  records  and  papers  are  now  kept  in  this  box,  which 
is  laid  before  the  president  upon  every  anniversary. 


BENEVOLENT  SOCIETIES 


185 


1786  was  incorporated  by  the  legislature  of  the  State,  with  the  title 
of  the  Union  Society.  In  1 854  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  society 
purchased  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  acres  of  the  Bethesda  estate 
and  erected  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  the  orphans  under 
its  charge,  and  removed  them  thither.  There  are  now  twenty-three 
boys  under  the  charge  of  the  society  at  Bethesda,  which  is  under 
the  superintendence  of  Rev.  E.  P.  Brown. 

The  officers  are :  Abraham  Minis,  president ;  G.  Moxley  Son-ell, 
vice-president ;  John  T.  Thomas,  secretary;  D.  G.  Purse,  treasurer ; 
Edward  Padelford,  Andrew  Low,  Octavus  Cohen,  W.  M.  Wadley, 
C.  H.  Olmstead,  F.  W.  Sims,  Pi.  Morgan,  J.  L.  Villalonga,  J.  W. 
Lathrop,  board  of  managers;  Henry  Bryan,  E.  J.  Moses,  stewards. 

The  following  list  embraces  the  presidents  of  the  society  so  far  as 
known.  From  1750  to  1778  there  is  no  record  to  show  who  filled 
the  responsible  position.  In  1770  Josiah  Powell  was  president,  in 
1786  Win.  Stephens,  in  1790  Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  from  which 
year  to  the  present  the  following  have  respectively  held  the  position  : 
Joseph  Clay,  Joseph  Habersham,  Win.  Stephens,  George  Jones, 
James  P.  Young,  Mathew  McAllister,  Joseph  Habersham,  Charles 
Hams,  General  David  B.  Mitchell,  Wm.  B.  Bulloch,  Win.  Davies, 
J.  McPherson  Berrien,  James  Johnston,  Dr.  Moses  Sheftall,  John 
Hunter,  Richard  AY.  Habersham,  Steele  White,  Thomas  Polhill, 
John  C.  Nicoll,  George  W.  Anderson,  Francis  Sorrell,  Thomas 
Purse,  Dr.  R.  D.  Arnold,  Solomon  Cohen,  Edward  Padelford,  Jos. 
S.  Fay,  Robert  D.  Walker,  John  M.  Cooper,  William  M.  Wadley, 
and  Abraham  Minis,  the  present  president. 

Robert  Habersham,  Esq.,  one  of  our  oldest  and  most  respected 
merchants,  has  been  connected  with  the  society  sixty-two  years, 
and  attends  all  of  the  anniversaries. 

ST.  ANDREW'S  SOCIETY.  This  society,  composed  of  the  sous  of 
old  Scotia,  was  organized  about  1 790,  its  first  president  being  Gene 
ral  Lachlan  Mclntosh,  with  Sir  George  Houstoun  as  vice-president. 
During  the  war  of  1812  the  society  seems  to  have  died,  as  we  find 
no  notice  of  its  meetings.  About  1819  it  was  reorganized.  In  1849 
or  1 850  the  society  purchased  the  lot  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
Broughton  and  Jefferson  streets,  and  erected  upon  it  the  present 
commodious  hall.  During  the  war  the  treasury  became  depleted, 
and  the  society  was  forced  to  dispose  of  the  property.  Its  decaying 
fortunes  have  been  revived  of  late,  and  the  society  is  now  in  a 
flourishing  condition.  The  officers  are :  John  Cunningham,  presi- 
16* 


136  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

dent ;  Robt  Lachlison,  first,  and  Win.  Rogers,  second  vice-president ; 
E.  A.  McGill,  secretary  and  treasurer ;  Alexander  Irving  and  A.  G. 
McArthur,  stewards. 

The  MEDICAL  SOCIETY.  Upon  petition,  Noble  Winiberly  Jones, 
John  Irvine,  John  Grimes,  Lemuel  Kollock,  John  Gumming,  Jas. 
Ewell,  Moses  Sheftall,  Joshua  E.  White,  William  Parker,  Thomas 
Schley,  George  Jones,  George  Yinson  Proctor,  Henry  Bourquin, 
Thomas  Young,  Jr.,  Peter  Ward,  William  Cocke,  James  Glenn, 
and  Nicholas  S.  Bayard,  who  had  associated  themselves  under  the 
above  name  "  for  improving  the  science  of  medicine  and  lessening 
the  fatality  induced  by  climate  and  incidental  causes,"  were  granted 
a  charter  by  the  legislature  on  the  12th  of  December,  1804. 

At  that  period  rice  was  cultivated  on  the  low  lands  adjacent 
to  the  city,  up  to  the  very  door-sills  of  the  houses.  This  society 
early  took  the  stand  that,  with  our  semi-tropical  climate,  there  could 
be  no  worse  nor  more  malignant  incidental  cause  of  disease  than  the 
stagnant  water  which  remains  on  the  rice  fields  exposed  to  an  ar 
dent  summer  sun  and  the  subsequent  exposure  of  the  saturated  soil 
when  the  water  is  drained  off.  As  an  effort  toward  the  abatement 
of  the  evil,  the  society  proposed  a  plan  of  dry  culture  providing  that 
the  lands  then  cultivated  in  rice,  which  obligates  wet  culture,  should 
be  cultivated  solely  in  such  products  as  necessitated  drainage  and 
dry  culture.  The  prohibition  of  rice  culture  within  a  radius  of  one- 
mile  from  the  city  limits  was  suggested  as  a  remedial  measure.  But 
rice  lands  were  valuable,  and  the  owners  of  the  land  lying  within 
the  prescribed  radius  demurred  to  the  project  of  putting  their  lands 
under  dry  culture  when  they  were  much  more  valuable  under  wet 
culture.  The  society  persevered  until,  in  18 17,  the  land  owners 
came  to  terms,  and,  in  consideration  of  the  sum  of  forty  dollars  per 
acre,  agreed  to  bind  their  lands  for  ever  from  being  cultivated  hi  wet 
culture.  Savannah  then  had  a  population  of  about  six  thousand 
(about  two  fifths  black)  and  paid  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  to 
carry  the  project  into  effect.  Well  did  Dr.  R.  D.  Arnold  remark, 
in  a  lecture  delivered  before  the  Medical  Society  in  1868,  that  this 
contribution  was  "a  noble  monument  to  the  liberality  of  her  citi 
zens  and  a  high  tribute  to  the  estimation  in  which  our  profession 
was  held,  when  a  sum  so  large  in  proportion  to  her  population  was 
freely  given  in  support  of  what  many  stiJl  maintained  was  a  mere 
theoretical  idea.  But  it  was  a  practical  idea.  Never  were  more 
Decided  results  produced  from  any  given  cause." 


BENEVOLENT  SOCIETIES.  Jg-J 

The  officers  of  the  Society  are :  Juriab  Harris,  president ;  James 
B.  Read,  vice-president ;  Joseph  C.  Habersham,  recording  secretary ; 
William  M.  Charters,  corresponding  secretary ;  John  D.  Fish,  treas 
urer  ;  R.  J.  Nunn,  librarian. 

The  HIBERNIAN  SOCIETY  was  organized  on  the  17th  of  March, 
1812,  by  a  number  of  Irish  citizens.  Among  the  first  members  of 
the  society  were  John  Gumming,  Zachary  Miller,  John  Dillon,  Da 
vid  Bell,  Isaac  Minis,  T.  U.  P.  Charlton,  and  James  Hunter.  Of 
those  who  organized  the  society  Mr.  David  Bell  is  the  only  one 
living.  He  is  now  eighty-nine  years  of  age.  He  was  one  of  the 
iirst  members  of  the  Savannah  Volunteer  Guards,  and  was  to  be 
found  in  the  ranks  of  the  company  upon  every  parade  day  until  a 
few  years  ago,  when  age  and  infirinit}'  prevented.  He  was  with  the 
Guards  on  duty  in  the  trenches  around  the  city  in  1812. 

The  society  has  the  following  officers :  J.  J.  Kelly,  president ; 
John  McMahon,  vice-president ;  L.  J.  Guilmartin,  treasurer ;  John 
R.  Dillon,  secretary ;  P.  R.  Shiels,  standard  bearer. 

ODD  FELLOWS.  "  Quotha,  they  are  odd  enow  in  excellence,"  says 
an  odd  play,  and  this  is  confirmed  by  the  six  societies  in  Savannah 
which  are  day  by  day  developing  the  holy  principles  of  the  order. 

The  Oglethorpe  Lodge  was  instituted  in  1842.  The  officers  are  : 
D.  Ferguson,  N.  G.;  F.  Kreiger,  V.  G.;  C.  Gross,  P.  and  R,  8.;  J. 
Oliver,  T. 

Live  Oak  Lodge,  No.  3,  was  instituted  in  1843.  The  following 
are  the  officers:  C.  E.  Wakefield,  N.  G.;  John  Cooper,  V.  G.;  John 
F.  Herb,  R.  and  P.  G.;  William  E.  White,  T. 

Magnolia  Encampment  was  instituted  in  1845.  The  officers  are  : 
F.  D.  Jordan,  G.  P.;  J.  F.  Herb,  S.;  J.  Neal,  S.  W.;  T.  H.  Bolshaw, 
J.  W.;  C.  E.  Wakefield,  H.  P. 

De  Kalb  Lodge  was  instituted  in  1845.  The  officers  are  :  C.  W. 
West,  N.  G.;  B.  T.  Cole,  Y.  G.;  W.  S.  Hubbard,  P.  and  R.  S. 

Wilduey  Degree  Lodge  was  instituted  hi  1807.  The  officers  are  : 
John  Neill,  H.  P.;  T.  H.  Bolshaw,  D.  H.  P.:  Benjamin  Cole,  Jr., 
S.;  C.  E.  Wakefield,  T. 

Haupt  Lodge,  No.  57,  was  instituted  on  the  14th  of  January,  1860. 
The  officers  are  :  C.  F.  Blanche,  N.  G.;  Thomas  H.  Laird,  Y.  G.; 
T.  W.  McNish,  P.  and  R.  S.;  Jos.  B.  Sibley,  Treasurer. 

The  IJBISH  UNION  SOCIETY  was  organized  on  the  17th  of  March, 
1847,  having  for  its  object  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of  the 
fellow  countrymen  of  its  members.  The  first  officers  were  John 
Murphy,  president,  and  Philip  Kean,  vice-president ;  John  Everard, 


138  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

treasurer ;  Martin  Duggan,  secretary ;  Thomas  Forde,  standard 
bearer.  The  officers  now  are :  Judge  Dominick  A.  O'Byrne,  pre 
sident  ;  Andrew  Flatley,  vice-president ;  William  J.  Flynu,  secre 
tary  ;  John  O'Connell,  standard  bearer. 

The  HEBREW  BENEVOLENT  SOCIETY.  The  initiatory  proceeding* 
for  the  organization  of  this  society  took  place  on  the  evening  of  Sep 
tember  22d,  1851,  at  the  house  of  Rudolph  Einstein,  Esq.,  where,  at 
a  meeting  of  Israelites  specially  convened  for  the  purpose  and  pre 
sided  over  by  Abraham  Einstein,  Esq.,  the  plans  for  the  establish 
ment  of  the  proposed  society  were  discussed  and  committees 
appointed  to  prepare  the  necessary  constitution  and  enlist  the 
sympathies  of  the  Israelites  in  the  project.  Two  evenings  afterward 
a  large  and  influential  meeting  was  held  at  the  house  of  Abraham 
Einstein,  Solomon  Cohen  presiding  as  chairman,  on  which  occasion 
the  society  was  established,  eighty-one  gentlemen  having  enrolled 
their  names  as  members.  Solomon  Cohen  was  elected  president  of 
the  society,  whose  object  is  to  minister  to  the  necessities  of  the  in 
digent.  In  addition  to  the  regular  officers,  a  committee  of  four  is 
appointed,  who  possess  supervisory  power  over  the  relief  distributed. 

The  officers  are  as  follows :  Abraham  Epstein,  president ;  Solomon 
Gardner,  vice-president ;  S.  H.  Eckman,  treasurer ;  L.  W.  Stern, 
secretary;  A.  J.  Brady,  E.  Ehrlich,  S.  E.  Byck,  trustees.  The 
charity  committee  consists  of  Rev.  R.  D'C.  Lewin,  chairman  :  L. 
Lilienthal  and  J.  M,  Solomons. 

The  LADIES'  GERMAN  BENEVOLENT  SOCIETY  was  founded  in  185o. 
Its  object  is  identical  with  that  of  the  Hebrew  Benevolent  Society. 
The  meetings  of  the  society  are  held  quarterly.  The  officers  are  : 
Mrs.  Joseph  Lippman,  president ;  Mrs.  S.  H.  Eckman,  treasurer ; 
Mrs.  M.  Loewenthal,  secretary. 

The  HARMONIE  CLUB.  The  history  of  this  club  dates  back  to 
1865.  It  was  instituted  for  social  and  mental  improvement,  and 
made  considerable  progress  under  its  first  president,  Mr.  Wolf. 
Renting  St.  Andrew's  Hall  for  their  meetings,  the  members  of  th« 
club  are  enabled  to  give  those  pleasant  balls  and  social  gatherings 
which  add  so  much  to  the  winter  amusements  of  the  city.  The 
officers  are :  M.  Loewenthal,  president ;  L.  Elsinger,  vice-president ; 
S.  Gerstman,  treasurer ;  J.  Yetsburg,  secretary. 

The  YOUNG  MEN'S  LIBRARY  ASSOCIATION  was  organized  on  the 
24th  of  June,  1866,  under  the  auspices  of  Rev.  A.  M.  Wynn,  pastor 
of  Trinity  Methodist  church,  and  was  composed  only  of  young  men 


NEWSPAPERS.  1£$ 

connected  with  that  church.  On  the  15th  of  June,  1868,  it  was 
reorganized,  and  thrown  open  to  the  young  men  of  all  denomina 
tions.  There  are  one  hundred  members  connected  with  the  asso 
ciation,  and  about  four  hundred  volumes  in  the  library.  The 
officers  are:  General  George  P.  Harrison,  president;  Rev.  G.  G.  N. 
McDonell,  vice-president;  F.  L.  Hale,  secretary  and  treasiirer;  J. 
0.  Mather,  librarian. 

The  ST.  GEORGE'S  SOCIETY,  organized  on  the  18th  of  April,  1868, 
is  composed  entirely  of  Englishmen  or  their  descendants,  with  the 
following  officers:  W.  T.  Smith  (British  Consul),  president;  John 
Oliver,  vice-president;  W.  C.  Cosens,  secretary:  Alfred  Hay  wood, 
treasurer. 

JOSEPH  LODGE,  No.  7(5,  I.  0.  B.  B.,  was  organized  on  the  3d  of 
June,  1866,  for  the  advancement  of  the  interests  of  the  Jewish 
religion  among  its  followers  and  for  benevolent  purposes.  The 
officers  are:  Simon  E.  Byck,  president;  Isaac  S.  Davidson,  vice- 
president;  Isaac  S.  Cohen,  secretary;  Solomon  Gardner,  treasurer; 
Rev.  R.  D'C.  Lewin,  lecturer;  Philip  Dzialynski,  assistant  monitor; 
Jacob  Cohen,  warden;  Isaac  Cohen,  guardian. 

NEWSPAPERS. 

The  GEORGIA  GAZETTE  was  started  in  Savannah  on  the  7th  of 
April,  1763,  by  Mr.  James  Johnson,  making  the  eighth  newspaper 
then  in  the  Colonies.  This  paper  flourished  as  a  weekly  until  1799, 
when  it  was  suspended.  In  the  days  of  this  newspaper  there  was 
no  "local"  column,  and  the  only  matters  published  concerning  the 
city  affairs  wTere  the  marriages,  deaths,  and  arrivals  of  vessels. 
Intercourse  between  Savannah  and  Charleston,  in  those  days,  was 
freqiient.  The  Charleston  editor  obtained  from  the  citizens  of 
Savannah  all  information  connected  with  the  "Forest  City,"  and 
published  it.  This  the  Georgia  Gazette  would  copy  in  its  next 
issue,  about  two  weeks  afterward.  In  the  same  way  did  the  Savan 
nah  paper  get  its  information  concerning  matters  in  Charleston. 

The  SAVANNAH  REPUBLICAN.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1802,  the 
first  number  of  "The  Georgia  Republican,"  a  semi-weekly  paper, 
issued  Tuesday  and  Friday,  made  its  appearance  in  Savannah,  Ga., 
edited  and  owned  by  John  F.  Everett,  under  which  name  it  con 
tinued  until  March  10,  1807,  when  Jno.  J.  Evans  became  interested, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Everett  &  Evans.  The  publication  was 
then  changed  to  a  tri-weekly  afternoon  edition,  issued  Tuesdays, 
Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  under  the  name  of  "The  Republican 


190  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVASNAH. 

mid  Savannah  Evening  Ledger.''  It  was  published  by  Everett  <t 
Evans  until  the  28th  of  June,  1810,  when  John  J.  Evans  continued 
it  alone — no  announcement  being  made  of  the  withdrawal  of  Mr. 
Everett — until  the  1st  of  January,  1814,  when  Mr.  Frederick  S. 
Fell  became  the  editor  and  proprietor — the  motto  of  the  paper 
"Free  Trade  and  no  Impressment." 

On  the  llth  of  March,  1817,  Mr.  A.  Mclntyre  was  taken  as  a 
copartner  into  the  concern,  under  the  firm  name  of  F.  S.  Fell  &  Co. 

On  the  17th  of  October,  1817,  the  paper  was  changed  to  a  daily, 
and  continued  as  such  during  the  fall  and  winter  months,  and 
returned,  during  the  summer,  to  tri-weekly  issues.  During  the 
winter,  besides  a  daily,  a  tri-weekly  was  also  issued,  which  last  pub 
lication  was  for  country  subscribers.  The  country,  or  tri-weekly 
paper,  contained  all  the  matter  of  the  daily,  besides  the  new  adver 
tisements.  In  both  editions  the  Savannah  market  appeared  weekly. 
Motto  of  the  paper,  " Truth  without  Fear."  It  contained  a  large 
amount  of  reading  matter,  and  the  advertising  columns  were  well 
patronized.  In  order  to  accommodate  its  advertising  patrons,  it 
was  necessary  to  issue,  very  often,  a  supplemental  sheet. 

On  the  30th  of  October,  a  fortnight  after  the  paper  was  changed 
from  tri-weekly  to  daily,  it  was  considerably  enlarged.  The  pages 
of  the  former  contained  but  four  columns,  while  those  of  the  latter 
had  five  columns,  printed  on  a  sheet  twenty-four  by  thirty  inches. 
The  price  of  the  daily,  $8;  tri-weekly,  $6  per  annum — payable  in 
advance.  The  enlargement  of  the  paper  did  not  do  away  with  the 
necessity  of  issuing  the  regular  supplemental  sheets  for  advertise 
ments,  so  encouraging  was  that  branch  of  patronage. 

On  the  10th  of  February,  1818,  the  Republican  and  Ledger  com 
menced  carrying  on  the  job  printing  business  in  connection  with 
the  paper,  having  "employed  one  hand  and  a  press"  for  this 
branch  of  their  business,  exclusively. 

In  June,  1818,  F.  S.  Fell  again  published  the  paper  alone— the 
iirm  name  of  F.  S.  Fell  &  Co.  having  been  discontinued. 

On  the  21st  of  August,  1821,  James  G.  Greenhow  became  asso 
ciated  with  F.  S.  Fell,  under  the  firm  name  of  Fell  &  Greenhow, 
which  continued  until  March  30th,  1822,  when  the  copartnership 
was  dissolved  and  Mr.  Fell  became  again  sole  proprietor  and  editor. 

On  the  29th  of  May,  1830,  Emanuel  DeLaMotta  took  an  interest 
with  Mr.  Fell,  under  the  firm  name  of  Fell  &  DeLaMotta,  which 
copartnership  was  dissolved  on  the  10th  of  October,  1831,  by  the 
death,  after  a  protracted  illness,  of  Mr.  Fell.  This  was  the  first 


NEWSPAPERS.  [()[ 

death  that  occurred  to  a  proprietor  of  the  paper  while  in  the  active 
discharge  of  his  duties.  Mr.  Fell  tilled  the  position  of  editor  and 
publisher  of  the  Republican  seventeen  years.  The  columns  of  the 
paper  were  clad  in  deep  mourning  for  three  consecutive  issue* 
after  his  death. 

Mr.  DeLaMotta  continued  the  publication  of  the  Republican 
alone  from  this  date  until  June  1st,  1837,  when  Mr.  I.  Cleland 
became  interested  with  him,  under  the  copartnership  name  of 
DeLaMotta  &  Cleland,  which  remained  in  existence  until  the  llth 
of  June,  1839,  when  Mr.  DeLaMotta  withdrew.  From  this  date 
until  February  15,  1840,  Mr.  Cleland  was  the  sole  publisher,  when 
he  became  associated  with  Mr.  William  Hogan,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Cleland  &  Hogan.  This  last  copartnership  only  lasted  till 
the  6th  of  July  of  the  same  year,  when  Mr.  Cleland  sold  out  his 
interest  to  Mr.  Charles  Davis,  former  proprietor  of  the  Brunswick 
Advocate.  Hogan  &  Davis  was  the  firm  name.  Motto  of  the 
paper:  "Union  of  the  Whigs  for  the  sake  of  the  Union."  It  then 
became  an  active  advocate  of  Whig  principles,  and  was  imme 
diately  changed  from  an  afternoon  to  a  morning  issue,  and  con 
tinued  daily  throughout  the  year,  at  $10  per  annum. 

On  the  12th  of  Atigust,  1840  (the  same  year),  Mr.  Hogan  dis 
posed  of  his  interest  to  Joseph  L.  Locke— firm  name  Locke  & 
Davis— Mr.  Locke  senior  editor  and  Mr.  Davis  commercial  editor 
and  business  director.  On  the  26th  of  the  following  October  the 
paper  was  again  enlarged — seven  columns  to  the  page  and  length 
in  proportion.  This  firm  continued  until  the  30th  of  June,  1847, 
when,  Mr.  Davis'  health  becoming  impaired,  necessarily  requiring 
a  change  of  climate,  he  sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  Francis  J.  Winter. 
Mr.  Winter  only  survived  until  the  following  March  (1848),  being 
the  second  proprietor  who  died  while  in  possession  of  an  interest- 
in  the  concern. 

The  firm  name  of  Locke  &  Winter  continued,  after  the  death  of 
Mr.  Winter,  until  June  1st,  1848,  when  Mi1.  Locke  became  sole 
proprietor,  and  on  the  17th  of  the  following  month  (July)  Mr.  P. 
W.  Alexander  took  position  as  associate  editor  with  Mr.  Locke — 
the  paper  published  by  J.  L.  Locke. 

January  22d,  1849,  A.  W.  Moore  acquired  an  interest  in  the 
Republican  and  became  its  business  manager. 

July  1st,  1851,  the  price  of  subscription  was  reduced  from  $10 
to  $8  per  annum. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1853,  Mr.  Locke  retired  from  the  Bepub- 


192  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

can,  having  sold. out  his  interest  to  his  editorial  associate,  P.  W 
Alexander,  who,  in  connection  with  Mr.  Moore,  published  it  under 
the  firm  name  of  P.  W.  Alexander  &  Co.  This  copartnership 
continued  until  the  19th  of  June,  1855,  when  Mr.  Moore  was 
announced  as  having  retired,  and  Mr.  James  R.  Sneed  became  a 
copartner  with  Mr.  Alexander,  under  the  firm  name  of  Alexander  & 
Sneed.  Though  Mr.  Sneed  became  interested  in  the  paper  from 
this  date,  he  did  not  arrive  in  Savannah,  from  Washington,  Wilkes 
county,  Ga.,  until  the  21st  of  August,  following,  and  on  the  22d 
his  salutatory  appeared,  from  which  time  he  entered  upon  the 
active  duties  of  associate  editor  with  Mr.  Alexander. 

On  the  1st  of  July,  1856,  Mr.  Alexander  withdrew  from  the 
Republican.  His  interest,  being  two  thirds,  was  sold  to  Mr.  James 
R.  Sneed  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Sims,  so  as  to  make  them  equal  owners, 
and  the  firm  name  became  that  of  Sneed  &  Sims— Mr.  Sneed  as 
the  principal  editor  and  Mr.  Sims  commercial  editor  and  business 
manager.  This  firm  continued  until  the  1st  of  January,  1858, 
when  Mr.  Sneed  disposed  of  his  interest  to  his  copartner,  Mr. 
Sims,  but  continued  as  its  editor  until  the  capture  of  Savannah  by 
General  Sherman  and  his  army. 

On  the  29th  of  December,  1864,  John  E.  Hayes,  war  corres 
pondent  of  the  New  York  Tribune,  who  had  been  following  the 
army  of  General  Sherman,  took  possession  of  the  Republican  office 
and  its  contents,  by  military  authority,  to  publish  a  paper  in  the 
interest  of  the  Federal  government.  He  continued  in  the  position 
of  its  editor  and  proprietor  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
occurred  suddenly  on  the  16th  day  of  September.  1868. 

Frequent  efforts  were  made  by  Mr.  Sims  (who  had  served  in  the 
Confederate  armies)  to  reclaim  his  office,  but  unsuccessfully.  A 
compromise  was  at  length  agreed  upon,  and  his  claim  submitted 
to  arbitration,  when  Mr.  Sims  was  awarded  about  one  fourth  of 
its  original  cost. 

During  the  administration  of  Mr.  Hayes,  the  paper  was  in  the 
interest  of  the  Republican  party  up  to  within  a  short  time  of  his 
death,  when  it  became  a  conservative  sheet. 

At  the  death  of  Mr.  Hayes  the  office  went  into  the  hands  of  his 
administrator,  and  was  sold  at  public  outcry  on  the  6th  day  of 
October,  1868,  when  Mr.  James  R.  Sneed,  its  former  editor  and 
proprietor,  by  whom  it  is  now  (January,  1869)  owned  and  con 
ducted,  became  the  purchaser. 

Among  the  associate  editors  of  the  Republican  since  1845,   the 


NEWSPAPERS.  J0,j> 

following  gentlemen,  each  for  a  time,  rendered  services  on  tho 
paper:  Messrs.  S.  T.  Chapman,  Edwin  DcLeou,  Thomas  H.  Harden, 
and  Thomas  W.  Lane.  For  awhile  before  his  last  illness,  the  late 
Dr.  William  A.  Caruthers,  a  distinguished  writer  of  his  time,  was 
one  of  its  regular  contributors,  and  the  eloquence  of  his  style  and 
diction  gave  additional  interest  to  the  columns  of  the  paper. 

In  the  fall  of  1845  Mr.  Locke  made  a  tour  of  Europe,  and  during 
his  sojourn  there  interested  the  readers  of  the  Republican  with  a 
series  of  highly  interesting  and  edifying  letters,  giving  glowing 
and  graphic  descriptions  of  each  point  he  visited.  This  was  his 
first  visit  across  the  Atlantic  while  connected  with  the  paper.  He 
subsequently  paid  the  continent  another  visit  and  resumed  his 
correspondence. 

In  politics,  the  Republican,  throughout  its  history,  has  been 
devoted  to  conservative  views.  For  the  first  twenty  years  of  its 
existence,  it  took  no  very  active  part  in  the  political  struggles  of 
the  times,  though  its  sympathies  were  with  the  then  Republican, 
or  Jeffersonian  party.  It  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  Troup  when 
the  party  that  clustered  around  him  in  the  State  were  opposed  by 
Clarke  and  his  political  friends,  and  it  warmly  sustained  General 
Jackson  for  the  Presidency  in  the  celebrated  contest  of  1828.  Dur 
ing  the  second  year  of  Jackson's  administration,  alarmed  by  what 
it  considered  the  usurpations  and  abuses  of  the  Executive,  it  gave 
the  weight  of  its  influence  to  the  States'  Rights  party,  and  subse 
quently  to  the  Whigs,  with  whom  it  acted  throughout  the  existence 
of  that  organization,  though  it  declined  to  support  General  Scott, 
its  nominee,  for  the  Presidency.  During  the  contests  that  resulted 
in  the  late  civil  war  between  the  States,  the  views  of  the  Repub 
lican  were  conservative.  It  opposed  the  secession  of  the  Southern 
States  as  unjustified  by  any  grievance  then  in  existence — that  it 
would  surely  result  in  a  terrible  and  disastrous  war,  for  which  we 
were  wholly  unprepared,  and  that  our  true  policy  was  to  fight  our 
battles  in  the  Union  and  under  the  constitution,  at  least  until  tho 
wrongs  of  our  section  should  become  intolerable.  When  the  Con 
vention  of  Georgia  took  the  State  out  of  the  Union,  the  Republican 
allied  itself  with  her  destiny,  and  was  among  the  foremost  in  giving 
encouragement  to  the  arms  and  councils  of  the  Southern  Confed 
eracy.  At  the  fall  of  the  city,  as  previously  stated,  the  paper  fell 
into  new  and  strange  hands,  and  for  several  years  was  devoted  to 
the  conquerors.  Restored  to  the  hands  of  the  gentleman  who  con 
trolled  its  columns  during  the  war  and  for  five  years  preceding,  it 
17 


l<j.j.  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

is  now  battling  with  zeal  for  the  restoration  of  harmony  and  the 
Union  under  the  Constitution. 

The  SAVANNAH  GEORGIAN  commenced  publication  on  the  25th  of 
November,  1818,  by  Dr.  John  Harney.  About  two  years  after,  he 
K  >H  the  paper  and  material  to  I.  K.  Tefft  and  Henry  Friend,  who 
shortly  afterward  sold  it  to  George  Eobertson.  He  subsequently 
associated  with  him  his  brother,  William  Eobertson.  The  latter 
purchased  the  interest  of  his  brother  (George  K.)  and  conducted 
the  paper  until  the  close  of  the  year  1832,  when  it  was  disposed  of 
to  Dr.  11.  D.  Arnold  and  William  H.  Bulloch,  who  were  the  joint 
editors  and  proprietors  until  1835,  when  »Mr.  Bulloch  purchased 
Dr.  A.'s  interest  in  the  paper,  and  in  1849  conveyed  it  to  Henry  E. 
Jackson  and  Phillip  J.  Punch,  who  subsequently  admitted  S.  S. 
Sibley  as  a  partner.  When  General  Jackson  retired  E.  B.  Hilton, 
of  Florida,  united  himself  with  Messrs.  Punch  &  Sibley.  After 
several  years  connection  with  the  paper  Colonel  Sibley  left  it,  and 
it  was  published  by  Punch  &  Hilton;  Punch,  Hilton  &  Ganahl; 
P.  J.  Punch  &  Co.;  Wright  &  Eegister;  J.  G.  Wright  &  Co.;  and 
perhaps  one  or  two  others,  until  the  Journal  and  Courier  was 
merged  with  it,  when  it  came  under  the  control  of  Albert  E. 
Lamar,  who  revived  its  waning  fortunes  for  a  time,  but  the  changes 
and  unfortunate  management  had  so  weakened  the  paper  that  it 
was  impossible  to  regain  its  ancient  standing,  and  in  1859  its 
publication  was  suspended,  and  has  never  since  been  resumed. 

The  SAVANNAH  MUSEUM  was  started  about  1820,  as  a  daily,  by 
Keppel  &  Bartlett.  It  was  in  existence .  several  years— how  many, 
is  not  definitely  known. 

The  SAVANNAH  MORNING  NEWS.  The  publication  .of  this  paper 
was  commenced  on  the  15th  day  of  January,  1850,  by  John  M. 
Oooper,  publisher,  and  W.  T.  Thompson,  editor.  At  that  time  there 
were  but  two  daily  papers  in  Savannah — the  Eepublican  and  the 
Georgian,  both  political  journals—the  first  the  organ  of  the  Whig 
and  the  latter  of  the  Democratic  party  of  the  State.  The  estab 
lishment  of  the  News  was  projected  with  a  view  to  furnish  Savan 
nah,  then  the  rapidly  thriving  commercial  emporium  of  the  State, 
with  an  independent  news  and  commercial  medium,  as  nearly  upon 
the  plan  of  the  cheap  dailies  of  the  Northern  cities  as  was  practi 
cable.  To  furnish  a  medium  for  the  dissemination  of  political 
truth,  unbiased  by  party  affiliation  and  control,  was  an  object  not 
secondary  to  the  general  purposes  of  the  proprietors.  .  The  News. 
keeping  aloof  from  party  politics,  took  a  decided  position  on  the 


NEWSPAPERS.  1<J5 

great  sectional  questions  of  the  day,  maintaining  that  the  perpe 
tuity  of  the  Union  depended  upon  a  strict  observance  of  the  com 
promises  and  guarantees  of  the  constitution,  as  affecting  the  rights 
and  sovereign  character  of  the  States.  To  this  position  the  paper 
steadfastly  adhered  to  the  close  of  the  struggle  which  verified  its 
prediction.  The  News  was  originally  published  on  a  sheet  very 
little  more  than  half  its  present  dimensions,  at  four  dollars  per 
annum,  or  twelve  and  a  half  cents  per  week,  payable  to  the  carriers. 

In  the  nineteen  years  of  its  existence,  the  Morning  News  has 
several  times  changed  proprietors,  while  its  present  editor,  Colonel 
W.  T.  Thompson,  has  been  its  principal  editor  all  that  time,  except 
iroin  the  fall  of  Savannah  in  December,  1864,  to  August,  1865, 
when  he  resumed  his  identification  with  the  paper  as  associate 
editor,  with  Mr.  S.  W.  Mason,  its  late  proprietor. 

The  following  gentlemen  have  at  different  periods  been  edi 
torially  associated  with  the  Savannah  Morning  News:  Major  T.  A. 
Burke  (now  of  Macon),  Mr.  E.  0.  Withington  (at  one  time  also  a 
part  proprietor),  J.  N.  Cardoza,  Esq.,  Dr.  James  S.  Jones,  and  S.  W. 
Mason,  Esq.,  deceased. 

Prom  the  commencement  of  its  publication,  in  1850,  to  March, 
1855,  Mi1.  John  M.  Cooper  was  proprietor,  though  for  a  short  time 
other  parties  were  associated  with  him  as  publishers.  From  March, 
1855,  to  July,  1858,  Colonel  Thompson  was  both  proprietor  and 
editor  —Mr.  Withiugton.being  his  partner  and  associate  editor  for  a 
part  of  the  time.  In  July,  1858,  Messrs.  Blois  and  Desvergers 
became  the  proprietors  of  the  News,  which  was,  in  October  of 
the  same  year,  purchased  entire  by  Mr.  T.  Blois,  by  whom,  with 
Mr.  Cooper  and  Colonel  Aaron  Wilbur — the  latter  of  whom  pur 
chased  an  interest  a  few  mouths  before  the  fall  of  Savannah — as 
partners,  the  paper  was  continued  to  be  published  until  the  occu 
pation  of  the  city  by  the  Federal  troops. 

Upon  the  occupation  of  the  city  the  News  establishment  was 
taken  possession  of  by  Mr.  John  E.  Hayes,  who  carried  all  the 
moveable  material  to  the  llepublican  office,  of  which  he  had  also 
taken  possession.  Mr.  Mason  finally  getting  possession  of  the 
News  office,  brought  from  Hilton  Head  the  materials  with  which  he 
had  published  a  small  paper  called  the  Palmetto  Herald.  With 
this,  and  the  presses  remaining  in  the  News  office,  he  commenced 
the  publication  of  the  Savannah  Herald,  subsequently  settling  the 
claims  of  the  previous  proprietors  of  the  News  establishment, 
vhich  were  submitted  to  arbitration.  The  name  of  the  paper  was 
then  changed  to  the  Daily  News  and  Herald. 


|96  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

The  present  proprietor,  Mr.  J.  H.  Estill,  originally  purchased 
a  part  interest  in  the  Morning  News  and  entered  upon  the  manage 
ment  of  its  business  and  mechanical  department  in  July,  1867. 
A  year  afterward  Mr.  Estill  purchased  Mr.  Mason's  interest  and 
resumed  the  original  name  of  the  paper,  Savannah  Morning  News. 

The  EVENING  JOURNAL  was  started  by  J.  B.  Cubbedge  in  1851.  The 
following  year  the  Savannah  Daily  Courier  was  started  by  S.  T. 
Chapman,  and  the  Evening  Mirror  by  W.  B.  Harrison.  The  Mirror 
was  suspended  soon  after  its  birth,  and  the  Journal  and  Courier 
were  merged  into  one  paper,  known  as  the  Journal  and  Courier, 
and  published  by  Messrs.  Chapman  &  Cubbedge  until  the  death  of 
the  former,  in  1854,  when  the  paper  was  suspended  for  a  short 
time,  until  it  was  purchased  by  Mr.  K.  B.  Hilton.  This  paper 
was  merged  into  the  Georgian  about  1857,  and  the  consolidated 
papers  published  under  the  name  of  the  Georgian  and  Journal. 

The  EVENING  EXPRESS  was  started  in  1859,  by  Ambrose  Spencer 
and  J.  H.  Estill.  In  1860  its  publication  was  suspended. 

The  DAILY  ADVERTISER.  This  paper  was  started  in  September, 
1865,  as  a  free  circulating  journal  (the  first  in  the  South)  by 
Messrs.  Theodore  Hamilton  and  M.  J.  Divine,  the  former  one  of 
the  managers  of  the  Savannah  theatre,  and  the  latter  a  practical 
printer.  They  made  arrangements  with  Mr.  George  N.  Nichols 
for  the  use  of  his  material.  After  running  the  paper  a  week 
these  gentlemen  disposed  of  their  interest  to  Mr.  Nichols,  Mr. 
Hamilton  retiring  and  Mr.  Divine  remaining  as  foreman.  In  the 
course  of  the  following  two  months  it  was  twice  enlarged,  and 
Mr.  E.  O.  Withington,  who  had  been  connected  with  the  paper 
since  its  first  issue,  was  installed  as  editor.  After  a  career  of  some 
six  months  more,  a  copartnership  was  formed  between  Messrs.  With 
ington,  Divine,  and  George  S.  Gray,  under  the  firm  name  of  E.  O. 
Withington  &  Co. ,  under  which  the  paper  continued,  still  as  a  free 
journal,  until  January  1st,  1868,  when  it  was  enlarged,  changed  to 
a  subscription  paper,  and  S.  Yates  Levy,  Esq.,  engaged  as  editor- 
in-chief.  Under  his  able  editorial  management  the  Advertiser  at 
once  took  rank  with  the  leading  journals  of  the  State.  Mr.  L.  was 
a  vigorous  and  fearless  writer,  pointing  out  and  condemning  abuses 
wherever  discovered.  So  keen  were  some  of  his  remarks  upon  the 
tyrannical  actions  of  the  military  that  an  order  was  sent  from  Gen. 
Meade  to  either  suppress  the  paper  or  moderate  the  tone  of  its 
editorials.  Soon  after  Mr.  Levy  was  obliged,  by  military  pressure, 
to  retire  from  the  editorial  chair. 


SUBURBAN  RESORTS.  197 

Iii  the  latter  part  of  May  arrangements  were  made  by  the  man 
agers  to  sell  out  the  paper  to  a  gentleman  of  much  experience  in 
newspaper  life.  In  order  to  perfect  the  changes  necessary,  it  was 
determined  to  suspend  for  a  month;  but  before  the  expiration  of 
that  time  the  gentleman  declined  to  consummate  the  arrangement. 

Nothing  further  was  done  until  November,  when  Messrs.  Edward 
L.  Beard  and  George  G.  Kimball,  formerly  connected  with  the 
Savannah  Republican,  took  charge  of  the  paper,  and  are  now  run 
ning  it  again  as  a  free  journal. 

The  MERCANTILE  INDEX  was  started  in  18G5,  by  George  H.  John- 
stone,  Jr.,  and  E.  M.  Purse,  but  was  suspended  after  an  existence 
of  about  six  months. 

SUBURBAN    RESORTS. 

Savannah  is  fortunate  in  her  suburban  relations.  Bethesda. 
Thunderbolt,  White  Bluff,  Bonaventure,  and  Jasper  Spring,  all 
of  easy  access  from  the  city,  present  attractions  to  the  tourist 
that  amply  repay  a  visit.  Independent  of  their  historical  asso 
ciations,  their  intrinsic  beauty  is  their  best  commendation. 

BETHESDA,  signifying  a  ' '  House  of  Mercy, "  is  situated  about  ten 
miles  from  Savannah,  where  there  is  an  orphan-house  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Union  Society. 

In  1737  Rev.  Geo.  Whitfield,  whose  popularity  in  England  was  so 
great  that  those  who  came  to  hear  him  preach  sometimes  numbered 
twenty  thousand,  and  many  who  were  forced  to  remain  outside 
prayed  only  for  a  sight  of  "his  blessed  face,"  turned  his  back  on 
fame  and  fortune  and  sought  what  was  then  the  wilds  of  Georgia, 
believing  that  God  was  calling  him  to  undertake  the  mission.  He 
labored  among  the  inhabitants  with  unwonted  zeal,  and  observing 
that  the  pcrverty  of  the  inhabitants  imperatively  demanded  the 
establishment  of  an  orphan-house,  suggested  to  him  originally  by 
Rev.  Charles  Wesley,  he  labored  long  and  diligently  in  the  further 
ance  of  his  plan,  meeting  a  ready  and  willing  assistant  in  James 
Habersham,  who  had  accompanied  him  to  Georgia,  and  whom 
he  called  his  "beloved  fellow-traveler."  To  further  the  object, 
Whitfield  returned  to  England  and  secured  from  the  Trustees 
"five  hundred  acres  of  any  vacant  land  which  he  should  select." 
The  people  of  England  to  whom  he  preached  gave  with  liberal 
hands  to  the  charity.  On  his  return  to  Savannah  the  ground  was 
selected — the  present  ground  forming  part  of  it — by  Mr.  Haber 
sham,  and  on  the  25th  of  March,  1740,  Whitfield  "laid  with  his 
17* 


198  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

own  hands  the  first  brick  of  this  great  house,  which  he  called 
Bethesda."  This  charity  was  never  out  of  the  mind  of  Whitfield, 
and  with  a  parent's  ardor  and  abiding  love  he  clung  to  it  and 
labored  for  it.  For  thirty  years  this  labor  lasted,  find  in  the  very 
year  of  his  death,  1770,  when  his  strength  had  yielded  and  his  life 
was  fast  ebbing  away,  he  projected  a  plan  of  a  college  to  be  added 
to  the  House  of  Mercy,  and  preached  in  the  chapel  there  before  the 
Governor,  Council,  and  Assembly,  whom  he  had  invited  hither  to 
secure  their  co-operation. 

Selina,  Countess  of  Huntingdon,  born  and  reared  amid  the  splen 
dor  of  high  rank,  beautiful,  accomplished,  and  talented,  became  a 
convert  to  Methodism.  She  met  Whitfield,  and  having  her  sym 
pathies  enlisted  in  his  noble  work,  gave  her  money,  her  counsel, 
and  her  countenance  to  him.  The  Orphan-House  became  her 
work  almost  as  much  as  his,  and  when  he  died  his  will  was  found 
to  contain  a  clause  devising  Bethesda  to  her,  "and  in  case  she 
should  be  called  upon  to  enter  upon  her  glorious  rest  before  niy 
decease,  to  Hon.  James  Habersham,  a  merchant  of  Savannah." 
She  did  not  falter  when  this  responsibility  was  thrust  upon  her, 
but  did  all  that  could  be  done,  but  its  sun  of  prosperity  had  set  in 
Whitfield's  grave.  The  buildings  were  struck  by  lightning  and 
consumed.  They  were  rebuilt,  but  disaster  followed  disaster,  and 
in  1782  the  Royal  troops,  previous  to  their  evacuation  of  the  city, 
destroyed  everything  of  value.  Lady  Huntingdon,  until  her  death, 
which  occurred  in  1791,  labored  with  indomitable  perseverance  and 
Christian  zeal  to  forward  the  interests  of  Bethesda,  but  with  com 
paratively  little  success.  At  her  death  the  school  was  discontinued, 
and  the  State  government  reclaimed  it  and  committed  its  manage 
ment  to  a  Board  of  Trustees.  The  Board  took  no  active  steps 
toward  completing  the  buildings,  nor  other  necessary  measures  for 
the  organization  of  the  school,  until  1801.  The  property  was 
rebuilt  and  the  school  reorganized,  but  in  1805  a  fire  destroyed  one 
of  the  wings  so  that  it  could  not  be  repaired,  and  a  hurricane 
destroyed  the  out-buildings.  The  Trustees  being  unable  to  rebuild, 
in  1808  they  advised  the  legislature  to  dispose  of  the  property  and 
distribute  the  proceeds  among  the  benevolent  institutions  of  Sa 
vannah.  Accordingly,  on  the  12th  of  March,  1809,  the  property 
was  sold. 

In  the  year  1854  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Union  Society, 
an  institution  similar  in  purposes  and  operations  to  Bethesda,  pur 
chased  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  acres  of  the  ancient  Bethesda 


SUBURBAN  RESORTS.  199 

estate,  which  included  the  original  locality  of  the  Whitfield  Orphan- 
House.  They  at  once  erected  suitable  buildings,  and  in  January, 
1855,  removed  the  boys  under  their  charge  from  Savannah  to  this 
place.  This  was  purchased  by  the  Union  Society  at  a  higher 
price  than  that  at  which  some  other  places  might  have  been 
obtained,  and  perhaps  above  its  market  value,  from  the  fact  that 
upward  of  a  century  ago  it  had  been  consecrated  to  the  same  noble 
purpose. 

BONA.VENTUKE,  whose  melancholy  beauty  challenges  comparison 
with  any  spot  of  similar  magnitude  in  the  country,  is  situated 
.-ibout  four  miles  from  Savannah.  Originally  a  cemetery,  it  con 
tains  many  fine  specimens  of  sepultural  architecture,  which  time 
has  invested  with  hallowed  remembrances.  Numerous  lofty  oaks 
lend  their  grateful  shade  to  the  last  resting-places  of  the  silent 
dead,  and  the  character  of  the  foliage  presents  a  unique  and  almost 
indescribable  appearance,  draped  as  it  is  with  weeping  festoons 
of  moss,  whose  luxuriant  growth  makes  the  shade  impenetrable 
to  the  sun's  rays.  Nature  and  the  wise  neglect  of  man  have  made 
it  a  peerless  combination  of  the  sublime  and  picturesque. 

THUNDERBOLT,  another  of  those  "  lungs  of  the  city"  which  ren 
der  a  residence  in  Savannah  peculiarly  agreeable,  is  a  collection  of 
some  two  or  three  hotels  and  a  score  or  so  of  private  residences, 
pleasantly  situated  upon  the  banks  of  the  river  to  which  the  village 
has  given  its  name.  Distant  about  five  miles  southeast  of  the  city, 
it  is  noted  more  for  the  splendid  drive,  of  which  it  is  the  terminus, 
than  for  any  intrinsic  natural  beauty.  The  Savannah  race-track, 
which  is  contiguous,  materially  enhances  the  popularity  of  the 
place,  and  the  patrons  of  the  turf  find  ample  opportunity  during 
the  racing  season  to  test  the  qualities  of  their  stock.  Its  name, 
in  the  quaint  literalness  of  General  Oglethorpe's  account  of  Caro 
lina  and  Georgia,  is  derived  "from  the  fall  of  a  thunderbolt,"  and 
he  adds  that  "a  spring  thereupon  arose  in  that  place,  -which  still 
smells  of  the  bolt." 

WHITE  BLUFF,  situated  on  the  Vernou  river,  about  ten  miles  from 
the  city,  is  also  a  popular  place  of  resort,  and  the  route  to  it  during 
fine  weather  is  marked  by  a  train  of  equipages  that  would  do  credit 
to  a  city  of  metropolitan  standing.  The  accommodations  for  visit 
ors  at  present  are  limited  to  two  hotels,  but  with  the  rapid  advance 
ment  of  Savannah  others  will  doubtless  be  built.  A  number  of 
summer  residences  impart  an  air  of  importance  to  this  well-known 
locality.  It  is  deficient  in  historical  reminiscence,  and  therefore 


200  HISTORICAL  RECORD  OF  SAVANNAH. 

little  can  be  said  on  this  subject.     A  small  Dutch  settlement  occu 
pied  the  Bluff  in  1740. 

JASPEE  SPUING,  situated  on  the  Augusta  road,  two  miles  troui 
Savannah,  is  noted  as  being  the  scene  of  the  bold  exploit  of  Ser 
geants  Jasper  and  Newton  previous  to  the  siege  of  Savannah. 
Sergeant  Jasper,  after  his  exploit  at  Fort  Moultrie,  was  granted  a 
roving  commission  by  Colonel  Moultrie,  commanding  the  2d  South 
Carolina  regiment,  with  the  privilege  of  selecting  such  men  as  he 
pleased.  The  scouts  of  Jasper  were  frequent  and  productive  of 
much  good,  on  account  of  the  information  he  brought.*  On  one 
occasion  he  met,  near  Ebeuczer,  a  lady  named  Mrs.  Jones,  who 
was  in  great  distress  about  her  husband.  He  had  taken  the  oath 
of  allegiance  to  the  British  government;  afterward  joined  the 
American  army  and  was  captured  by  the  British,  who  determined 
to  hang  him,  with  others  who  were  to  be  earned  to  Savannah  for 
that  purpose  the  next  morning.  She  appealed  to  Jasper  to  rescue 
him.  He  was  moved  by  her  distress,  and  promised  to  do  what  he 
could.  Sergeant  Newton  was  near  by  and  Jasper  consulted  him, 
but  they  could  arrange  110  plan.  They,  however,  determined  to 
follow  the  guard  the  next  day,  and  take  advantage  of  any  oppor 
tunity  that  might  be  offered.  Early  in  the  morning  a  guard,  con 
sisting  of  a  sergeant,  a  corporal,  and  eight  men,  started  with  the 
prisoners  in  iroi-s.  The  wives  and  children  of  two  or  three  of  the* 
prisoners  followed.  Jasper  and  Newton  also  followed  closely,  and 
upon  coming  near  the  spring,  got  ahead  of  the  party  and  hid  in 
the  bushes,  thinking  that  the  guard  would  halt  to  get  water,  and  a 
a  chance  to  rescue  the  prisoners  be  presented.  The  guard  came 
up  and  halted  on  the  roadside.  The  arms  were  stacked  and  two 
men  placed  on  guard  over  them  and  the  prisoners  near  by.  The 
rest  of  the  guard  then  went  to  the  spring.  Jasper  and  Newton 
crept  up  to  the  two  sentinels,  shot  them  down,  seized  the  stack 
of  muskets,  and  called  upon  the  rest  of  the  astonished  guard  to 
surrender.  A  moment's  reflection  showed  that  they  were  com 
pletely  at  the  mercy  of  the  two  determined  men,  and  a  surrender 
was  made.  The  irons  were  knocked  off  of  the  prisoners  and 
placed  upon  the  soldiers,  who  were  then  conducted  to  the  Ameri 
can  camp  at  Purysburgh. 


*  Jasper  at  one  time  came  into  Savannah  and  spent  several  days  without 
discovery,  during  which  time  lie  collected  valuable  information  concerning 
the  numbers  and  position  of  the  British  forces  and  furnished  it  to  General 
Lincoln. 


ADVERTISEMENTS 


2Q(J  IXDKX  TO  ADVERTISEMENT^. 

Boots,  Shoes,  etc. 

Why  cnu  not  a  leopard  bo  caged  ?    See  card  of 

MEINHARD  BROS.  &  CO 42 

Wliat  is  the  most  difficult  feat  of  surgery  ?    See  card  of 

SES  F.  CLEK 43 


Butchers. 

How  does  a  horse  regard  a  man  V    See  card  of 

1'MiED.    J.   CLARK 40 

Why  are  old  maids  the  most  charming  of  people  ?    See  card  of 
O.  T.  COOPER 32 

When  is  a  sailor  not  a  sailor  ?    See  card  of 
JOS.  SMALLWOOD ..27 


Carpenters  and  Builders. 

arpenterw  really  believe  there  ia  no  such  a  thiu< 
of 

M.    C.    MURPHY .  24 


Why  might  carpenters  really  believe  there  is  no  such  a  thing  a*  a  stone  ? 
See  card  of 


Cigars,  Tobacco,  Snuff,  etc. 

Why  is  an  omnibus  strap  like  conscience  ?    See  card  of 
A.  FERNANDEZ  &  BRO 2 

What  is  the  palmy  season  of  life  ?    See  card  of 

0.  P.  LOPEZ 12 

Why  is  the  letter  O  the  only  vowel  sounded  ?    See  card  of 
R.  MOLINA 24 

Why  would  a  war  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  be  like 
the  melancholy  spirit"  of  a  woman  on  the  loss  of  a  near  relative » 
See  card  of 

S.   SOLOMON.     (Manufacturer) 11 


Clothiers. 

When  do  ladies  carry  fire  V     See  card  of 

L  L.  FALK  &  CO 6 

What  word  is  always  pronounced  wrong  ?    See  card  of 
GAZAN  BROS 20 

When  is  a  turkey  like  a  ghost  ?    See  card  of 
IVES...  16 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISEMENTS.  207 


Crockery,  China,  and  Glassware 

What  is  tli«>.  dilference  between  a  tuunel  and  a  speaking  trumpet  ?    8e.c 
card  of 

BOLSHAW  &  SILVA 2K 

Why  is  a  man  who  has  lost  his  limbs  in  battle  forgotten  by  his  friends  ? 

See  card  of 
E.    D.    HMYTHE   &  CO...  ..  2',) 


Dentists. 

Why  ie  the-  letter  I'  the  most  uncertain  ?     See  card  <»f 

H.   J.   ROYALL.  2 


Drugs,  Chemicals,  etc. 

Why  are  old  and  inlirm  men  like  generals  ?     See  card  of 
A.  A.  SOLOMONS  &  (JO 


Why  is  a  gentleman  who  in  treading  f'1  &  lady's  dress  like  a  hunter?    See 
card  of 

C.  M.   H1LLSMAN  ..  ..23 


Dry  Goods. 

Why  is  furling  a  ship's  canvass  like  a  mock  auction  ?     See  card  of 
DEWITT  &  MORGAN 14 

What  is  the  difference  between  the  ladies  of  the  present  day  and  Cleo 
patra  ?    See  card  of 

EINSTEIN  &  ECKMAN 16 

When  are  skipping  lambs  like  library  volumes  ?    See  card  of 
EPSTEIN  &  EINSTEIN 36 

Why  is  a  newspaper  like  a  cotton  bale  ?    See  card  of 
I.  EPSTEIN  &.  BRO 22 

Where  is  beef  tea  first  mentioned  in  history  ?    See  card  of 
J.  W.  LATHROP  AV  CO -U 

When  is  a  lawyer  strongest  ?    Sec  card  of 
S.  M.  LEDERER  &  CO 46 

What  are  the  best  columns  for  supporting  a  fine  business  ?    See  card  of 
ORFF.  W  ATKINS  A:  CO... 


Fancy  Goods,  Trimmings,  etc. 

When  does  a  boat  resemble  a  man  under  arrest  ?    See  card  of 
ED.    MANES...  ..  20 


208 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Factors  and  Commission  Merchants. 

"Why  is  the  letter  A  useful  to  a  deaf  woman  ?    See  card  of 
J.  H.  ASHBRIDGE  &  CO  ......................................  . 


What  is  the  best  time  for  reading  the  book  of  nature  ?    See  card  of 
P.  H.  BEHN  ...................................................................     8 

What  is  the  most  lasting  document  ?    See  card  of 
J.  BERRIEN  OLIVER  ...........................  .  '2:1 


Why  is  the  letter  S  likely  to  prove  serious  in  an  argument  ?    See  card  of 
BOIT  &  McKENZIE 4<'> 

Why  should  we  have  dates  at  our  finger  ends  ?    See  card  of 
HENKY   BEYAN 37 

When  are  young  ladies  disturbers  of  the  peace  ?    See  card  of 
FERRILL  &  WESLOW :U 

Why  is  it  vulgar  to  send  a  telegram  ?    See  card  of 
GUE,  PEARCE   &  CO 20 

When  may  a  man  be  considered  a  poor  vehicle  for  expression  ?    See  card 

QUEBABD   &  HOLCOMBE 41 

How  can  the  secrets  of  nature  be  learned  ?    See  card  of 
M.  Y.  HENDERSON 18 

Why  is  life  the  greatest  riddle  ?    See  card  of 

j.  w.  MCDONALD u 

Why  is  a  ship  load  of  cotton  like  a  locomotive  ?    See  card  of 
PURSE  &  THOMAS : 10 

What  complaints  do  old  maids  like  to  be  troubled  with  ?    See  card  of 
ROBERTS  &  TILLMAN 48 

Why  was  Noah  acccused  of  being  the  first  brewer  of  beer  ?    See  card  of 
80RREL  BROS '. 41 

What  should  unmarried  ladies  with  independent  resources  do?     See 

card  of 
SLOAN,  GROOVER  &  CO 48 

What  is  worse  than  raining  pitch-forks.     See  card  of 
T.  F.   SMITH 48 

Why  should  the  ardor  of  lovers  who  separate  at  twilight  become  damp 
ened  ?    See  card  of 
GRANTHAM  I.  TAGGART 4S 

What  would  we  bo  without  the  dear  ladies  ?    See  card  of 
TILLMAN  &  McRAE 40 

Who  was  the  first  jockey  ?    8oe  card  of 
TISON  &  GORDON...  ..  30 


Fertilizers. 

When  is  a  woman  a  poem  to  a  man  ?    S*e  card  of 
WILCOX.  GIBBS  &  CO...  31 


INDEX  TO  ADVERTISEMENTS.  209 

Foundries  and  Machine  Shops. 

What  fruit  does  a  newly  married  couple  most  resemble  V    Boe  card  of 
T.  BALLENTYNE  &  CO...  35 


Groceries,  Liquors,  etc. 

Why  is  th«  letter  V  in  tlio  word  giving  like  the  nose  on  your  fare  ?    See 
card  of 

CHAMPION  A  FREEMAN 22 

When  is  a  woman  not  a  woman  ?    Sec  card  of 
CONNERAT   &.  JOHNSON 27 

What  is  smaller  than  a  mite  ?    See  card  of 
DILLON  &  STETSON 3fi 

How  -would  you  measure  your  lover's  sincerity  ?    Sec  card  of 
M.  J.  DOYLE 12 

Why  do  the  recriminations  of  married  couples  resemble  the  sound  of 
waves  on  the  shore.    See  card  of 

GUCKENHEIMER  &  SELIG 20 

Why  have  poultry  no  future  existence  ?    See  card  of 
HESS,  GUTMAN  &  CO 10 

Why  is  a  mad  bull  an  animal  of  a  convivial  disposition  ?    See  card  of 
HOLCOMBE  &  CO 32 

Why  are  corn  and  potatoes  like  the  idols  of  old  ?    See  card  of 
C.  J.  BEATTY...  ..  '20 


Hats  and  Caps. 


When  ia  a  hat  not  a  hat  ?    See  card  of 
S.  M.  COLDING...  .    4 


Hay,  Grain,  etc. 


At  what  time  should  a  bar-keeper  visit  a  foundry  ?    See  card  of 
C.   V.   HUTCHINS...  .   30 


Hotels. 

What  goes  most  against  a  farmer's  grain  ?    See  card  of 
PULASKT   HOUSE...  ..47 


Ice  Dealers. 

l\v 

HAYWOOD,  GAGE  &  CO 


What  i*  the  difference  between  a  pretty  young  lady  and  a  dentist?    Sec 
card  of 


210  INDEX  TO  ADVERTISEMENTS. 

insurance. 

What  should  a  man  do  when  his  boots  leak?    See  card  of 

SO.  mi.  KNICKERBOCKER  INS.  CO :-»<> 

What  is  a  stroke  of  policy  ?     Sec  card  of 
A.   McNULTY " 7 

Why  are  young  ladies  kissing  each  other  like  Christianity  ?    See  card  of 
J.  T.   THOMAS '.....front  of  book 


Justices  of  the  Peace. 

What  guage  is  that  which  most  frequently  indicates  th<-  depths  of  u 

man's  pocket?    See  card  of 
PHILLIP    M.   RUSSELL.  JB  ..  .  ±3 


Millinery. 


Why  is  Sunday  the  strongest  of  all  days  ?     See  card  of 

MRS.  s.  PEASE.. 


Newspapers 

'Ay  queer  1 
SAVANNAH  MORNING  NEW 


Wheu  doe-B  an  editor  play  queer  tricks  with  grammar?     See  curd  of 

NING  NEWS...,  .   15 


Painters,  House  and  Sign. 

When  does  a  cow  become  real  estate  ?    See  card  of 
MURPHY  &  CLARK If 

What  does  every  woman  always  do  before,  she  goes  to  sleep g    See  card  of 
JOHN    OLIVER * ]N 

Paints,  Oils,  etc. 

What  is  the  difference  between  oil  and  a  freshet  ?     See  card  of 
WM.  M.  BIRD  &  CO...  1 


Why  is  Utah  a  good  place  for  ladies  ?    See  card  of 
W.  I).  R,  MILLAR 


Paper,  Envelopes,  etc. 

Why  is  a  blush  like  a  little  girl  ?    See  card  of 
R.  A.  WALLACE  .............................................................   17 

Photographers. 

Why  is  a  washerwoman  like  Saturday  night  ?     See  card  of 
D.  J.RYAN  ..................................................................      2 

Public  Houses. 

Where  i«  money  first  mentioned  in  the  bible  ?    See  card  of 
VALENTINE    BASLEK... 


INDEX  TO  ADVKKTISKMENTS.  211 

Why  are  balloons  in  the  air  like  vagi-ants  ?    See  card  of 
JOS.  FERNANDEZ 30 

What  roof  covers  the  noiscst  tenant  V    See  card  of 
JOHN  IMMEN 26 

Why  is  a  prosy  lecturer  like  the  hub  of  a  wheel  ?    See  card  of 
ALEX.    IRVING 4 

What  is  the  pawnbroker's  favorite  time  of  the  vear  ?    See  card  of 
TERENCE   NUGENT 40 

What  are  the  features  of  a  cannon  ?    See  card  of 
MIKE  T.  QUINAN 10 

Why  i8  an  old  coat  like  an  iron  kettle?  ?    See  card  of 
ANGEL   G.   YBANES  &  BRO 27 

Printers. 

Why  ia  a  printer  like  a  girl  preparing  to  meet  her  lover  ?    See  card  of 
J.  H.  ESTILL 13 

GEO.  N.  NICHOLS front  of  book. 

When  may  a  ship  be  said  to  be  madly  in  love  ?    See  card  of 
CHARLES  E.  O'SULLIYAN 42 

Why  was  Mahomet  like  a  man  with  a  bad  cold  in  a  church?    See  card  of 
E.    T.   PURSE 30 

Railroads. 

Why  is  a  baby  fit  a  foundling  hospital  like  an  emetic  ?    See.  card  of 
ATLANTIC  *  GULF  RAILROAD 44 

Saddlery  and   Harness  Ware. 

When  may  money  be  called  wet  ?    See  card  of 
W.  F.  MAY ". « 

What  is  the  difference  between  a  honey-comb  and  a  black  eye  ?    See  c*rd 
E.  L.  NEIDLINGER 14 

Shaving  and  Hair  Cutting;  Saloon. 

When  is  cotton  not  cotton  ?    See  card  of 
J.    M.   HA.YWOO1) 34 

Ship  Chandler. 

What  trade  would  you  recommend  to  a  short  man  •    See  card  of 
E.  H.  VAN  NESS ". 12 

Sodawater,  Bottler  and  Manufacturer. 

What  foreign  newspaper  does  a  man  resemble  when  he  opens  a  bottle  of 

wine.    See  card  of 
JOHN  RYAN...  21 


f)1  .>  INDEX  TO  ADVERTISEMENTS. 

Tailors  and  Drapers. 

What  rice  is  it  that  both  the  good  and  bad  shun  alike  ?    See  card  of 
BAILEY  &  BEADY 47 

What  is  the  difiVrence  between  a  v.-atchrnaker  and  a  jailor  ?    See  card  of 
CHARLES  GASSMAN 22 

Tinware,  Roofing,  etc. 

Why  is  a  husband  like  a  traveler  on  a  Mississippi  steamboat  't    See  card  of 
JOHN  J.  MAURICE 43 

Tobacco  Commission  Merchants. 

What  is  the  military  definition  of  a  kiss  ?    See  card  of 
GOODMAN  &  MYERS...,  8 


What  is  the  difference  between  a  honey-comb  and  a  honey-moon  V    Se*> 
card  of 

THAXTON  &  CREWri...,  .  -2-i 


Undertakers  and  Cabinet  Makers. 

Why  is  love  like  a  canal  boat  ?    See  card  of 
FERGUSON   &  DIXON...  ..  37 


Watches,  Jewelry,  and  Silverware. 

What  kind  of  a  machine  is  an  attorney  ?    See  card  of 
S.  P.  HAMILTON -5 

Why  is  a  kiss  like  creation  ?    Keo  card  of 
F.  D.  JORDAN..  .   1.5 


When  is  a  lover  like  a  tailor  ?    See  card  of 
ADOLPH  SACK... 


Wines,  Liquors,  etc. 

Why  are  base  ball  players  the  greatest  cowards  ?    Sec  card  of 
W.  M.  DAVIDSON ...  37 

Why  is  the  letter  E  lazy  and  extravagant  ?    See  card  of 
T.  J.  DUNBAR  &  CO :tt 

Why  is  a  spendthrift's  purse  like  a  thunder-cloud  V    Bee  rurd  of 
WILLIAM  HONE •_>:} 

What  is  the  difference  between  a  candle  in  a  cave  and  a  dance  in  an  inn  ? 
See  card  of 

J.  LAMA  ..  .11 


WM.  M.  BIRD  &  CO., 

IMPORTERS,  NAMJFACTURERS,  AND  DEALERS  IS 

WHITE  LEAD, « PAHS, 

Colors,,   Varnishes, 

Paint  Brushes,  Window  Glass, 

O  I 


OB'  ALL  KINDS. 

Proprietors  of  the  favorite  brand  of 


BRILLIANT  PETROLEUM, 


03.' 


KEROSENE  OIL, 

Railroad,  Steamboat  &  Mill  Supplies, 

Leather  and  Ruler  Belting,  Steam  Packing,  Etc, 


HOWE'S    STANDARD     SCALES 

AND 

MARVIN'S  FIRE  &  BURGLAR-PROOF  SAFES 

8  Whitaker  Street,  Savannah,  Ga,, 

And  2O3  East  Bay  Street,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

ANS:  One  rises  on  the  water  and  the  other  is  water  on  the  rise. 
B 


PHOTOGRAPHER 

Cor.  Congress  &  Whitaker  sts. 


Stereoscopic  Views  of  Savannah,  Bonaven- 
tura,  and  Laurel  Grove. 

Aws :  Because  she  brings  in  the  close  (clothes)  of  the  week! 

A.    FERNANDEZ  &  BRO.~ 


NORTHWEST    CORNER    OF 

S-u.il  cimd  IBrouig-litoia  Streets, 


AMS  :  Because  it  is  an  inward  check  to  the  outward  man. 

BE.   J.    ROYA.L, 
SURGEON    DENTIST, 


Booms,  corner  of  Bull  and  Congress  Sts,, 

Over  Lincoln'*  Drug  Store. 

AKS:  Because  it  is  always  in  doubt. 


SAMUEL   P.   HAMILTON, 


'.SUCCESSOR  TO  WILMOT  &  RICHMOND), 


Cor.  Whitaker,  St.  Julian  &  Congress 
Streets, 


Watches  and  Jewelry  Eepaired,    Chronometers  rated 
by  transit, 


•Axs:  A  suing  (sewing)  machine. 


ALEX.   IRVING-,   Proprietor. 

Corner  Jefferson  and  St.  Julian  Streets, 


,r" 


This  first-class   house  is  at  all   times   supplied  with   the   finest 
brands  of 

WINES,  BRANDIES,  LIQUORS,  SEGARS,  ETC. 

THE   BEST   OF 

Scotch.   Ale    JIIK!    London   Porter 

Always  at  command. 

ANS:  Because  all  the  fellows  around  him  are  tired. 


HAYWOOD,  G-AG-E  &  CO., 

WHOLESALE    DEALERS    IN 

ICE! 

Nos.  196,  198,  200,  202  BAY  ST.,  SAVANNAH, 

a-  :E  o  n.  a- 


Am:  One  attract*,  the  other  extracts. 


.  IM:.  ooi_,iD:nxra-7 

WHOLISALE  AM  RETAIl  JMLER  IN 

HATS,  CAPS  ^  STEAW 

NO.  153  CONGRESS  STREET, 


:  When  it  's  felt. 


ORFF, 
WATKINS 

&  CO., 


IMPORTERS, 


111  AND  113  CONGRESS  STREET, 


Ass :  Advertising  columns. 
B* 


AND   ALL  KINDS    OF 

SADDLERY  WARE, 
Oor.  "V^Tliitalter  &  Br-yan 


Orders  for  Rubber  Belting,  Hose,  and  Packing,  also  Stretched 
Leather  Belting,  filled  promptly. 

AKS  :  When  it  is  dew  in  the  morning  and  mist  at  night. 


OlbTIE     IRIFUCOIE 


IM§ 

NOS.  146  CONGRESS  AND  65  ST.  JULIAN  STREKTS. 


A    LARGE    ASSORTMENT    OF 


ALWA18  ON  HAND. 

MANUFACTORY,  44  MUEEAT  STEEET,  NEW  YOEK. 
Gcods  made  to  order  at  the  shortest  notice. 

AHS:  When  they  have  taper  waists  and  fingers. 


A.   McNULTY, 


89  Bay 


I  am  issuing 

FIRE    POLICIES 

In  the  following  Companies  at  the  REGULAR  BOARD  RATES. 

PUTNAM  FIRE  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

Of  Hartford,  Conn. 

EUFAULA  HOME  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

OfEufaula,  Ala. 

ATLANTIC  FIRE  &  MARINE  INS.  CO., 

Of  Baltimore,  Md. 

MARINE  AND  RIVEK  RISKS 

TAKEN  IN 

PACIFIC  MUTUAL  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

Of  New  York,  and 

GREAT  WESTERN  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

Of  New  York. 

LIFE  AND  ACCIDENT  RISKS 

TAKEN  IN 

NEW  ENGLAND  MUTUAL  LIFE  INS.  CO,, 

Of  Boston. 

TRAVELERS'   LIFE    AND   ACCIDENT   CO., 

Of  Hartford. 

THESE  COMPANIES  ISSUE  ALL  KINDS  OF  LIFE 
AND  ENDOWMENT  POLICIES. 


I  devote  my  entire  time  to  the  Insurance  business,  and  will  guar 
antee  satisfaction  to  all  who  favor  me  with  their  patronage. 

A.  McNULTY,  Agent, 

80    BA.Y    STREET. 


AN*:  Striking  a  person  with  an  insurance  document. 


DAVID  R.  DILLON, 


\+p 

!P^»W 

\Vhitalter    St.,   one   door   from, 
the  corner  of"  Bay  St., 


IDISOOTTISTTIEID- 
Gold,  Silver,  Bank  Bills,  and  Stocks  Purchased, 

IN  ANY  QUANTITY. 

ANS:  The  town  is  laid  out  at  the  beginning  of  its  existence,  and  the  people 
at  the  end  of  theirs. 

"T — >          ~EJ~  ~i — >    nrr 

_ir^.       Jrd_ .        i    *  _ 


BAY  STREET, 


Axs :  When  autumn  turns  the  leaves. 


GOODMAN    &.    MYERS, 


Bay   Street,    Savannah, 

ARE   PAYING 

HIGHEST  MARKET  PRICES  FOR  HIDES,  BEESWAI,  ETC. 


ANS:  A  report  at  head-quarters. 


A.  A.  SOLOMONS  &  CO,, 

DIRECT  IMPORTERS  OF 

DRUGS,  MEDICINES,  CHEMICALS, 


MB- 

DEALERS    IN 

Paint,  Oils,  Surgeons'  Instruments,  G-a-rden  Seeds,  etc,f 

COR,  WHITARER,  CONGRESS,  AND  ST.  JULIAN  STREETS, 
___  Savannah.,  G-a. 

Ass  :  Because  they  travel  with  a  staff. 

WILLIAM   H.  BULLOCH, 
Attorney-at-Liaw, 

Office,  Sorrel's  Building,  corner  Bay  and 
Bull  Streets. 


WILLIAM    H.   BULLOCH, 

AGENT    OF    THE 

ft.  f$  jwi*  putual  fife  f  tt.«ttf 

OFFICE, 
Sorrel's  Building,  corner  Bay  and  Bull  Streets 

SAVANNAH,  GA.,  18G9. 


:  Because  they  get  along  well  enough  until  they  are  engaged. 


10 


HESS,  GUTMAN  &  CO., 

WHOLESALE  DEALERS  IN 


199  BAT  STREET, 


ANS:  Because  they  have  their  necks  twirled  (next  world)  in  this. 


T. 

THE  ORIGINAL 

"MIKE/" 

BE      F&TJNI*     .VT     HIS 

ft 


Cor.  Bryan  and  Whitaker  Streets, 

iATAMHAH,  <£&*i 
Where    he    keeps    constantly    on    hand    a    Good   Assortment  of 


AND  OYSTERS  IN  THEIR  SEASON. 

Ass:  Cannon-mouth,  canon-ize,  and  cannon-eers. 


11 

CHRIS.    MURPHY.  CHARLES   CLARK. 

MURPHY  &  CLARK, 
House,  Sign,  SMp,  aafl  Steamboat 


GILDING,  GRAINING,  MARBLING,  GLAZING, 


We  are  prepared  to  sell,  at  wholesale  and  retail, 

PAINTS,  OILS,  GLASS,  PUTTY,  &  VAKNISHES, 

MIXED  PAINTS.  BRUSHES  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION,  MACHINERY  AND 
HARNESS  OIL,  AXLE  GREASE,  ETC., 

77  Bryan,  bet.  Bull  and  Drayton  Sts., 


ANS  :  When  she  is  turned  into  a  meadow. 


S. 

CIGAR   MANUFACTURER, 

Bryan  Street  (near  the  Pulaski  House), 

.,  G-a. 


ALL  KINDS  OF 

TOBACCOS,     SNUFFS,     AND     PIPES  . 

ANS  :  Because  it  would  naturally  give  birth  to  private  tears  (privateers). 


J. 

IMPORTER  AND  WHOLESALE  DEALER  IN 


j      »  7     J»  JLO  JX4.  va^ 

WINES,  SEGABS  &  GROOEBIES, 

191       IB  LA.  "y       S  T7  ^^.  IEU  IB  T, 

SAVAHHAH,  QA. 

ANS:  One  is  a  taper  in  a  cavern  and  the  other  a  caper  in  a  tavern. 


12 

M.    J.    D  O 

WHOLESALE  AND  KETilL  DEALER  IX 

(fames, 

DRY  GOODS,   BOOTS   AND   SHOES, 

Keeps  constantly  on  hand  a  line  assortment  of 

STATIONERY,  HARDWARE.  TOBACCO  AND  SEGARS, 

T?R  and  W@@d  War®,  ?m®y  @e@ds»  Ef  ats,  ©aps,  &<8. 

I  also  have  a  large  variety  of  Gentlemen's  and  Sailors'  Furnishing 
Goods,  and  in  fact  any  and  everything  that  the  public  may  want. 
Attention  also  given  to  the  sale  of  merchandise  and  the  forwarding 
of  goods  on  consignment.  From  my  long  connection  with  the  Cen 
tral  Railroad,  I  feel  that  in  this  respect  I  can  give  satisfaction.  Ref 
erence  can  be  had  from  any  merchant  in  this  city. 

No.  110  Bryan  Street,  near  the  Market, 


Ass  :  By  his  sigte. 


E.    H.  VAN    NESS, 

and  Hi  f  hip 

Corner   Bay  and   Abercorn   Streets, 

S&y&mi$a|^  ©&« 

Orders  from  the  Country,  Private  Families,  Steamers,  and  Sailing  Vessels  solicited. 

KEFKRENCES:   Edmands,  Gardner  &  Co.,  and  Charles  L.  Colby  &  Co.,  Sa 
vannah,  Ga.  ;  S.  L.  Merchant  &  Co.,  and  Carmen  &  Smith.  New  York. 
All  letters  entrusted  to  my  care  will  be  promptly  delivered. 


Airs :  Grow  sir. 


O. 


29     BULL     STREET, 


ANS:  The  time  of  squeezing  girls'  hands. 


13 

If® 

STEAM-FO  WKli 

BOOK,  CAEG,  AND  JOB 


111  Bay  st.,  Savannah,  G-a. 

For  the  most  prof 
itable  results,  every 
exertion  should  be 
made  to  enliven 
business,  and  there 
is  no  more  effective 
means  of  doing  this 
than  in  the  employ 
ment  of  Printers' 
ink  ;  we  therefore 
^jjgj  desire  to  remind  our 
friends  and  the  pub- 
3?  He  that  this  estab 
lishment  is  supplied 
with  the  most  complete  assortment  of  new  and  desirablo 


And  other  Printing  material.     The  Machinery  is  of  the  best 
construction,  and  includes  two  of 

IIOK'S  LARGE  CYLINDER  STEAM  PRESSES. 

Also,  a  fine  stock  of 


J.  H.  ESTILL,  Proprietor, 


Axs:   itecause  he  always  makes  up  his  form  before  j^oing  to  pre*v 


14 
L.  DEWITT.  K.  MORGAN. 

DE  WITT  *  MORGAN, 

(ESTABLISHED     1848), 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

fOREIGN  HUD  DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS, 


Mourning  Goods  a  Specialty. 
137    Congress   St., 


Ass :  Because  it 's  a  taking  in  sale. 


•T  . 

(Successor  to  Edwin  E.  Hertz  «fc  Co.), 

COTTON   FACTOR, 
SHIPPING  &  COMMISSION  MERCHANT 

Dealer  in  Cotton  Yarn,  Sheeting,  Shirtings,  and  Osnabnr«fs, 


ANS:  Because  all  must  give  it  up. 


DEALER    IN 

amieass 


Saddlery  Ware,  Leather,  &c., 
No.  72  St.  Julian  and    I  05  Bryan  streets, 


AKS:  One  is  produced  by  a  laboring  bee  and  the  other  by  a  belaboring. 


15 


SAVANNAH 


The  MOKX1NG  NEWS  is  so  well  known  throughout  this  section  of  the 
South  that  a  recapitulation  of  its  opinions  or  its  standing  is  simply  unnecessary. 
NTo  ertbrt  will  be  spared  to  make  the  NEWS  a  comprehensive  medium  of 

General,  Political,  &  Commercial 

INTELLIGENCE, 
Especial  attention  bting  paid  to 

THE  IMERESTC  OF  GEORGIA  AND  FLORIDA. 

It  is  printed  with  clear  new  type, 
and  on  good  paper. 

TERMS  OF  SUBSCRIPTION. 

DAILY  MORNING  NEWS per  year,  in  advance  $10. 

TKI-WEEKLY  MORNING  NEWS    "  "          6. 

SAVANNAH  WEEKLY  NEWS        "  2. 

Persons  wishing  the  Taper  furnished  for  any  time  less  than  one  year  will 
have  their  orders  promptly  attended  to,  when  remitting  the  amount  for  the 
turn;  desired.  No  subscriptions  received  for  the  Weekly  for  less  than  a  year. 


THE  WEEKLY  NEWS 

Will  be  filled  with  the  news  of  the  daily  editions,  with  other  interesting 

READING  FOR  THE  HOME  CIRCLE, 


,/  (7  S  T 


AX1>    A 

WEEKLY    MARKET   REPORT. 

THE    PAPER    FOR     PLANTERS 

and  others  who  desire  to  take  a  weekly  journal. 


TO  ADVERTISERS. 

The  MOKNIN<;  NEW.S  is  one  of  the  best  advertising  mediums  in  this  section, 
having  the  largest  circulation  of  any  paper  published  in  the  State.  It  is 
taken  in  every  city,  town,  and  village  in  southern  Georgia  and  throughout 
Florida,  besides  having  a  large  general  circulation. 

HATES  OF  ADVEKTISIXG. — First  insertion,  $1  per  square;  each  subsequent 
insertion,  75  cents.  Advertisements  running  a  month  or  longer  inserted  at 
apccitil  rates,  to  be  ascertained  at  the  counting  room. 

All  communications  should  be  addressed  to 

J.  H.  ESTILL, 

.  V».  Ill    ««//  street.  Savannah,  ««. 

ANS:  When  he  declines  an  article. 


16 

A.  EINSTEIN.  ,<?.   H.  KCKMAX 

EINSTEIN  &  ECKMAN, 


(Established  1845), 


And  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 


151  Congress  Street,, 


ANS:  Cleopatra  put  an  adder  to  her  bosom  and  died.     Our  ladies  put  adder* 
to  their  bosoms  and  grow  the  fatter  for  it. 


«> 
DEALER  IN 


iprted 

129  Congress  St,  (opposite  the  Pulaski  House), 


WATCHES  AND  JENVELRY  REPAIRED. 

ANS:  Because  it  is  made  of  nothing  and  is  good. 

L8TH!N&    IMPOEIUM, 

COR.  BULL  STREET  AND  BAY  LANE, 


SHIRTS,  DRAWERS  &  CLOTHING  TO  ORDER 

EC  A.  T  S, 

ALWAYS  THE  LARGEST  SUPPLY  IN  THE  CITY. 

All  goods  guaranteed  as  represented. 

ANS:  When  it  's  a  goblin'. 


17 


E.  A.  WALLACE, 


OMMISSIOK  MERCHANT 


188  BAY  STREET, 


JONES'  BLOCK.  UP  STAIRS. 


IIST 


topping,  fetter  & 


Machinery  Waste,  etc. 


Aurs:  Because  it  becomes  a  woman, 
c* 


18 


JOHN    OLIVER, 


6  Whitaker  Street,  corner  Bay  Lane, 


DEALER    IN 

TAMI1U0, 


Turpentine,  Glass,  Putty,  etc. 
SASHES,  BLINDS,  AND  DOORS. 


ANS  :  Shuts  her  eyes. 


M.  Y.  HENDERSON, 


JONES'   UPPER   BLOCK, 

188  Bay  St,  (North  Side),  Savannah,  Ga., 


DEALER    IN 


THE    HIGHEST    CASH    PRICES 

Paid  at  all  tiixies  for  any  of  the  above  articles. 


Refer  to  HENRY  BBIOHAM,  Esq.,  Pres't  Merchants'  National  Bank. 


ANS:  From  babbling  brooks. 


19 


mmmm  nnniifflo  OF  LIME. 

GARDNER'S  (SAVANNAH)  POUDRETTE, 

PURE  PERUVIAN  GUAIiO 

(DIRECT   IMPORTATION), 

NO.  1  LAND  PLASTER, 
iLIYSRPOOI.   SA.X.T   IH   SACKS 

(IN  QUANTITIES  TO  SUIT  PURCHASEKS), 

FIRE-PROOF   SAFES, 

(Manufactured  by  the  Wilder  Patent  Salamander 
Safe  Company), 

COUNTER,  PLATFOK-M,  AND  ALL,  OTHER  KINDS  OF 


(Manufactured  by  the  American  Scale  Company), 

COAL 

Of  all   kinds,   Hard    and    Soft,   for    Steam    and    Family   U*»e*. 

A  Large  Supply  of  these  Articles 

Always  on  hand,  and  for  sale 
AT     LOWEST     MARKET     RATES, 

BY 

PURSE  &  THOMAS, 

Cotton   Factors   and    Commission    Merchants, 
No.  Ill  Bay  Street, 


Axs:  Because  it  makes  the  car-go. 


20 


DEALERS  IN 


GENTS'    FURNISHING    GOODS, 

Hats,  Caps,  Trunks,  Valises,  Umbrellas,  etc,,  etc., 

Oor.  105137-  c&  DB-uLll  Streets, 

SAVANNAH,    CA. 


ANS:  Wrong,  of  course. 


ED.       M  A.  TV  E 

DEALER     IBT 


FAi€T   SOOBS,   TBIHHM&8, 


AND 


'  Jtwtteltimj 

142  Brong;h.ton  St.,  Savannah,  G-a. 

All  trimmings  made  to  order. 
:  When  she  needs  bailing. 


C.      J.      BE^TT 

(AGKNT), 

Wholesale  and  Eetail  Dealer  in  Fine 

&m®m 

VEGETABLES,  FRUITS,  NUTS,  ETC.     ALSO, 

LIQUORS,   TOBACCO,    AND    SEGARS 

OK   ALL    KINDS, 

36  Whitaker  St.,  bet.  Brouyhton  and  State  Sf-rects, 


ANS:  Because  they  have  ears  and  hear  not,  and  eyes  and  see  not, 


S.    GUCKENIIEIMF.R.  M.    &ELIC. 

GUCKENHEIMER   &    SELIG, 
WHOLESALE  GROCERS, 

171  &  173  Bay  street,  Savannah,  Ga. 

A  large  and  choice  stock  of  FLOUR,  TOBACCO,  AND  8EGAR8, 
constantly  on  hand. 

Orders  irit/i  Remittances  carefully  attended  to. 

AKH:  Because  they  are  the  murmurings  of  the  tied. 


BOTTLE  &  SODA  WATER 


Manufacturer  aud  Bottler  of 


PORTER,   ALE,   CIDER, 


BITTERS,  ESSENCES,  ETC., 

North  side  of  Broughton,  between 
Bull  and  Drayton  Streets, 


This  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  reliable  bottling- 
establishments  in  the  country,  having  been  conducted  by- 
its  present  sole  proprietor  since  1852,  in  such  a  way  as 
to  give  general  satisfaction  to  all  its  patrons. 


BRANCH  ESTABLISHMENTS 
In  Augusta,  Columbus,  and  Atlanta,  G-a. 


ANS:  The  Cork  Examiner. 


22 

CHARLES    O-ASSMAN, 

DRAPER   AND    TAILOR, 

Whitaker  St.,  3d  door  south  of  Broughton, 

Savannah,  Gra. 


Made  to  order  at  the  shortest  notice  and  in  the  latest  style. 
Ladies9    Garments    Cut    and    Made    to    Order. 

Ass:  One  sells  the  watches  and  the  other  watches  the  cell.*. 


CHAMPION    &    FREEMAN. 
WHOLESALE    GROCERS, 

AND 

IK   PHQWI^OBS, 
Cor.  Bay  and  Drayton  Sts., 


Axs :  Because  it 's  between  the  i's  (ej-es). 


I.    EPSTEITST    & 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  iu 

Dry  Goods,  Clothing,  Boots  aad  Shoes, 

AND  GENTS'  FURNISHING  GOODS, 

Southeast  cor.  Broughton  &  Whitaker  Sts., 


Ass  :  Because  it  must  go  to  press  before  it  is  ready  for  the  market. 

PHILIP   M.   RUSSELL,   JR., 


AND  JUSTICE   OF  THE  PEACE,  CHATHAM  COUNTY,  GA, 

Office  on  Bryan  St,  ,  one  door  east  of  Bull, 
- 


Special  attention  given  to  the  drawing  and  executing  Deeds  of 
Bargain  and  Sale,  Mortgages  on  Real  and  Personal  Property,  Wills, 
Marriage  Settlements,  Deeds  of  Gift,  Bills  of  Sale,  Leases,  Agree 
ments,  etc.,  Issuing  of  Attachments,  Garnishments,  and  to  the  Col 
lection  of  all  Claims. 


Aws:  Mort-gaaf. 


E*tabli*hed  185O, 

IMPORTER  AM>  WHOLESALE  DEALER  IS 

Wines,  Ltymors,  & 

149    ZBety  St:root7 

SAVANNAH,  GA. 

Sole  Agents  for  Georgia  and  Florida  of 
HiARTSQiM'S    G 1 H 1  ©  B  A  T  t  d 
In  barrels  and  half-barrels. 


ANS  :  Because  it 's  always  light'ning. 


JT.    BEJEM^IEIV 

(Late  Editor  and  Proprietor  Tallahassee  Sentinel), 

COTTON  FACTOR.  COMMISSION  MERCHANT, 

AND  GENERAL  PI  HCHASING  AND  FORWARDING  AGftT, 
97  Bay  Street  (over  Wilcox,  Gibbs  &  Co.), 


Consignments  of  Cotton,   and   Country  Produce  generally,  solicited,    npon 

which  liberal  advances  will  be  made  when  desired.     Personal 

attention  given  to  the  sale  of  merchandise. 


Axs:  An  iron  will. 


C.    M. 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  in 

DRUGS    AND    MEDICINES, 

PERFUMERY,  FANCY  GOODS,  PAINTS,  OILS,  DYE  STUFFS,  ETC., 
Cor.  Bull  and  Broughton  Sts., 


ANS:  Because  he  'H  on  tlu-  trail  of  a  dear. 


•21: 


8.  A.  THAXTOS,  T.  J.  CKKWS, 

&     Qfo  ^ 


AND  AGENTS  FOR  THE  SALE  OP 

MANUFACTURED    TOBACCO, 

163  BAY  STREET,  SAVANNAH,  GA, 


SPECIAL    ATTENTION    GIVEN    TO    THE    SALE    OF 

,  WHSSKT,  C-0-Tf  -ft!,  X106&, 

ANS:  One  is  composed  of  several  little  cells  and  the  other  is  a  big  sell. 


IFL. 

IMPOETEE  OF  AND  DEALEE  IN 

HAVANA     SEGARS, 

AT    WHOLESALE    AND    RETAIL, 

Corner  Bull  and  Brouhton  streets,  under  Masonic  Hall,  No.  1, 


Also,  keeps  constantly  on  band  a  fine  stock  of 


ANS:  Because  all  of  the  other  vowels  are  inaudible. 


M.     C.     M:  U  RF  HE  Y, 

CARPENTER    &    BUILDER, 

Bay  Lane,  bet,  Drayton  &  Abercorn  Streets, 

SAVANNAH,    GA. 
All  work  in  my  line  clone  with  neatness  find  dispatch. 


ANS:  Because  they  never  saw  it. 


WM.  D.  R.  MILLAR, 

157  Bay  St.,  Savannah, 

IMPOKTER  &  DEALER  IN 


srorais, 

Oils,  Axle  Grease, 


Paints,  Varnishes,  Leads,  Zincs, 

Pacltiiig-,    "Waste,     Moss, 

Machinery  Oils  of  all  kinds  and  of  the  best  quality,  the  finest  Signal 

Oil,  Sperm,  Whale,  Lard,  Linseed,  Tanners',  Signal,  Neate- 

foot,  Tallow,  Ex.  Engine,  Petroleum,  and  Kerosene 

Oils.    Also,  Cincinnati  Black  Lard  Oil, 

a  superior  lubricator. 


Best  and  Cheapest.     Hemp,  Soapstone,  Piston  Sheet  Gum  and 
Fibrous  Packing,  Solid  Braid  Packing  for  Pumps. 

BELTING    AT    MANUFACTURERS'    PRICES. 

Best  White  Lead  in  the  market.     Also  Cheap  Brands. 

AGENT  FOR 

Ingersoll's  Cotton  and  Hay  Presses,   Mead  Rubber  Co., 
National  Car  Spring  Co.,  Grafton  Paint  Works, 

Dubreuil  Oil  Works  Co. 

The  goods  of  these  companies  arc  sold  at  Manufacturers'  Prices. 
Ms  Furnished  in  any  Quantity,  and  Guaranteed  as  Represented,  or  DO  Sale. 

Axs:  Because  there  they  can  all  marry  Young.  » 


n 

FRANK  L.  GUK.  GEO.  C.  PEARCE.  ALLEN  G.  BASS. 

GTJE,  PEARCE  &  CO., 

COTTON 


» 

.SAVANNAH,  G-A. 


REFERENCES. 

Central  Kuilroad  Bank Savannah. 

Andrew  Low  &  Co <« 

William  Battersby  &  Co « 

Charles  Green  &  Sons •       " 

John  W.  Anderson's  Sons  &  Co " 

Hening  &  Tearce No.  7  State  street.  New  York 

Green  Bros No.  132  Pearl  street, 

Richeson,  Able  &  Co St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Alfred  Moulton New  Orleans,  La. 


ANS:  Because  it  is  making  Tise  of  flash  language. 


i  mm  EN, 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  in 


No.    3    Whltakei-    street, 


i :  The  roof  of  the  mouth. 


MUSEUM     GARDEN, 

Cor.  Bull  and  Taylor  streets, 


In  connection  with  the  Museum,  which  consists  of  a  large  variety  of 
ANIMALS,  BIRDS,  ALLIGATORS,  ETC., 

There  is  an 

•Kit  {fflSiM  ASB-  MM  WATSE  M&MH, 

THEODOK  MEVES,  Proprietor. 
ANS:  Because  it  requires  more  patience  (patients)  than  any  other. 


WINES,  LIQUORS,  ETC., 
Bull  street,  opposite  the  Post  Office, 


ANGEL  G.  YBANES  &  BBO., 

SEGARS. 


ANS:  Because  it  represents  hardware. 


CONNERATOHNSON, 


AND  WHOLESALE  DEALERS  IN 

GROCERIES  AND  PROVISIONS, 
!  or  tier    of    !>«?/    and     Barnard    street  a 


JOS.   V.   CONNERAT.  JOHN  R.  JOHNSON, 

Late  of  Connerat,  AVebster  &  Palmer.  Late  of  Holcoinbe,  Johnson  &  Co. 


ANB:  When  she  'K  a-bed. 


JOS.  SMALL  WOOD, 

SMALL  MEAT  BHKH1B, 

Stalls    1    and    3, 

MA-EE1T. 


ANS:  When  he  'e  a-board. 


28  •* 


BOLSHAW  &  SILVA 

68  SI,  Julian  and  101  Bryan  Strcels 

(Between  WMtaker  St,  &  the  Market), 


DEALERS  IN 


* 


CUTLERY, 

BRITANNIA  &  PLATED  WARE 

AND 

House  Furnishing  Goods  Generally, 

Crockery  Assorted  in  Crates,  or  Repacked,  to 
suit  Purchasers. 


Agents  for  the  NONPAREIL  WASHING  MACHINE, 
THE  BEST  IN  THE  MARKET, 


Aws:  One  is  hollowed  in  and  the  other  hollowed  out. 


29 


mporters  and  Jobbers  in 


AND 


By  the  original    package   or    repacked 
to    order. 

Being  the  only  Crockery  House  in  Savannah  that  im 
port  their  ware  direct  from  the  English  Potteries,  we 
are  enabled  to  sell  goods  in  our  line  as  low  as  Dealers 
can  buy  in  any  market  in  the  United  States. 

140  Congress  street 


AND 


57     ST.    JTJLIA.N     STREET, 


Ass :  Because  they  can  not  re-member  him. 
D* 


30 

C.  V.  HUTCHINS, 

(general  €mmm  per 

WHOLESALE  DEALEK  IN 

HAY,    GRAIN,    PRODUCE, 


No.   155    Bay  street, 


mm  AND  CONSIGNMENTS  PROMPTLY  AND  PERSONALLY  ATTENDED  m 


ANS:  When  he  wants  a  bar  maid. 

TTT  ¥«•       *  *  IT*    JR 
Jt±  Hi  idr  £ 

S.  W.  corner  of 

Draytoii    Street    and    Bay    Lane, 

^  Hh  ^yr  fill  SCTiSssi  s&  TW    ^  st 
S» JSk  W  /»\,irl IEIJ^.M  3  la J!ko 

^THE  CHOICEST  WISK8,  LIQUORS,  AND  SEGARS  CONSTANTLY  ON  HAP. 
LUNCH  DAILY.  ^08.   ^KNANDJCZ, 

PROPRIETOR. 

ANS  :  Because  they  have  no  visible  means  of  support. 


WM.  H.  TISON.  AVM.  W.  GORDON. 

TISON  &  GORDON, 

COTTON  FACTORS  &  GENERAL  COMMISSION  MERCHANTS 

No.  96  KAY  STREET,  SArANNAH,  GA. 

BAGGING  and  ROPE  or  IRON  TIES  advanced  on  crops. 

LIBERAL  CASH  ADVANCES  made  on  consignments  for  sale  in  Savan 
nah,  or  on  shipments  to  reliable  correspondents  in  Liverpool,  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  or  Baltimore. 

Grateful  for  liberal  patronage  in  the  past,  every  effort  will  be  made  to  merit 
public  confidence. 

ANS:  Adam,  for  he  was  the  father  of  the  raco. 


ITor  Cotton,  "Wlieat,  Tobacco,  etc. 


Imported  Direct  from  McKean's  Island,  South  Pacific  Ocean 

AND 

WILCOX,  GIBBS  &  CO.'S 


Prepared  at  Savannah  and  Augusta,  Ga., 

FOR   SALE  BY 

41988    &   €«., 

I  in  fun-tern  of  tittii   Itr a  lent  in 

TJ    j^.   HNT    O  : 

No.  f>7  Bay  street,  Savannah,  Ga. 
No.  -218  Broad  street,  Augusta,  Ga. 


We  also  keep  a  supply  of  Pure  No.   1  Peruvian   Guano, 

which   ice  will  sell  at  LOWEST  market  price 

in  Savannah  and  Augusta. 

A  L  S  O     A  a  K  N  rr  S      F  O  R     T  11  K 

WILLCOX  &  GIBBS 


Which  are  sold  at  manufacturers'  prices. 


ANS:  When  she  's  averse  to  him. 


32 

COOPER,  OLCOTT  &  CO., 

WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL  DEALERS  K 

BOOKS  &  STATIONERY  OF  ALL  KINDS 

Copying  Books,  Copying  and  Seal  Presses, 

Corner  St.  Julian  and  Whitaker  sts., 

GIL 

-A.  lotrg-e  stools  of  r^ezi  IKliiai^es 

Our  own  importing,  and  low  as  the  lowest.     Wholesale  and  retail. 

NEWS,     PRINTING,     AND    WRAPPING    PAPERS. 

A  large  stock  of  PRINTING  INKS  of  all  kinds. 

BLANK  i@@K§  &m  WRETDN@  PAPIRS 

In  large  supply,  and  ordered  as  wanted. 

FOREIGN  AND  AMERICAN  BOOKS  IMPORTED  TO  ORDER, 

One  book  or  many,  at  Xew  York  rates,  and  all  books  sold  at  publishers'  prices. 
GOLD   FJS^S  .f.V0  JPJR.V  .fJ>'J»  JPEJCCI 

In  very  large  supply. 

LEGAL  AND  COMMEEOIAL  BLANKS, 
ANS:  When  it  is  pouring  over  a  book-store. 


FRKD.  M.  HULL.  JAS.  E.  GRAD1T. 

HOLCOMBE  &  CO., 

Ties.  HolcomTso,  estatlished  1836, 


!NTo.    181    Bay   street, 


ANS:  Because  he  ofl'ers  a  liorn  to  every  one  he  meets. 


C.  T.  COOPER, 


Stalls   ©    otnd   117 
84YAHSE4H  MiEKlf , 


ANS:  Because  they  are  matchless. 


33 

THOS.  J.  DUNBAR.  HENRY  A.  STULTS. 

T.  J.  DUNBAR  &  CO., 


Importers  and  Wholesale  Dealers  in 


,    ETC., 


No.  147  Bay  street, 


Awe:  Because  it  ip  always  to  be  found  in  bed  and  in  debt. 


B.  B.  FEKKILL.  A.  B.  WEWLOW. 

FERRILL  &  WESLOW, 


AND 


Bay  street,  Savannah,  Ga,, 

Will  sell  and  purchase  on  commission  COTTON,  TIMBEK, 
PRODUCE,  and  MERCHANDISE.  Consignments  respectfully 
solicited,  upon  which  liberal  advances  will  be  made. 

ANS:  "When  they  blush  and  weep,  for  then  they  raise  a  hue  ami  cry. 

HERMANN  LBCHREINER, 

SUCCESSOR    TO 

J.  C.  SCHREINER  Jt  SONS, 

md  pisceUaucou.s   goofes,  Stationery, 

PIANOS.  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS,  AND  MUSIC, 

WHOLESALE    AND    KETAIL, 

Opposite    P-itlftski    House, 
SAYAXXAB.  GA. 


The  wheel  of  Fortune. 


J.  M. 

DEALER  IN  GENTS'  FURNISHIXC  GOODS,  COMBS,  BRUSHES,  AND  FANCY  ARTICLES. 

.  1  iiiffifnn  and  Imported  Perfumery ^ 

CA:NES,  UMBRELLAS,  HAVANA  &  DOMESTIC  SEGAKS. 

The  celebrated   "Balm  of  Savannah"   now  ready  and  for  sale  at  his  Saloon, 

Cot'tier  of  Huff  and  l$t'tj<ni  streets. 
HAIK   CUTTING,  SHAMPOOING,  SHAVING,  AND   BATH   BOOMS. 

Twenty-six  years  established. 

Parent*  will  plea*e  not  forget  his  beautiful  style  of  Children's  Hair  Cnttin.?. 
at  the  low  price  of  twenty-five  cents. 

ANS:  When  it 's  down. 


J.  McDONOUGH.  T.  BALLENTYNE. 

LIBERTY  ST.  FDMDR1 

Opposite  Gulf  Railroad  Depot. 


[ 

MADE  TO  OKDER 


ALL  SIZES  ON  HAND. 


REDUCTION  IN  PRICES. 

WE  WILL  SELL  AS  FOLLOWS: 

Sugar  Mills,  18-inch $90 

Sugar  Mills,  16-inch 70 

Sugar  Mills,  14-inch 55 

Sugar  Mills,  12-inch 35 

Sugar  Boilers,  40  gallons 17 

Sugar  Boilers,  50  gallons 22 

Sugar  Boilers,  60  gallons 25 

Sugar  Boilers,  80  gallons 34 

Sugar  Boilers,  100  gallons 45 

OUR  MILL  SHAFTS  are  made  out  of  the  best  3-inch  wrought 
iron.  JOURNALS  will  be  made  of  a  standard  size.  EXTRA 
BOXES  always  on  Laud. 

From  our  well-known  reputation,  we  solicit  a  share  of  public 
patronage.  All  work  is  warranted  and  delivered  at  depots  and 
steamboats  free  of  charge.  All  orders  promptly  attended  to. 

T.  BALLENTYNE  &  CO. 


ANS:  A  green 


36 


EPSTEIN  &  EINSTEIN, 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 


149  Congress  street,, 


ANS:  When  they  are  boundin'  sheep. 


Eh  J". 


,   BIDDER, 


BQQK 


OVEK    J.  AKD    W.   HUTHERFORO, 


ANS:  Because  bis  coughin'  (coffin)  had  to  be  suspended. 


JNO.  R.  DILLON. 


WM.  S. 


Effillf  W®  IK  if  W 
IIUHo&iyS 

No.  101  BAY  STREET, 


ANB:  Its  mouth. 


37 

FERGUSON  &  DIXON, 

.f 


Bet.  Bull  &  Whitaker, 
SAVANNAH,    GrA. 


We  have  a  fine  and  well-selected  stock  of 

METALLIC,  MADOGAST,  WALSliT,  GRAINED,  AND  STAINED  COFFINS- 

Coffin  Plates  and  Trimmings  always  on  hand.  Neatest  Ilearsea  and  Car 
riages  furnished  for  Funerals.  Ice  Cases  for  Preserving  Remains  in  the 
warmest  weather.  Remains  disinterred,  boxed,  and  shipped.  Orders  from 
the  country  promptly  attended  to. 

Personal  attention  given  to  all  order?,  and  can  be  found  at  any  time  at  our 
vrareroom  or  residence. 

O.  PERGUSOX,  W.  D.  DIXOJT, 

Residence,  H.  W.  cor.  President  and  Price  Sts.  President,  one  door  from  W.  Broad  St. 

Airs:  Because  it  is  an  internal  transport. 


r>  A.  V  I  13  £*  O  N  , 

WHOLESALE  DEALER  IN 

Wines,  Liquors,Teas,  Segars9Tobacco9 

ETC.   ALSO  SOLE  AGENT  FOR  THE  STATES  OF  GEORGIA  AND  FLORIDA,  FOR 
Massey,  Huston  &  Go's  Celebrated  Philadelphia  Ale, 

E8TABL»H.i>  1844.  150   BAY  STREET,   SAVANNAH,   GA. 


ANS:  Because  they  strike  and  run  for  home. 


BRYAN, 


£ 
1OI  Bay  street,  Savannah,  Ga. 

era  Consignments  and  on 


Ass:  because  they  p^row  upon  the  palm«. 


HH 

'!.  Sew  Orifiitt,  Id. 


J.  H.  ASHBRIDGE  &  CO., 

'  f  —  NV\  /•• 


AND  GEJSfEBAI,  PUECHASING  AGENTS, 


ASHBRIDQ-E,    SMITH    &    CO., 

NEW  ORLEANS,  LA, 

i  would  respectfully  inform  my  friends  and  the  public  that  I  have 
resumed  my  business  connection  with  the  above  well-known  house, 
and  will  be  in  Liverpool  early  the  coming  season,  to  give  my  per 
sonal  attention  to  the  interests  of  those  who  may  favor  us  with  a 
share  of  their  business. 

J.  S.  HUTTON. 


AKS  :  Because  it  makes  her  hear. 


BROKERAGE  &  EXCHANGE  OFFICE 


OF 


1O1     Bay    S^ti-eet, 

SAVANNAH,  GA. 


Aus:  Because  it  is  used  up. 


MILLINERY   AND  STRAW   GOODS, 

160  Congress  street,  Savannah,  Ga., 

WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL, 

Iu  great  varietv,  for  both  Ladies  and  Children,  Trimmed  and  Untrimmed;  also, 
SILKS,  RIBBONS,  CRAPES,  BRIDAL  WREATHS,  FLOWERS,  FRENCH 
BONNET  FRAMES,  DOTTED  NETS.  RUCHES,  ILLUSIONS,  BONNET  OR 
NAMENTS,  BANDBOXES,  etc.,  etc.,  and  all  additional  articles,  embracing 

A  COMPLETE  STOS2  OF  FISST-CLASS  FASHIONABLE  GOODS. 

Receiving  weekly  all  the  latest  novelties  direct  from  the  largest  importing  and 
manufacturing  houses  in  the  United  States. 

MRS.  S.  PEASE. 


ANS:  Because  all  of  the  others  are  week  days. 


39 

SOUTHERN    BRANCH 


Office  No.  91  Bay  street, 
SUiV JLHHJLH,  6  A. 


AARON  WILBUR,  B.  D.  ARNOLD, 

Manager  Southern  Hranch.  Consulting  Physician, 

W.  H.  BOTD,  Agent.  KA.VION  YONGK,  Ex'g  Physician. 

•1.  .1.  ABKAMS,  Canvassing  Agent. 


Maj.  E.  11.  BACON,  State  Agent  for  Georgia  and  Alabama.. 

WM.  O.  TRICK,  JR.,  Bookkeeper. 

JNO.  L.  HOWARD,  Policy  Clerk. 

JKO.  H.  CAVAVACGH,  Assistant  Bookkeeper. 


Over  $11,000,000   of  insurance  effected  in  this  Branch  office 

SINCE    1865. 

Policies  written  and  losses  PAID  here. 
Dividends  as  favorable  as  any  other  company. 


Local  Board  of  Directors. 

HENRY  BRIGHAM,Esq Pres't  Merchants' Nat.  Bank, 

A.  A.  SOLOMONS,  of  A.  A.  Solomons  &  Co Druggist. 

OCTAVUS  COHEN,  Esq Merchant 

E.  A.  SOULLARD,  Esq 

H.  A.  CRANE,  Esq.,  of  Crane  &  Graybill 

M.  A.  COHEN,  Esq Sec.  and  Treas.  Home  Ins.  Co. 

FRED.  M.  HULL,  Esq.,  of  Holcombe  &  Co Merchant, 

J.  D.  HOPKIN  S,  Esq. ,  of  Andrew  Low  &  Co 

AARON  WILBUR,  Esq President  Home  Ins.  Co. 

.     ANP  :  Take  to  hi*  pumps. 


40 

;  TERENCE: 

IDE^-I-jIBIE^   I3ST 

WINES,  LIQUORS,  &SBCARS, 

WMIQLISAUI  &W®  FtlT/tOIL, 
Bull  street,  near  the  Post-office, 


WISE'S    CORK    IRISH    WHISKEY, 

AND    THE 

FINEST  BRANDS  OF  IMPORTED  WINES,  LIQUORS,  AND 
SEGARS  CONSTANTLY  ON  HAND. 

SUPERIOR  ALES  INBOTTLES  AND  ON  DRAUGHT. 


ANS:  Season  of  Lent. 


FRJED.   J. 

BUTCHER  AND  GREEN  GROCER, 

STALLS  1  &  2,  SAVANNAH  MARKET,  AND 

Cor.  Abercorn  &  Hull  sts.,  Savannah,  Ga, 

SHIPPING  AND  FAMILIES 

SUPPLIED   WITH 

FRESH    MEATS,    VEGETABLES,    ETC. 

ANS:  As  the  source  of  all  his  woes  (whoas). 


ISAAC  D.  LaROCHE  &  CO., 

Auction  and  Commission  Merchants, 

P.  H.  WARD,  Auctioneer , 
TVo.    1&2    Bay    street. 

Eeal  Estate,  Bonds,  Stocks,  and  General  Merchandise, 

Liberal  advances  made  on  consignments  for  sale  here  or  for  ship 
ment.     Orders  solicited. 


Axs:  Because  it  is  a  matter  of  course. 


41 

LATHROP  &   CO., 

139  &  141  Congress  Street,  Savannah,  Ga., 

WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL  DEALERS  IN 


BOOTS,  SHOES,  CARPETS, 

@U)R 

7    IBTO- 


WHOLESALE    ROOMS    UP    STAIRS. 


x*:  "\Vhon  Henry  VIII  dissolved  the  1'apal  Hull. 


G.  M.  SORREL.  A.  C.  SORREL 


Cotton  Packs  and  General  Commission  Merchants, 

ISTo.    73    Bay    Street, 

SAVANNAH,  G-A. 
—  •  *  «  — 

U«ual    facilities    extended,    to    Planters. 


Ass:  Because  a  kangaroo  was  seen  going  aboard  of  the  ark  with  hops. 
EDGAI:  L.  GCEUAKD.  EDWARD  L.  HOLCOMBB. 

GUERARD    &    HOLCOMBE, 
FA6TORS, 

Mm  [MM  ID  SHIrTl  WITS. 

NO.  5  STODDARD'S  LOWER  RANGE,  BAY  STREET, 


Arc  prepared  to  advance  liberally  on  Consignments  of  Cotton,  Produce,  and  Merchandise. 

REFERENCES. — Robert  Ilabersham  &  Sons,  Hunter  &  Gammell.  Geo.  W.  An 
derson,  Duncan  &  Johnson,  Holcombe  &  Co.,  Anthony  Porter. 

Ass:  When  he  is  a  little  sulky.  E* 


MEINHARD  BROS.  &  CO., 

WHOLESALE  DEALERS  IN 


READY-MADE  CLOTHINa, 

I 

111   BROTT&HTON  ST., 


I.  MEMARD— Office,  80  and  82  White  Street,  New  York. 


AKS:  Because  he  can  not  be  confined  to  one  spot. 


CHARLESE.  O' 


CITY  HOTEL  BUILDING, 
JE*a.y     Street,    Savannah, 

Respectfully  solicits  your  patronage. 

AKS:  "When  she  'a  'ankcring  after  a  heavy  swell. 

WM. 


Bay    Street,   Savannah,    G-eorgia. 

ANS:  When  she  's  makiner  for  ap»^r 


43 

JOHN  J.  MAURICE, 

WHOLESALE  A\D  RETAIL  MANUFACTURER  OF 


Q-TJTTHIFUS, 

AND 


ETC., 

Bryan  St.,  Northwest  of  Market  Square, 
SAVANNAH,  @A. 


Axs:  Because  he  never  knows  when  lie  may  be  blown  up. 


OIHI.A.S.    IF\ 

BOOT  AND  SHOE  MAKER, 

South  Side  of  f  i|   Broughton  St., 


(BET.  BULL  AND  WHITAKER), 

SAVANNAH,  GA. 


ANS:  To  take  the  jaw  out  of  a  woman. 


DEALER    IN 


WATCHES,  JEWELRY,  CLOCKS,  SPECTACLES, 


NORTHWEST  CORNER  BRYAN  AND  WHITAKER  STS., 

(Griffin'n  Old  Stand). 

Watches,  Clocks,  and  Jewelry  carefully  repaired, 
and  warranted. 


Aws:  When  he  presson  his  suit. 


44 


Atlantic  &  Gulf  Railroad 


FROIM 


SAVANNAH  f«  JACKSONVILLE 

FLORIDA,  IN 

12  Hours  and  30  Minutes, 


BY  THE 


Atlantic  &  Gulf  and  Pensacola  &  Georgia  Railroads. 

—  »  «  ^  »  <  — 
MO  CHANGE  OF  GARS 

BETWEEN  THOSE  CITIES. 


PULLMAN,   KIMBALL  &   RAMSEY'S 

Attached  to  all  Night  Trains  running  through  from  Savannah 
to  Jacksonville. 


VIA  ALL  RAIL  OK  STEAMSHIPS, 
AT  TO!  PRtiKeOML  G«@mreClRN)  GDTOiS. 


Handbills*   g^iviiigr    further    particulars,    can    be 
found  at  the  Hotels. 


Ass:  Because  it  is  taken  iu  to  be  brougkt  up. 


45 


BOWLING    SALOON, 
138  Bryan  Street,  Savannah,  Georgia. 


VALENTINE  EASIER,  Proprietor. 


This  Jong  and  favorably  known  establishment  is  always  supplied 
with  the  finest 


Imported  by  (he  Proprietor  expressly  for  bis  Customers. 


Ass:  Where  the  dove  brought  the  green  back  to  Noah. 


GRANTHAM    I.   TAGGART, 

dtmeial   Go-mmlsslom   Merch 

WHOLESALE    AND   RETAIL   DEALER  IN 

ANTHRACITE    AND     BITUMINOUS    COAL, 

wratps,  Water  Peumts*  acid!  Bored! 
No.  7  Stoddard's  Lower  Range, 


:  Because  they  can't  separate  without  adieu  (a  dew). 


M.  KETCH  r>i.  A.  L.  HARTRIDGK. 

KETCHTJM    &    HAKTBIDO-E, 

ivutt 


Exchange  Building,  Savannah,  Ga, 

REFEKEKCES:  —  Moses  Taylor,  Pres't  City  Bank,  New  Vork;  P.  C.  Calhouu. 
Pres't  Fourth  National  l>ank,  N.  Y.  ;  John  J.  Cisco  &  Son,  bankers,  N.  Y.; 
Morris  Ketchum,  banker,  N.  Y.  ;  J.  N.  Norris,  Cashier  Firt.t  National  Bank, 
Baltimore;  M.  McMichacl,  Cashier  First  National  Bank.  Philadelphia. 


AMIS:  Because  there  'g  no  more  parting  or  dying  there. 


46 

P.  T1LLMAN  ALEX.  C.  McRAK 

Late  of  Texas.  Savannah,  Ga, 

TILLMAN  &  McRAE, 

« 

General  drarroriim 

No.  82    Bay  street, 


LIBERAL  ADfANCK  0.\  CONSIGNMENT  FOR  8TORA6K,  SALfi,  OR  SHIPMKW. 


ANS  : 


SAM'L  M.  LEDERER  &  CO., 

FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC 

DIFL'^r       G-OOI3S, 

113  BROUGHTON  STREET, 

SAMUEL,  M.  LEDERKK,  ) 

-  AWAKMLM    « 


, 

No.  209  G-reenwich  St..  New  York. 


AKS:  When  he  's/e^-blest. 


EDWARD  D.  BOIT.  WM.  A,  McKENZIE. 

BOIT    &    McKElSTZIE, 


BAY    STREET, 


ANS:  Because  it  turns  words  into  ewords. 


47 


DAVID  BAILEY. 


BERNARD  BRADY. 


BAILEY  &  BRADY, 


AND  DEALERS  IN 


$«tttt*mtn'*i 
12  Whitaker  street,  Savannah,  Ga. 


:  Advice. 


ROBERTS  &  TILLMAN, 


NORTH  SIDE  BAY  STREET, 

Second  Boor  West  of  the  City  Exchange, 


Ass:  Chaps  oil  their  lips. 


SLOAN,   GROOVER  &  CO., 

Cotton  Factors  &  Commission  Merchants, 

Bay  Street,  Savannah,  Ga, 


LIBERAL  ADVAHCE8  ON  COTTIfi  10\SIG.\ED  TO  OUR  CORRES!UM>E.\TS  IS 
NEW  YORK  AND  LIVERPOOL. 

A.  M.  SLOAX,        C.  F.  STUBBS,        C.  E.  GKOOVEK,        A.  T.  MACIXTYUK, 
Rome,  Ga.  Macon,  Ga.  Brooks  Co.,  Ga.  Thomasville,  Ga. 


ANS:  Husband  them. 


T.    F.    SMITH, 

69  BAY  ST.,  SAVANNAH,  G-A. 
CONSIGNMENTS    &    ORDERS    SOLICITED. 

Also  General  Advertising  Agent  for  the  Southern  Press, 

AKS:  Hailing  omnibuses. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAT  HERNIA  LIBRARY 


I 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


CDD33M31bS 


M18204S 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


mi 

n>M>wm 


1111 


